Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Cambridge
Department Name: Geography
Abstract
Entrepreneurship and small businesses are of critical importance to all countries and international development agencies to improve economic growth, encourage innovation, and facilitate inclusion of different groups in societies. The history of Britain as the 'First Industrial Nation' is influential on development theory and policy worldwide. This project's database and analysis will transform understanding of entrepreneurship in Britain over 1851-1911, lessons for modern policies, and relations to modern entrepreneurship and economic growth.
Previous research yields little information on business numbers and size-distribution in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This makes economy-wide understanding of entrepreneurship and business dynamics difficult, and relation to modern patterns impossible to assess. The division of contributions between wages earners, self-employment, and businesses of different types of business over 1851-1911 are highly uncertain (as indicated by gaps in ONS and other historical series). As a result, we have very limited understanding of economy-wide evolution since the 1850s of individual and geographical patterns of entrepreneurs, managerial change, and their role in economic growth. Many widespread claims about entrepreneurship and small business development over time are basically untested. These historical gaps have current relevance to BIS, local government and international agencies that promote entrepreneurship and economic development.
This project aims to identify the population in Britain of those entrepreneurs who were employers, company directors, and self-employed own account traders using available census records over 1851-1911. These data have not previously been used to extract businesses/entrepreneurs because they have not been available electronically. The recent creation of a database (I-CeM) for most censuses at UKDA now makes this project feasible.
This is a 'Big Data' project involving the development and analysis of a database for each census of approximately 2-4 million self-employed individuals and 150,000-400,000 business owners/entrepreneurs that employ others. This will create the first publically available data on the population of individual business proprietors in Britain over 1851-1911, to be deposited at the UK Data Archive.
The objectives are ambitious, but feasibility has been tested through a pilot using the full 1881 e-Census records. This pilot developed the extraction algorithm required and assessed the representativeness of the employer information obtained.
The project will contribute to both current and historical debates through new findings on institutional and personal supports to entrepreneurship, the entrepreneurial fertility of different geographical environments, the relation to modern entrepreneurship and growth, gendered participation rates, and the characteristics of entrepreneurs and locations that contribute most to enterprise creation and growth. It will give the first large-scale long-term estimates of entrepreneurship rates and business numbers by employee size, location, gender, sector organisational status (as Ltd. Cos., partnerships and sole traders), and types of entrepreneur. The project will estimate historical trends and drivers of entrepreneurship through multivariate econometric estimation, how the historical patterns influence modern entrepreneurship and growth, and what this means for modern policy.
Findings will be communicated through events aimed at specific user groups, publications, web-dissemination, provision of key statistics (akin to modern BIS SME Statistics), and maps of the main distribution patterns at different spatial scales. Case studies will enrich quantitative interpretations to help engage user groups, and two pilots will investigate integration of census with company records on shareholders & directors, and track panels of firms/entrepreneurs over time.
Previous research yields little information on business numbers and size-distribution in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This makes economy-wide understanding of entrepreneurship and business dynamics difficult, and relation to modern patterns impossible to assess. The division of contributions between wages earners, self-employment, and businesses of different types of business over 1851-1911 are highly uncertain (as indicated by gaps in ONS and other historical series). As a result, we have very limited understanding of economy-wide evolution since the 1850s of individual and geographical patterns of entrepreneurs, managerial change, and their role in economic growth. Many widespread claims about entrepreneurship and small business development over time are basically untested. These historical gaps have current relevance to BIS, local government and international agencies that promote entrepreneurship and economic development.
This project aims to identify the population in Britain of those entrepreneurs who were employers, company directors, and self-employed own account traders using available census records over 1851-1911. These data have not previously been used to extract businesses/entrepreneurs because they have not been available electronically. The recent creation of a database (I-CeM) for most censuses at UKDA now makes this project feasible.
This is a 'Big Data' project involving the development and analysis of a database for each census of approximately 2-4 million self-employed individuals and 150,000-400,000 business owners/entrepreneurs that employ others. This will create the first publically available data on the population of individual business proprietors in Britain over 1851-1911, to be deposited at the UK Data Archive.
The objectives are ambitious, but feasibility has been tested through a pilot using the full 1881 e-Census records. This pilot developed the extraction algorithm required and assessed the representativeness of the employer information obtained.
The project will contribute to both current and historical debates through new findings on institutional and personal supports to entrepreneurship, the entrepreneurial fertility of different geographical environments, the relation to modern entrepreneurship and growth, gendered participation rates, and the characteristics of entrepreneurs and locations that contribute most to enterprise creation and growth. It will give the first large-scale long-term estimates of entrepreneurship rates and business numbers by employee size, location, gender, sector organisational status (as Ltd. Cos., partnerships and sole traders), and types of entrepreneur. The project will estimate historical trends and drivers of entrepreneurship through multivariate econometric estimation, how the historical patterns influence modern entrepreneurship and growth, and what this means for modern policy.
Findings will be communicated through events aimed at specific user groups, publications, web-dissemination, provision of key statistics (akin to modern BIS SME Statistics), and maps of the main distribution patterns at different spatial scales. Case studies will enrich quantitative interpretations to help engage user groups, and two pilots will investigate integration of census with company records on shareholders & directors, and track panels of firms/entrepreneurs over time.
Planned Impact
Greater detail in 'Pathways to Impact'.
A. Main beneficiaries:
1. Entrepreneurs and commercial sectors supporting them (e.g. venture capital, banks, IFAs, accountancy, law).
2. Organisations supporting entrepreneurs; e.g. British Venture Capital Association, BBA, UK Business Angels, Centre for Entrepreneurs, Chambers of Commerce, Young Enterprise, Young Chambers, Princes Trust, IoD, FSB, CBI: SME Taskforce, Trade Association Forum, Prowess, Women's Business Networks, etc.
3. Research Organisations networked to entrepreneurs; e.g. Nesta, ESRC Enterprise Research Centre (Warwick-Aston etc), SBRC (Kingston), SERU (Newcastle), Cambridge Centre for Business Research, other Business Schools.
4. Government departments, policy-makers and agencies; e.g. ONS, BIS, UKTI, UKBI, Technology Strategy Board, Scottish and Welsh Executives, England's Local Enterprise Partnerships, British Library IP Centre.
5. International agencies that use GB historical experience; e.g. Wold Bank, IFC, UN etc.
6. Users of historical data; e.g. English Heritage, National Trust, etc.
7. The wider public via family history societies, Society for Genealogists (SOG), FindMyPast, etc
B. How they will benefit:
1. Entrepreneurs and organisations, international agencies, government departments and agencies that support them will gain improved knowledge and understanding of trends in entrepreneurship and its drivers.
2. Greater understanding will increase the effectiveness of public services and policy supports to entrepreneurs and small businesses.
3. Independent researchers will benefit from ability to search for historical business information via the database deposits at UKDA and training sessions through SOG and FH societies.
C. Impacts from the project:
1. The history of the GB as the 'First Industrial Nation' is influential on development theory and practice worldwide. This project's new knowledge will improve understanding of entrepreneurship 1851-1911, and its relation to modern patterns.
2. This will feed into the advice and support entrepreneurs receive and improve entrepreneurial policy to enhance national economic performance and competitiveness.
3. Better understanding of the historical drivers of entrepreneurship will contribute to improved evidence-based policy-making at local, national and international levels.
4. This will enhance effectiveness and improve professional practice of commercial sectors, support organisations, and public agencies supporting entrepreneurs and small businesses.
D. Timescales for impacts:
Great efforts will be made to disseminate the work from this project as quickly as possible.
1. First-round timescales (years 1-2). Early dissemination of main tabular results will engage other researchers and publicise main findings.
2. Second-round (years 2-3). Seminars, website development, working papers, and published outputs from the research.
3. Medium and Long term (Years 3-). Deposit of the database at UKDA, publications and maintenance of websites of research results at Campop and UKDA, and promotion by the PI, Co-Is, and partners will ensure continued accessibility of data and research materials into the future.
E. Contribution to professional skills:
1. Given the position of Cambridge and other partner HEIs substantial numbers of people are attracted to work as PhDs, Post-docs and visitors who will draw from this project during its life and after.
2. The staff working on the project will develop widely-used skills in academic research, professional practice of commercial sectors, and public service agencies. The skills are generic to database analysis in many fields and will help staff find employment in a wide range of sectors.
3. Family history researchers will benefit from training lectures at SOG and local FH societies.
/workshops at SOG and local FH societies.
A. Main beneficiaries:
1. Entrepreneurs and commercial sectors supporting them (e.g. venture capital, banks, IFAs, accountancy, law).
2. Organisations supporting entrepreneurs; e.g. British Venture Capital Association, BBA, UK Business Angels, Centre for Entrepreneurs, Chambers of Commerce, Young Enterprise, Young Chambers, Princes Trust, IoD, FSB, CBI: SME Taskforce, Trade Association Forum, Prowess, Women's Business Networks, etc.
3. Research Organisations networked to entrepreneurs; e.g. Nesta, ESRC Enterprise Research Centre (Warwick-Aston etc), SBRC (Kingston), SERU (Newcastle), Cambridge Centre for Business Research, other Business Schools.
4. Government departments, policy-makers and agencies; e.g. ONS, BIS, UKTI, UKBI, Technology Strategy Board, Scottish and Welsh Executives, England's Local Enterprise Partnerships, British Library IP Centre.
5. International agencies that use GB historical experience; e.g. Wold Bank, IFC, UN etc.
6. Users of historical data; e.g. English Heritage, National Trust, etc.
7. The wider public via family history societies, Society for Genealogists (SOG), FindMyPast, etc
B. How they will benefit:
1. Entrepreneurs and organisations, international agencies, government departments and agencies that support them will gain improved knowledge and understanding of trends in entrepreneurship and its drivers.
2. Greater understanding will increase the effectiveness of public services and policy supports to entrepreneurs and small businesses.
3. Independent researchers will benefit from ability to search for historical business information via the database deposits at UKDA and training sessions through SOG and FH societies.
C. Impacts from the project:
1. The history of the GB as the 'First Industrial Nation' is influential on development theory and practice worldwide. This project's new knowledge will improve understanding of entrepreneurship 1851-1911, and its relation to modern patterns.
2. This will feed into the advice and support entrepreneurs receive and improve entrepreneurial policy to enhance national economic performance and competitiveness.
3. Better understanding of the historical drivers of entrepreneurship will contribute to improved evidence-based policy-making at local, national and international levels.
4. This will enhance effectiveness and improve professional practice of commercial sectors, support organisations, and public agencies supporting entrepreneurs and small businesses.
D. Timescales for impacts:
Great efforts will be made to disseminate the work from this project as quickly as possible.
1. First-round timescales (years 1-2). Early dissemination of main tabular results will engage other researchers and publicise main findings.
2. Second-round (years 2-3). Seminars, website development, working papers, and published outputs from the research.
3. Medium and Long term (Years 3-). Deposit of the database at UKDA, publications and maintenance of websites of research results at Campop and UKDA, and promotion by the PI, Co-Is, and partners will ensure continued accessibility of data and research materials into the future.
E. Contribution to professional skills:
1. Given the position of Cambridge and other partner HEIs substantial numbers of people are attracted to work as PhDs, Post-docs and visitors who will draw from this project during its life and after.
2. The staff working on the project will develop widely-used skills in academic research, professional practice of commercial sectors, and public service agencies. The skills are generic to database analysis in many fields and will help staff find employment in a wide range of sectors.
3. Family history researchers will benefit from training lectures at SOG and local FH societies.
/workshops at SOG and local FH societies.
Organisations
- University of Cambridge (Lead Research Organisation)
- London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London) (Collaboration)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena (FSU) (Collaboration)
- Utrecht University (Collaboration)
- London School of Economics and Political Science (Project Partner)
- University of Tokyo (Project Partner)
- University of Bristol (Project Partner)
- CARDIFF UNIVERSITY (Project Partner)
- University of St Andrews (Project Partner)
Publications
Bennett R
(2021)
Changes in Victorian entrepreneurship in England and Wales 1851-1911: Methodology and business population estimates
in Business History
Bennett R
(2022)
Profitability of small- and medium-sized enterprises in Marshall's time: sector and spatial heterogeneity in the nineteenth century
in Cambridge Journal of Economics
Bennett R
(2022)
Business Entry and Exit: Career Changes of Proprietors in England and Wales (1851-81) Using Record-Linkage
in Social Science History
Bennett R
(2018)
The Population of Non-corporate Business Proprietors in England and Wales 1891-1911
in Business History
| Description | - Major increases in entrepreneur numbers occurred 1851-1901, before starting to plateau after 1901, especially for self-employed non-employers; this accords with the climacteric suggested by various previous authors. It identifies the starting point of a slowdown or reversal in entrepreneurship to around 1901. Hence this provides the starting point of the 'U'-shaped downturn of the 20th century. - Major increases in entrepreneurship rates occurred after 1851, before starting to decline for self-employed non-employers around 1891, and for employers after 1901. This similarly identifies the starting point of the 'U'-shaped downturn to the beginning of the 20th century.is - This opens the way to further research to examine the details of the decline from c. 1900 and what that means for modern policy and entrepreneurship. This is the platform for research that is now being developed for the first time with a firm foundation for dating and understanding the change point. -These trends have been joined up with modern census data (measured consistently in the same way) to show that there was a turning point after a peak in entrepreneurship numbers and rates in 1901, with a decline through the twentieth century reaching a low in the 1950s, before beginning to slowly increase from the 1860s, and rapidly from the 1980s. The 'U shape' is previously well-known; what is new is that the peak occurred in 1901, that the upturn since the 1960s is only just beginning to catch up with the Victorian era by 2011. - The key driver of changes 1851-1911 was easy market entry for self-employed and small firms; this began to decline in the face of competition from large firms and high wage rates for the waged from the 1880s, but these effects became overwhelming after 1901. They have not been fully reversed by increased self-employment rates until recently, though in the 2000s SMEs and self-employed are almost reaching levels of numbers and rates, especially for women, not seen since the 1891-1911 period - Female entrepreneurship was much higher than previously estimated in both the 1851-1911 period and over the 'U-shaped' downturn 1921-61 where men's rates declined markedly; but female entrepreneurship remain very high, especially for women employers. - Additionally, detailed analysis of the C19th data for the 180m individuals from all the censuses show the effects of household structures and migration effects. - A key factor in explaining trends is sector differences. The results are broken down in aggregate to 13 entrepreneurship business sectors (plus 4 non -entrepreneurial sectors: public admin, military, domestic service etc.) and the business numbers, and breakdown between employers and own account tracked and linked to modern data. More limited analysis is developed for a finer set of 51 sectors - The results have been made available for full replication via database deposit of the entire new data as the British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE) at UKDS. This links to I-CeM; it also infills gaps in I-CeM for all years, and for 1871 not available in I-CeM at all; and cleans the data and improves I-CeM coding. - Major methodological developments are made to allow consistently joining up between the years of historical data, and to link these to modern data from 1921-; this will also provide a consistent starting point when the I-CeM data is extended to include 1921. These developments are fully reported in the major peer-reviewed journals of the field: - the reprocessing of the 1891-1911 data to compensate for no-response bias and misallocation biases in the original censuses (published in Business History, 2018); and on the same basis as 1921-2011 censuses - the method of supplementing non-response for 1851-81 to produce equivalent questions and responses to those for 1891--1911 on the same basis as 1921-2011 (published in Business History, 2021; accepted February, DOI awaited) - specialist development of a specific mid-aggregate point logit estimator for separating farm employers, own account and workers by locations for 1851-81 (published in Agricultural History Review, 2019) - tests of the 1851-81 method against machine learning alternatives demonstrating its robustness, but also opening the way for additional approaches in future (published in Information Processing & Management, 2020) - publication of an overview of all the data and the main findings 1851-2011 in a benchmark book by the PI and main research team in 2019: 'Age of Entrepreneurship: Business proprietors, self-employment and corporations since 1851', published in one of the leading series in history: Routledge International Studies in Business History. - since that publication and other research on England and Wales, the methods have been extended to Scotland, with a re-tailoring of methods for the specific circumstances there (greater remoteness and rurality, crofting in the agricultural community, different forms of sector development), which has also required new alignments and adaptations of the I-CeM data to meet the consistency standards required for BBCE. The main methods and interpeat8ions for the Scottish results are given in a paper in the leading local journal: The Journal of Scottish Historical Research (published , 2021; accepted February, DOI awaited); the methodological developments required are given in full in WP 20. - continuation of tests on the data in BBCE and development of new methodical processing approaches by the PI, partners of the project, its team, and new collaborators |
| Exploitation Route | 1. The database for individual entrepreneurs and businesses 1851-1911 deposited at UKDA Licence and other procedures completed at UKDA; SN 8600 DOI 10.5255/UKDA-SN-8600-2 The database is called: The British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE) 1851-1911. It integrates and links to I-CeM which was also supported by ESRC (by using the same RecID for the individuals in the censuses) https://www.bbce.uk/ https://beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk/datacatalogue/studies/study?id=8600 2. Consistent statistical summary tables, spatial maps, GIS data deposited All statistical tables, maps and GIS have been developed to a common standard and integrated with standard definitions in other historical data, and aligned to modern data. These are not now to be deposited at UKDA since it is useful to be able to allow for a process of continuing development and expansion of supplementary data by the ESRC research team and others in the future. Instead all definitions, tables, supplementary data, and GIS resources have been deposited, together with full documentation as Working Papers or other documents, as Open Access resources at the Cambridge University repository (Apollo) all with their own DOI numbers. This means they have a permanent presence through successive future software changes, which in turn reinforces the value of the UKDS which, although being upgraded over time to be compatible with new software, remains a fixed dbase resource (except where any of change to the BBCE data is undertaken). All links and documentation on the current project website will be interlinked with the BBCE website when completed. Current site is: https://www.campop.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/driversofentrepreneurship/ and https://www.bbce.uk/ 3. Other outcomes as publications in journals, participation in user events, newsletter and seminars of related organisations, blogs, academic conferences, with a major international project conference held in March 2019 on 'BBCE and the Drivers of entrepreneurship' are listed in Research Fish. Dissemination via the project's website has been continuous, with an additional dedicated website https://www.bbce.uk/ that supplements the project site as a simple user interface and portal to the data aimed at researchers, schools, university students and the public; also various social media and other dissemination. The findings are being widely disseminated as detailed in Research Fish and will be most important as a resource for use by others now the database deposit is deposited at UKDS, available since early 2020. The dedicated website guides to the project's outputs, User Guide to the database deposit at UKDS, and interprets the data to help users of the data and the research that has been generated. User Guide at: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.47126 Various collaborations with other researchers are continuing and new ones being developed which are listed on the BBCE website. Extension to Scotland is providing the starting point for various other researchers their which the PI is helping to facilitate |
| Sectors | Agriculture, Food and Drink,Education,Financial Services, and Management Consultancy,Government, Democracy and Justice,Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections,Retail,Transport,Other |
| URL | https://www.campop.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/driversofentrepreneurship/ |
| Description | A major output from this project is construction of a database which has been deposited at UKDA/UKDS (now an open access deposit since February 2020): the British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE), together with a full online Guide: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-8600-2 User Guide at: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.47126 It is important to note that BBCE links to I-CeM, which was an ESRC-funded project, but also extends it in various directions: infills gaps, recodes various fields that were limited or in error, and gives data for 1871 that is not available in I-CeM; see WP 1. An extensive documentation and website support for the data deposit has been built covering the methodologies, data preparation decisions used for database construction, and provision of data downloads with associated documentation made available as working papers with DOIs at the Cambridge Open Access site; interface for all links at project website https://www.campop.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/driversofentrepreneurship/. This includes the full User Guide which will be kept up to date, extra research aids to link to I-CeM (WP 26), and an invitation for users to provide inputs which is already being used. Methodical developments and detailed documentation as well as the database deposit are aimed a full replicability. The BBCE website has been established with its own ID at: https://www.bbce.uk/ This was fully launched in April 2020. It includes an interactive online Atlas, which has its own Guide. The Atlas is a key output from the research. It is intended to stimulate user engagement with the data: 1. to download and use the deposit from the UKDS; 2. to provide outreach teaching materials to schools and universities; and 3: as a support to researchers and the policy community for interpreting the full data during analysis by third parties: https://www.bbce.uk/atlas/ A key development has been the full development of Scottish data, which was part of an ESRC supplemental grant. This is now fully integrated with the England and Wales data in the BBCE database giving full GB coverage, and is part of the data deposit. Scotland mapping will be included in the online Atlas portal at a later date. But all data downloads from the https://www.bbce.uk/ site already include Scotland as well as England and Wales. The Scottish data and interpretations additional to those in England and Wales have been developed in the leading journal, Journal of Scottish Historical Research, and in WP20; collaborations in Scotland are part of the on-going development of use of the BBCE database The BBCE website portal also includes extensive briefing on how the historical data relate to modern data, thus enabling those interested mainly in modern issues to engage with historical origins of what they are studying without having to master the historic data complexities. This is an important contribution to improving the quality of modern insights. One major development which derives from a pilot which was part of the original ESRC proposal, but was successfully extended, is a record-linkage data base that provides users with a set of individuals for the 5 censuses 1851-1891 who were employers or own account over the period. This is the subject of further research by the PI and the BBCE team, but is available via the BBCE portal using a Cam Doi with open access. Publications using the record-linked resource will appear from 2021; the first (accepted February 2021; DOI awaited) on status-switching between self-employment and worker status or unoccupied will appear in Social Science History in 2021. Similarly, an important part of the research enriched the I-CeM data with linked individuals between the census and Directory of Directors for 1881-1911 (also including Scotland). The databases developed is available via the BBCE portal with a Cam DOI and is open access. A major publication output from the project, in addition to its many paper, presentations and other outputs, is a book. This has been written at an accessible level by the main project team as an aid to researchers, students, schools, and general users. A short version for Scotland is in an article in Journal of Scottish Historical Research (to apopear 2021, DOI awaited). These cover all the main avenues that the project developed, as detailed in the Research Fish summary: Bennett, R.J., Smith, H., van Lieshout, C., Montebruno, P., Newton, G., 2019. The Age of Entrepreneurship: Business proprietors, self-employment and corporations since 1851. Routledge International Studies in Business History, London and New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315160375 This book has the following contents: Part 1: New methods to interpret historical trends 1. Entrepreneurship over time 2. Entrepreneurship in theory and historical practice 3. New insights from historical big data Part 2: Overview of Trends 4. Proprietor numbers, aggregate trends and sector change 5. Business size and organisation Part 3: Understanding entrepreneurship at the individual level 6. Explaining entrepreneurship: Correlates and decision choices 7. Demography and the household 8. Gender 9. Geography 10. Migration 11. Portfolio businesses 12. Conclusion: Re-positioning the entrepreneur in history and the present day Ongoing reserach continues to develop the use of the database, understand its limitations and how to adjust for them. A main focus in 2021 was non-response bias for e mployer workforce numbers covering 1851-81. This has resulted in 2 journal publications jointly with project partner Les Hannah, and well as WP 27 which explores further non-reposnse issues and possible methodological developments. |
| First Year Of Impact | 2016 |
| Sector | Education,Financial Services, and Management Consultancy,Government, Democracy and Justice,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections,Other |
| Impact Types | Economic,Policy & public services |
| Description | Identification of gaps and missing in the TNA records of the Engand and Wales censuses 1851-1911 |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Implementation circular/rapid advice/letter to e.g. Ministry of Health |
| Impact | The draft working paper, to be published as WP 23 on census data for 1851-1911 missing from the National Archives (TNA) has significantly upgraded their knowledge of the survival records which is already being used to advise the public and researcher users. It has also led to an updated guidance page on the TNA website which is expected to fully use WP 23 when published in later 2020. |
| Description | Persistent Identifiers (PIDs) Workshop |
| Geographic Reach | Europe |
| Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
| Impact | Consultation by British Library on PIDs and their use in humanities and social sciences. The ESRC project PI R. Bennett represented the Campop group and contributed to the outline of future plans and dissemination activities regarding PIDs, ORCHID, etc. of what will be a continuing working group managed by the Library. The BL project is an EU-wide activity as part of EU project THOR. |
| URL | https://eadh.org/news/2016/10/24/workshop-persistent-identifiers-british-library-9th-december |
| Description | Business proprietor succession and firm size change 1851-1881 |
| Amount | £30,000 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | 18.40(g) |
| Organisation | University of Cambridge |
| Department | Isaac Newton Trust |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 07/2019 |
| End | 11/2019 |
| Description | Isaac Newton Trust Research Grant |
| Amount | £21,800 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | 17.07(d) |
| Organisation | University of Cambridge |
| Department | Isaac Newton Trust |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 05/2017 |
| End | 10/2017 |
| Description | SME profitability in the nineteenth century |
| Amount | £48,560 (GBP) |
| Organisation | University of Cambridge |
| Department | Faculty of Economics |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 06/2019 |
| End | 02/2020 |
| Description | Women in the boardroom: The early years. Economic History Society, Carnevali Small Research Grant. Award to Van Lieshout, Carry (Post Doc) |
| Amount | £1,000 (GBP) |
| Organisation | Economic History Society |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 01/2019 |
| End | 07/2020 |
| Title | Adjustment Weights 1891-1901 Scotland: Weights to adjust entrepreneur numbers for non-response and misallocation bias in Scottish Censuses 1891-1901 |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303107 |
| Title | Bennett, R.J., Smith, H., van Lieshout, C., Montebruno, P. and Newton, G. (2020) British Business Census of Entrepreneurs, 1851-1911. [data collection]. UK Data Service. SN: 8600, |
| Description | This is the major output of databases deposited from the ESRC project, deposited at UKDS. It allows others to replicate all the research and extend it into new fields. The database is cross-linked to the other census data base for the C19th, the I-CeM database. also supported by ESRC: 'the British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE)' giving all entrepreneurs as individuals 1851-1911 that are listed in the censuses. The database is supported by a User Guide (listed under publications), an on-line interactive Atlas of Entrepreneurship to help other researchers, students and the policy community to access simple formats of the data (listed under other data deposits), and a large number of downloads of additional data and documentation accessed through a purpose-designed website https://www.bbce.uk/ (listed under other deposits). The BBCE database is the primary source for information on the business population of entrepreneurs in Victorian and Edwardian Britain. It identifies every self-employed person listed in the censuses for England and Wales 1851-1911, and Scotland 1851-1901, and their employment status as employer, proprietor with no employees, or company director. The BBCE allows users to estimate and interpret the development of entrepreneurship, small businesses, and firm-size distribution. The definitions and format of the data for 1851-1911 have been aligned with modern SME data so that users can investigate continuities, persistence and change from the 19th century to the present-day: as developed in 'The Age of Entrepreneurship' (an WESRC team-authored book listed under publications). The BBCE chiefly utilises individual-level data in the Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) at UKDS. The BBCE integrates with I-CeM as far as possible in current and future versions: individual personal records between BBCE and I-CeM can be linked through RecID. However, BBCE has additional individuals and data. It uses other census transcripts to extend I-CeM to overcome truncated transcriptions and gaps, gives 277,000 business proprietors for 1871 (a census currently missing in I-CeM for E&W), and enriches with links to other data sources. BBCE linked to I-CeM is an important historical dataset which allows trend-tracking linked to modern developments as a key resource for British social science research. The names and addresses of individuals in the census in BBCE and I-CeM are anonymised but they can be obtained via a special I-CeM licence through UKDS. This should allow users to link data with other records. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | The BBCE database provides the primary and only population-level source for information on the business population of entrepreneurs in Victorian and Edwardian Britain. It identifies every self-employed person listed in the censuses for England and Wales 1851-1911, and Scotland 1851-1901, and their employment status as employer, proprietor with no employees, or company director. The BBCE allows users to estimate and interpret the development of entrepreneurship, small businesses, and firm-size distribution. The definitions and format of the data for 1851-1911 have been aligned with modern SME data so that users can investigate continuities, persistence and change from the 19th century to the present-day: as developed in 'The Age of Entrepreneurship' (an WESRC team-authored book listed under publications). |
| URL | https://www.bbce.uk/ |
| Title | Downloadable decisions for IND method |
| Description | supplemented census records |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | No |
| Impact | Is foundation for all users of BBCE data deposit |
| Title | Downloads of research data EMP STATUS BY SECTOR for BURGHS in Scotland 1851-1901 supporting "WP 26: Supplement to BBCE User Guide: Website definitions, downloads, Atlas of Entrepreneurship, and linkage to I-CeM" |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303493 |
| Title | Downloads of research data EMP STATUS BY SECTOR for England and Wales COUNTIES 1851-1911 supporting "WP 26: Supplement to BBCE User Guide: Website definitions, downloads, Atlas of Entrepreneurship, and linkage to I-CeM" |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303484 |
| Title | Downloads of research data EMP STATUS BY SECTOR for England and Wales TOWNS 1851-1911 supporting "WP 26: Supplement to BBCE User Guide: Website definitions, downloads, Atlas of Entrepreneurship, and linkage to I-CeM" |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303485 |
| Title | Downloads of research data EMP STATUS BY SECTOR for Scottish COUNTIES 1851-1901 supporting "WP 26: Supplement to BBCE User Guide: Website definitions, downloads, Atlas of Entrepreneurship, and linkage to I-CeM" |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303483 |
| Title | Downloads of research data EMP STATUS TOTAL BY SEX for BURGHS in Scotland 1851-1901 supporting "WP 26: Supplement to BBCE User Guide: Website definitions, downloads, Atlas of Entrepreneurship, and linkage to I-CeM" |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303481 |
| Title | Downloads of research data EMP STATUS TOTAL BY SEX for England and Wales COUNTIES 1851-1911 supporting "WP 26: Supplement to BBCE User Guide: Website definitions, downloads, Atlas of Entrepreneurship, and linkage to I-CeM" |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303487 |
| Title | Downloads of research data EMP STATUS TOTAL BY SEX for England and Wales TOWNS 1851-1911 supporting "WP 26: Supplement to BBCE User Guide: Website definitions, downloads, Atlas of Entrepreneurship, and linkage to I-CeM" |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303482 |
| Title | Downloads of research data EMP STATUS TOTAL BY SEX for Scottish COUNTIES 1851-1901 supporting "WP 26: Supplement to BBCE User Guide: Website definitions, downloads, Atlas of Entrepreneurship, and linkage to I-CeM" |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303486 |
| Title | Entrepreneur sample 1851-91 from: Piero Montebruno and Robert J. Bennett(2020) 'Inter-census record-linked entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs 1851-91 using BBCE and I-CeM |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303301 |
| Title | Extension of sector classification data download for "WP 5 Business sectors, occupations and aggregations of census data 1851-1911" |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/302806 |
| Title | Non-entrepreneur sample from: 'Inter-census record-linked entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs 1851-91 using BBCE and I-CeM' |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303302 |
| Title | Reconstructing entrepreneur and business numbers for censuses 1851-81 |
| Description | A unique model and reconstruction framework has been developed to identify entrepreneurs 1851-81. Its aim is to reconstruct the numbers of employers and own account business people for 1851-1881, which are the years where employment status was not explicitly identified in the population censuses. The individuals are identified with varied levels of certainty. These will be invaluable resources for subsequent research and will be available in the entrepreneurs database deposited at UK Data Archive (UKDA), deposit planned for late 2018. Model methodology now available for comment and dissemination. |
| Type Of Material | Computer model/algorithm |
| Year Produced | 2018 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | Impacts not yet available but are part of database documentation and methodology for the planned UKDA deposit |
| URL | https://www.campop.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/driversofentrepreneurship/wp9reconstruction.pdf |
| Title | Research data Weights supporting "Missing in the Census 1851-1911: The 'lost', 'missing', and 'gaps' in I-CeM and BBCE, with weights to adjust RSD populations" |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303545 |
| Title | Research data of split workforces for all portfolio businesses 1881 supporting Radicic, D., Bennett, R.J. and Newton, G., 2017. Portfolio entrepreneurship in farming. Journal of Rural Studies, 55, 289-302 |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/302807 |
| Title | Research data supporting "A tale of two tails: Do Power Law and Lognormal models fit firm-size distributions in the mid-Victorian era?". |
| Description | File of raw data supporting the analysis in the published paper |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | Has already been used as comparator for other data is astrophysics |
| Title | Research data supporting "Adjustment Weights 1891-1911: Weights to adjust entrepreneur numbers for non-response and misallocation bias in Censuses 1891-1911" (RecID) |
| Description | This dataset contains RecID from I-CeM Adjustment Weights for the 1891-1911 England and Wales censuses and corresponds to Supplementary material for the paper "The Population of Non-corporate Business Proprietors in England and Wales 1891-1911", by Bennett, Robert J., Montebruno, Piero, Smith, Harry J. as an outcome of the ESRC project ES/M010953: Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses PI Prof. Robert J. Bennett. The material consists of three raw text files 1. 1891 Employment status & Weights 2. 1901 Employment status & Weights 3. 1911 Employment status & Weights Each file has the three following variables: 1. RecID: the ID for I-CEM2 as in Higgs, Edward and Schürer, Kevin (University of Essex) (2014) The Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) UKDA, SN-7481; K. Schürer, E. Higgs, A.M. Reid, E.M Garrett, Integrated Census Microdata, 1851-1911, version V. 2 (I-CeM.2), (2016) [data collection] UK Data Service SN: 7481 2. Employment status: 1 Worker 2 Employer 3 Own-account 3. Weights: the inverse of the probability of giving an answer to the Employment Status question of the censuses by Sex and Relationship to the head of the family. A detailed explanation of how these weights were calculated and how to use them in the context of data analysis of this censuses can be found in the accompanying working paper, Montebruno, Piero (2018) 'Adjustment Weights 1891-1911: Weights to adjust entrepreneurs taking account of non-response and misallocation bias in Censuses 1891-1911', Working Paper 11: ESRC project ES/M010953: 'Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses', University of Cambridge, Department of Geography and Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure. The files can be opened by any text editor, database management system (Access) or statistical package (Stata, SPSS) This dataset should be cited as Adjustment Weights 1891-1911, "The Population of Non-corporate Business Proprietors in England and Wales 1891-1911", by Bennett, Robert J., Montebruno, Piero, Smith, Harry J. Please cite using its DOI. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Title | Research data supporting "Adjustment Weights for the 1891-1911 England and Wales censuses" |
| Description | This dataset contains Adjustment Weights for the 1891-1911 England and Wales censuses and corresponds to Supplementary material for the paper "The Population of Non-corporate Business Proprietors in England and Wales 1891-1911", by Bennett, Robert J., Montebruno, Piero, Smith, Harry J. as an outcome of the ESRC project ES/M010953: Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses PI Prof. Robert J. Bennett. The material consists of three raw text files 1. 1891 Employment status & Weights 2. 1901 Employment status & Weights 3. 1911 Employment status & Weights Each file has the three following variables: 1. newRecID: the ID for I-CEM2 as in Higgs, Edward and Schürer, Kevin (University of Essex) (2014) The Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) UKDA, SN-7481; K. Schürer, E. Higgs, A.M. Reid, E.M Garrett, Integrated Census Microdata, 1851-1911, version V. 2 (I-CeM.2), (2016) [data collection] UK Data Service SN: 7481 2. Employment status: 1 Worker 2 Employer 3 Own-account 3. Weights: the inverse of the probability of giving an answer to the Employment Status question of the censuses by Sex and Relationship to the head of the family. A detailed explanation of how these weights were calculated and how to use them in the context of data analysis of this censuses can be found in the accompanying working paper, Montebruno, Piero (2018) ?Adjustment Weights 1891-1911: Weights to adjust entrepreneurs taking account of non-response and misallocation bias in Censuses 1891-1911?, Working Paper 11: ESRC project ES/M010953: ?Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses?, University of Cambridge, Department of Geography and Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure. The files can be opened by any text editor, database management system (Access) or statistical package (Stata, SPSS) This dataset should be cited as Adjustment Weights 1891-1911, "The Population of Non-corporate Business Proprietors in England and Wales 1891-1911", by Bennett, Robert J., Montebruno, Piero, Smith, Harry J. Please cite using its DOI. |
| Type Of Material | Data handling & control |
| Year Produced | 2018 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | Allows any user to apply appropriate weights t adjust census responses for non-response and misallocation bias, 1891-1911 |
| Title | Research data supporting "Preparing Scottish census data in I-CeM for the British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE)" (WP 20). |
| Description | Research data supporting Working Paper (WP) 20: Harry Smith, Carry van Lieshout, Piero Montebruno and Bob Bennett, (2019), Preparing Scottish census data in I-CeM for the British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE). Data set provides the cut-offs for each parish code in Scotland 1851-81 for a logit estimator, as described in WPs 9 and 9.2, and published for England and Wales in Ag. Hist. Rev. 2019, Montebruno et al. Continuous parishes are used (ComParID), as defined in the GIS by Roughley 2019. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Title | Research data supporting "Reconstructing entrepreneur and business numbers for censuses 1851-81" (WP9) and "Shifts in agrarian entrepreneurship in mid-Victorian England and Wales" (Agricultural History Review) |
| Description | Data set provides the cut-offs for each Registration District code in England and Wales 1851-1881 for a logit estimate using a 0.25 threshold, as described in Working Paper 9, and published in Agricultural History Review 2019, Montebruno et al. Also provided are the alpha and beta coefficients of the logit estimator. Reference for WP9: Bennett, Robert, J., Montebruno, Piero, Smith, Harry, and van Lieshout, Carry (2018) Reconstructing entrepreneur and business numbers for censuses 1851-81. Working Paper 9: ESRC project ES/M010953: 'Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses', University of Cambridge, Department of Geography and Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure. Reference for Agri. Hist. Rev. article: Montebruno, P., Bennett, R.J., van Lieshout, C., Smith, H. and Satchell, M., 2019. Shifts in agrarian entrepreneurship in mid-Victorian England and Wales. Agricultural History Review 67 (1): 71-108. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Title | Research data supporting 'WP 10: Classification of environments of entrepreneurship: Factor analysis of Registration Sub-Districts (RSDs) in 1891' |
| Description | This dataset contains the codes for each RSD for the 11 factor codes for entrepreneurs in England and Wales, and the 10 factor codes for employers only in England and Wales: Entrepreneurs: 1 - Commercial, professional & urban 2 - Farming, rural trades, shoes & wool 3 - Small manufacturing 4 - Dealing & retail 5 - Medium & heavy manufacturing 6 - Coal mining 7 - Cotton & waterproof goods 8 - Carriers & lodging 9 - Clothing & agricultural produce 10 - General manufacturing & ports 11 - No strong loading Employers: 1 - Retail, lodging, transport & small crafts 2 - Farming, rural, shoe & building trades 3 - Commercial & professional 4 - Tool, heavy manufacturing & household goods dealers 5 - Agricultural produce, coal & timber dealers 6 - Wool & other textiles 7 - Cotton & silk textiles 8 - Leather & wood manufacturing 9 - Coal mining 10 - No strong loading |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Title | Research data supporting 'WP 20: Preparing Scottish census data in I-CeM for the British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE)': Burgh definitions |
| Description | This dataset contains all the parishes that were part of Parliamentary Burghs in each census year; the method of identification is detailed in WP 20. Burgh (Burgh name) ParID (I-CeM parish ID for that census year) |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Title | Research data supporting 'WP 20: Preparing Scottish census data in I-CeM for the British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE)': final decisions |
| Description | This dataset contains the codes for the decisions made in Scotland for each Sub-Occode to assign each individual identified by RecID to a status of employer or own account entrepreneur. (worker RecIDs are given in a separate download). This is method EMPSTATUS_IND as outlined in the BBCE User Guide. The method is given in full in WP 9.2. The codes are: SubOccode - SubOccode code Ent_rou_01 - Estimate of number of entrepreneurs based on the rounded 1891 data using a cut-off of 0.1 Ent_rou_08 - Estimate of number of entrepreneurs based on the rounded 1891 data using a cut-off of 0.8 Ent_r01aE_Wo - Estimate of number of entrepreneurs based on the rounded 1891 data using a cut-off of 0.1, after the extracted entrepreneurs are imposed Ent_r08aE_Wo - Estimate of number of entrepreneurs based on the rounded 1891 data using a cut-off of 0.8, after the extracted entrepreneurs are imposed Decision - Code indicating the option used. 12 codes exist: 1-0.1 cut-off; 15-0.15 cut-off; 2-0.2 cut-off; 25-0.25 cut-off; 3-0.3 cut-off; 35-0.35 cut-off; 4-0.4 cut-off; 45-0.45 cut-off; 5-0.5 cut-off; 6-0.6 cut-off; 7-0.7 cut-off; 8-0.8 cut-off |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Title | Research data supporting 'WP 20: Preparing Scottish census data in I-CeM for the British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE)': workers |
| Description | This dataset contains the codes the RECID for each individual who was a worker in Scotland according to the reconstruction process and their I-CeM occupation code (occode) many of which have been changed as part of the BBCE creation process. RecID (I-CeM unique identifier) Occode (I-CeM occupation code) |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Title | Research data supporting 'WP 6: Urban-Rural Classification using Census data, 1851-1911' |
| Description | This dataset contains the codes for classifying each parish of England and Wales into the 4 categories outlined in WP 6 and the assignment of parishes to towns as outlined in WP 6. The data file is as follows: ParID (I-CeM parish ID for that census year) Urban Classification (Code for whether parish is 1 urban, 2 urban transition, 3 transition or 4 rural) TownID (Law-Robson town code) Town (Town name) |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Title | Research data supporting 'WP 8: Classification of occupations for economically active: Factor analysis of Registration Sub-Districts (RSDs) in 1891' |
| Description | This dataset contains the codes for each RSD for the 10 factor codes for economically active: 1 - Commercial & professional 2 - Coal mining & heavy manufacturing 3 - Retail, small manufacturing & transport 4 - Rural trades, building, coal & timber dealing 5 - Transport & military 6 - Textile manufacturing 7 - Tools & household goods 8 - Apparel & textile maker-dealers 9 - Earthenware, bricks & glass 10 - No strong loading |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Title | Research data supporting 'WP 9.2: Reconstructing business proprietor responses for censuses 1851-81: a tailored logit cut-off method': final decisions |
| Description | This dataset contains the codes for the decisions in England and Wales made for each Sub-Occode to assign each individual identified by RecID to a status of employer or own account entrepreneur. (worker RecIDs are given in a separate download). This is method EMPSTATUS_IND as outlined in the BBCE User Guide. The method is given in full in WP 9.2. The codes are: SubOccode - SubOccode code Ent_rou_01 - Estimate of number of entrepreneurs based on the rounded 1891 data using a cut-off of 0.1 Ent_rou_08 - Estimate of number of entrepreneurs based on the rounded 1891 data using a cut-off of 0.8 Ent_r01aE_Wo - Estimate of number of entrepreneurs based on the rounded 1891 data using a cut-off of 0.1, after the extracted entrepreneurs are imposed Ent_r08aE_Wo - Estimate of number of entrepreneurs based on the rounded 1891 data using a cut-off of 0.8, after the extracted entrepreneurs are imposed Decision - Code indicating the option used. 12 codes exist: 1-0.1 cut-off; 15-0.15 cut-off; 2-0.2 cut-off; 25-0.25 cut-off; 3-0.3 cut-off; 35-0.35 cut-off; 4-0.4 cut-off; 45-0.45 cut-off; 5-0.5 cut-off; 6-0.6 cut-off; 7-0.7 cut-off; 8-0.8 cut-off |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Title | Research data supporting 'WP 9.2: Reconstructing business proprietor responses for censuses 1851-81: a tailored logit cut-off method': workers |
| Description | This dataset contains the codes the RECID for each individual who was a worker in England and Wales according to this reconstruction process and their I-CeM occupation code (occode) many of which have been changed as part of the BBCE creation process. RecID (I-CeM unique identifier) Occode (I-CeM occupation code) |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Title | Research data supporting 'WP 9: Reconstructing entrepreneur and business numbers for censuses 1851-81': final decisions |
| Description | This dataset contains the codes for the decisions in England and Wales made for each Sub-Occode to assign each individual identified by RecID to a status of employer or own account entrepreneur. (worker RecIDs are given in a separate download). This is method EMPSTATUS_NUM as outlined in the BBCE User Guide. The method is given in full in WP 9. The variables provided are: SubOccodeNo - SubOccode code SubOccode - SubOccode title 1891UR - Unrounded estimate based on 1891 data 1891R - Rounded estimate based on 1891 data 1901UR - Unrounded estimate based on 1901 data 1901R - Rounded estimate based on 1901 data 1891Ratio - Estimate based on the 1891 ratio of either entrepreneurs to workers, or employers to own account 1901Ratio - Estimate based on the 1901 ratio of either entrepreneurs to workers, or employers to own account Decision - Code indicating the option used. For 1851 EOA, E; 1861EOA, E; and 1881E five codes exist: 1-1891 unrounded; 2-1891 rounded; 3-1901 unrounded; 4-1901 rounded; 5-1891 ratio. For 1881EOA 7 codes exist: 1-1891 unrounded; 2-1891 rounded; 3-1901 unrounded; 4-1901 rounded; 5-1891 ratio; 6-1901 ratio; 7-use 1881 extracted |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Title | Research data supporting 'WP 9: Reconstructing entrepreneur and business numbers for censuses 1851-81': workers |
| Description | This dataset contains the codes the RECID for each individual who was a worker according to this reconstruction process and their I-CeM occupation code (occode) many of which have been changed as part of the BBCE creation process. RecID (I-CeM unique identifier) Occode (I-CeM occupation code) |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Title | Research data supporting BBCE and: 'WP 14: Carry van Lieshout and Robert J. Bennett "Company Directors: Directory and Census Record Linkage, 1881-1911"' |
| Description | This database gives the coded directors and their companies as listed in the Directory of Directors for years 1882, 1892, 1902, 1912 (judged the most relevant for the census years) and also codes those linked to census records 1881-1911 for which their full census record is available in BBCE and linked to I-CeM. Record linkage match between DoD and censuses was 36% for 18,200 directors; but the database gives all DOD directors coded to business sectors, locations, and roles they played in each company. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2021 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/327853 |
| Title | Research data supporting WP 21 Additional codes and people in the British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE) not available through I-CeM |
| Description | Data files of additional people and corrections to I-CeM |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Title | Sector and occupation classification data download for "Business sectors, occupations and aggregations of census data 1851-1911" |
| Description | This data download gives a spreadsheet gives the occupation classification described in R.J. Bennett, H. Smith, C. van Lieshout and G. Newton, ?Business sectors, occupations and aggregations of census data, 1851?1911? (2017), Working Paper 5, ESRC project ES/M0010953L, ?Drivers of entrepreneurship and small businesses?, https://doi.org/10. 17863/CAM.9874. See working paper for definitions and discussion of the classifications for PST (2017 version) and SIC (2007 version). |
| Type Of Material | Data handling & control |
| Year Produced | 2018 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | Provides codings for occupational classification to alternative definitions of aggregate sectors 1951-1911 |
| Title | The Non-corporate Business Population in England and Wales 1891-1911 |
| Description | The paper specifies the method for correcting for non-response bias (1891-1911) and misallocation bias (1891) in the census data on entrepreneurs (employers and own account) for the 3 last censuses covered by the project. The form of the published data by census authorities, and the e-records now available have various biases which have to be corrected before they can be used in valid analysis. This paper develops the method and provides the appropriate weights to give an unbiased data base. These weights and the methodology will be part of the database deposit at UKDA for other users. The academic version of the paper is currently being considered by the journal, Business History. |
| Type Of Material | Computer model/algorithm |
| Year Produced | 2018 |
| Provided To Others? | No |
| Impact | so far impact is a major part of the data alignment of the project. In future it will be an essential tool as part of the UKDA data deposit |
| Title | Update with RecID: Research data supporting "Adjustment Weights for the 1891-1911 England and Wales censuses" |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303110 |
| Title | ownloadable file of workers from IND method E&W |
| Description | supplementation for census non-respondents |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2019 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | essential data for users of BBCE data deposit |
| Title | van Lieshout, C., Smith, H., Bennett, R., & Montebruno Bondi, P. (2019). Research data IND supporting 'WP 9.2: Reconstructing business proprietor responses for censuses 1851-81: a tailored logit cut-off method': workers [Dataset]. |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303303 |
| Title | van Lieshout, C., Smith, H., Bennett, R., & Montebruno Bondi, P. (2019). Research data NUM supporting 'WP 9: Reconstructing entrepreneur and business numbers for censuses 1851-81': workers [Dataset]. |
| Description | |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| URL | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303304 |
| Description | Identifying the largest firms with 1000 or more meployees 1851-1881 |
| Organisation | London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | PI Bennett has been using the BBCE data deposit from the project to work with Prof Leslie Hannah at LSE. Bennett has used the BBCE data to search for the largest firms, and then worked with Hannah to identify those where a census record is missing. This has then been used to develop a methodical paper which has been submitted to the academic journal Historical Research Methods Journal. Further journal publications have now been developed further: one to Econ Hist Review assesses the long terms changes in frim size and implications of the shift between corporate and non-corporate status. A second develops comparisons of development's with the USA Census of Manufacturers. Othe related developments are re-examining the firm-size distribution data. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Prof Leslie Hannah was already a partner in the project to which he has contributed much valuable advice as part of the advisory group. This new collaboration has involved him in about 4 months work (effective FT) to identify all firms of 1000+ employees identifiable in available secondary sources, and then search the CEB manuscript census records to identify missing response for each firm's partners or directors. The final output is databases for each year 1851 and 18881 to identify all these very large firms. Hannah's financial contribution has been estimated as a modest one third of his Prof time/salary. |
| Impact | 1. Data base development largely complete to give all 1000+ businesses 1851 and 1881; fully complete for 1881, near-complete for 1851; 2. Methodical paper submitted to the academic journal Historical Research Methods Journal. 3. Paper on the 1881 data base for 100+ firms: ' Large-scale Victorian Manufacturers: reconstructing the lost 1881 UK employer census'. submitted to the academic journal Economic History Review 4. Paper on comparisons with US census in progress 5. further collaborations on full firm-size distribution (all firms with 1 or more employee) being developed Collaboration is multi-disciplinary between geography and history |
| Start Year | 2019 |
| Description | Long-term effects of regional self-employment on regional performance |
| Organisation | Friedrich Schiller University Jena (FSU) |
| Country | Germany |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Provision and management of the British census data for comparisons with European historical development in entrepreneurship; mainly using the 1901 and 1911 GB censuses. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Development of published German censuses for regions to assess how pronounced is the persistence of self-employment from 1907 to today, and what are the mechanisms behind this that explain long-term trajectories of regional development. This will form the basis of comparison with Britain and other European countries. German results suggest that there is pronounced persistence, i.e., regions with a high level of innovation around the year 1900 tend to be also rather innovative today, and regions with high levels of historical self-employment have higher levels of innovation and more growth today. The comparative analysis will develop understanding of the generalities of these trends. Mainly being developed for joint conference presentations in 2021, now postponed to 2022 at the Paris WEHC. |
| Impact | Main output will be 2022 conference. Collaboration is multi-disciplinary between geography, history, economics and business studies |
| Start Year | 2019 |
| Description | Selin Dilli, University of Utrecht, NWO Veni Research Grant, 'Historical evolution of female entrepreneurship 1900-2020' |
| Organisation | Utrecht University |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Researcher Carry van Lieshout and PI Bennett have collaborated and advised Delli on use of the ESRC BBCE database as the UK element in her research |
| Collaborator Contribution | Delli is expanding understanding of the international comparisons of entrepreneurship data, using the BBCE database from the ESRC project as the UK element in Europe-wide research the historical evolution of female entrepreneurship between 1900-2020, funded by a NWO-Veni grant. There are 3 key research questions about female entrepreneurship: 1) What barriers women facewhen they start and run a business; 2) If and how these barriers change, and 3) How women's solutions to these constraints change over time. To answer these questions, the research examines the interaction between the historical structural and institutional factors and informal meso-level solutions at the level of (family) firms as key explanations. This project aims to produce new comparable time-series data on female business-owners in Europe since 1900. This includes supervising 2 interdisciplinary PhD projects using the database, one on Family businesses and gender equality, and the other on Change in the coordinated market economy and wellbeing in the twentieth century Netherlands. |
| Impact | Outputs will develop over 2023-5 |
| Start Year | 2022 |
| Title | Bennett, R.J., van Lieshout, C., Smith, H., Montebruno, P. and Lucas-Smith, M. (2020) BBCE website - The British Business Census of Entrepreneurs. https://www.bbce.uk/ |
| Description | The British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE) website is designed as the primary access point for the BBCE data deposit (listed elsewhere), and hence to allow users to access the data on the business population of entrepreneurs in Victorian and Edwardian Britain. It identifies every self-employed person listed in the censuses for England and Wales 1851-1911, and Scotland 1851-1901, and their employment status as employer, proprietor with no employees, or company director. The website has a very large array of documents and downloads, which are being added to and undated in the light of feedback and further research by the PI and ESRC team, and the research of other users. The main elements lead to a range of other data downloads and documents; they cover: Overview of entrepenrusip data - Definition of entrepreneurs - Numbers of entrepreneurs 1851-1911 - Entrepreneurship rates 1851-2011 - Firm size - Geography of entrepreneurship - Farm size - Sector markets and definitions Downloadable User Guide to BBCE (with many documents and downloads) Atlas of Entrepreneurship (which is a separate major web resource in its own right; listed separately) Resources and updates - Documentation in Working Papers and supplementary data downloads - Publications - Presentations - Coding to industry sector aggregates (EA17, EA51, SIC, Feinstein; and HISCO, PST) - Data downloads by spatial units - Record linkage - Company Directors - Large and other firms - Portfolio businesses - Other developments Future developments Acknowledgments to funders and individuals Contacts |
| Type Of Technology | Webtool/Application |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Open Source License? | Yes |
| Impact | https://www.bbce.uk/ is now the essential entry gateway for users of BBCE data; it has significant and growing traffic, and the PI is responding to 1-2 serious enquiries per week. |
| Title | Bennett, R.J., van Lieshout, C., Smith, H., Montebruno, P. and Lucas-Smith, M. (2020) BBCE: Atlas of Entrepreneurship. |
| Description | The Atlas on the BBCE website is a finding aid for users of BBCE, and as a source of tutorial materials suitable for researchers, students and schools that can be used for education and coursework assignments. It uniquely allows insights into the population of business proprietors for all localities in the 19th and early 20th centuries, every 10 year between 1851 and 1911. Currently it covers England and Wales; Scotland's Atlas is in development (but its dataset is shown on the rest of the website and is available in BBCE). The Atlas opens at a default page for 1881 giving the number of all entrepreneurs in each Registration Sub-District (RSD). These are c. 2,000 census administration areas; town names are given on a separate tab with their relevant RSDs. The maps that can be viewed, together with the underlying data they show, are all available as open source downloads. A Guide to using the Atlas is provided on the website https://www.bbce.uk/atlas/ The Atlas of Entrepreneurship was supported by the ESRC grant ES/M010953. The software was created by Martin Lucas-Smith, webmaster Department of Geography, Cambridge University, who wrote the additional code required to adapt his design of the 'Atlas of Victorian Fertility Decline' (PI: A.M. Reid), funded by ESRC (grant ES/L015463/1) populationspast.org. We are very grateful to Alice Reid, Joe Day and the populationspast team for advice and for allowing use of this resource. The entrepreneurs team members Carry van Lieshout, with Harry Smith, were mainly responsible for preparing the data for the Atlas using BBCE data. Code for the Atlas is open source, and can be found on the CAMPOP Github repository |
| Type Of Technology | Webtool/Application |
| Year Produced | 2020 |
| Open Source License? | Yes |
| Impact | The Atlas is developing as the main entry point for users of BBCE, to allow assessment of data by researchers, students and schools prior to detailed further research. It has been launched and disseminated through various seminars and newsletters (detailed under outreach). |
| URL | https://www.bbce.uk/atlas/ |
| Description | 'Mapping employers from 19th century censuses. Presentation at seminar on 'Graphical Display: challenges for humanists' (by Reseracher Gill Newton) to CRASSH workshop, Cambridge, May 2015 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | Presentation using the ESRC project data on how conventional data visualizations such as chloropleth maps can represent genuine ambiguities of interpretation, using as an example the fluid distinction in firm size between those who are self employed and those employing others, as extracted from the 1881 Census Enumerators' Books occupational declarations. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
| Description | , Industrial Districts, Entrepreneurship and the Economic Geography of Great Britain, 1851-1911, Workshop on Industrial Clusters, University of Reading, Henley Business School, 4 March 2020 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Workshop on Industrial Clusters, organised by Prof John Wilson and colleagues at Reading to re-visit the industrial clusters book edited by Wilson in 1980s. The outcome will be a new book, to which the contributors form the ESRC project are putting in a chapter - already prepared and submitted to the editors. Also made participants aware of BBCE database and its potential for research which has led to various follow-ups, contributed inputs to the other chapters, and led to wider diffusion of the BBCE user community. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | A research paper by Carry van Lieshout at the European Association of Business Historians international conference at Vienna (24-26 August 2017) 'Company directors in England and Wales, 1881-1911' |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | This paper presented an analysis of business directors over the period of rapid expansion of the corporate firm in Britain. Its focus on directors complemented related research streams in the ESRC Drivers of Entrepreneurship project on non-corporate proprietors who were employers of others, and own account self-employed who employed no-one else. As a result of the rapid rise of the large-scale company governed by a board of directors in the late-nineteenth century, company directors are a major focus of scholarly attention for understanding the ownership and control of companies. This paper presented the first results of a study on the full sample of directors listed in the Directory of Directors for the period before Florence's studies, starting from 1881. The analysis encompassed all companies listed at the London Stock Exchange, thus including a variety of industrial sectors, company sizes, and places of incorporation. The paper combined the Directory information with the big data source of information on the same individuals contained in the UK Census using I-CeM. As the census identifies an individual with their company affiliation(s) only in exceptional cases, a mixture of algorithmic approaches and individual record searches is used for record linkage between the census and information contained in the Directories. The paper introduced this method of data linkage and discussed its accuracy. The resulting database of all directors linked to the 1881-1911 censuses, permits the first large-scale analysis and overview of the socio-economic characteristics of Britain's company directors for the period. The paper then considered the age, occupational background, geographical spread, place of origin, and family structure of the company directors by their companies' sector and location and, secondly, evaluated this in the context of recent historical work on investors' characteristics (Hannah & Foreman-Peck; Cheffins, Koustas & Chambers). The main results cover the locations where directors are concentrated and business origins in accountancy, law and related professions, of higher age than the average of most business proprietors, and, as known from previous research, heavily concentrated in London. There are however a few women, and an important number of younger directors, often concentrated in 'newer' business sectors, and significant concentrations of directors outside London and the South East. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | A research paper by Harry Smith at the European Association of Business Historians international conference at Vienna (24-26 August 2017) 'Family Firms in England and Wales, 1851-1911' |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | This paper presented an analysis of the family firm for the Victorian and Edwardian periods. presenting a study of a sample of family owned businesses identified in the 1851-1911 censuses of England and Wales from the ESRC project database of all employers and the self-employed. It considered two main issues. First, the incidence of family firms by sector. Secondly, the family structure of those engaged in family businesses, particularly the importance of gender in shaping the kinds of businesses in which families engaged. The paper provided the first quantitative analysis of this important topic for both historians and economists. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | A research paper by R. Bennett at the European Association of Business Historians international conference at Vienna (24-26 August 2017) 'Transformation of business organisation in Britain 1851-1911: Incorporation, proprietorship and self-employment' |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | This paper presented an analysis of the aggregate numbers of businesses in 19th and early 20th century Britain for non-incorporated business proprietors and incorporated business numbers to assess the development of non-incorporated firms and the wider population of the micro-businesses run by self-employed 'own account' sole traders. By combining the census counts of businesses (non-incorporated firms and self-employed 'own account' proprietors) with company data it is possible for the first time to investigate in more detail the change over time in business organisation. This is the first systematic effort to move beyond the early comments from Clapham (1936) using the single table published from the 1851 census on employers, which remains the only early census tabulation of the census question on employers. The paper first outlined how published tax data on companies for the period could be used to estimate of numbers of active companies. The paper then presented an overview of the evolution of total business numbers, showing the rise and then decline in self-employed, employer proportions, and firm size over the period, whilst as expected, the numbers and size of the corporate sector grew. Changes over time indicate important sector shifts, especially concerning the role of farming and more general economic shifts. Like the Glasgow papers our presentation in Vienna had one of the largest attendances and we received many spontaneous comments on how this research would change interprwt8ioans of business history and methods. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | Are long-term entrepreneurship trends U-shaped: Economic transitions 1851-2011; Paper presented by Robert Bennett at EHS Conference April 2016 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation of paper by PI Robert Bennett from the ESRC project on the preliminary estimates of number of employers and self-employed businesses 1851-2011 addressing one of the major research questions about business growth and long-term trends 'Are long-term entrepreneurship trends U-shaped: Economic transitions 1851-2011'. This was a paper in the Economic History Society Annual Conference April 2016. Session II/G. Abstract on p. 351 of booklet available through URL |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| URL | http://www.ehs.org.uk/events/annual-conference-programme-2016.html |
| Description | Article by R. J. Bennett (PI) promoting the BBCE datbase and research to Guild of One Names Studies Journal Vol 14 No 1, 2021 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Supporters |
| Results and Impact | Article to members of the Guild of One Names Studies to promote and guide access to the BBCE database and website to give family historians and genealogists new resources to enable researchers to look at the geography of entrepreneurs recorded in the censuses of England, Wales and Scotland for 1851-1911, and available as an online interactive Atlas of Entrepreneurship. The Guild published this in their paper and online Journal in Jan 2021: Vol 14 No 1, 2021 Followed up a presentation to the LPSS and Guild in Autumn 2020 to reinforce the value of the BBCE resource |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://one-name.org/ |
| Description | Bob Bennett (PI), Piero Montebruno, Harry Smith and Carry van Lieshout (PDRAs): Trends in entrepreneurship from census records 1851-1911seminar presentation at Cambridge History Faculty (Core Economic History seminar), 6 March 2019. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation to Cambridge History Faculty attended by c. 50, with e-mailing to c. 500. The main vehicle for disseminating in the Cambridge History environment. Presentation by PI and the current PDRAs the data and analysis of the BBCE database 1851-1911, and launch of the projects key output of the 'Age of Entrepreneurship' book (published in July 2019 and few months after the seminar); led to useful ideas for developments of further research and engagement. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| URL | https://www.hist.cam.ac.uk/seminars/economic-social-seminars |
| Description | Bob Bennett (PI): seminar presentation at Cambridge Campop seminar, 12 November 2020: Assessing census non-responses 1851-81 using record linkage |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation to Cambridge Group for History of Population and Social Structure (Campop), attended by c. 30, with e-mailing to c. 300. As an internationally recognised centre for research on the UK census, social and economic structures and demography, the attendance at Campop seminars always includes national and international visitors, and with Covid are now Zoom sessions with additional non-British audience able to attend by special request. Mailing of event details also invariably leads to interchanges on the presentation from those attending and not attending. Presentation by PI Bob Bennett of results of expanding the use of the BBCE database to use record linkage between years for employers reporting their workforces, to identify gaps between responses in intervening years. These then examined as to whether true non-responses or changes in occupation status. Useful session with effective feedback leading to improved quality of an academic paper is a late stage of drafting, now submitted to a journal. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | https://www.campop.geog.cam.ac.uk/ |
| Description | Bob Bennett (PI): seminar presentation at Cambridge Campop seminar, 21 November 2019: What changed for entrepreneurism between 1901 and 1911? |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation to Cambridge Group for History of Population and Social Structure (Campop), attended by c. 30, with e-mailing to c. 300. As an internationally recognised centre for research on the UK census, social and economic structures and demography, the attendance at Campop seminars always includes national and international visitors. Mailing of event details also invariably leads to interchanges on the presentation from those attending and not attending. Presentation by PI Bob Bennett of results of the project and info on access to the BBCE database, bit also focusing on a key research questions: What changed in detail for the entrepreneur levels and rates between 1901 and 1911 - this was the key turning point from the high entrepreneurism of the C19th to the low levels of the mid-C20th (the well-known 'U-shape') before modern upturns. Very useful session with effective feedback leading to development of a research and policy paper. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| URL | https://www.campop.geog.cam.ac.uk/ |
| Description | Bob Bennett: Entrepreneurship, gender of self-employment and small business: Long-term trends. Paper presented at Institute of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ISBE) International Conference, Newcastle, 14-15 November 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Part of the ESRC project launch of the BBCE database to an international community of researchers on modern data and policy issues and potential users of the data, and evaluated issues arising. This presentation of key element of the research to the international audience of focused on the gender aspects, which are very novel. This was pat of the Gender and Enterprise trick at ISBE. This session was heavily attended and proved to be a valuable exchange and engagement session with a new group of researchers, especially to modern developments into a new longer term context that surprised many - the current period is not so novel!. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| URL | https://isbe.org.uk/isbe-2019/ |
| Description | Bob Bennett: Record-linkage tracking of British entrepreneurs over time from census records 1851-1891. Paper presented at European Business History Association, Rotterdam, 29-31 August 2019. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | As the PI this introduced the ESRC project, but mainly focused on current and future developments following the pilot of record linkage. This engage a lot of audience response. Part of an ESRC project session that launched the BBCE database to an international community of researchers and potential users of the data, and evaluated issues arising. This presentation of key element of the research to the European and international audience of researchers in this field. This session was one of the most heavily attended at the conference with many extra seats being brought into the room; it was a very valuable exchange and engagement session. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| URL | https://www.eur.nl/en/eshcc/research/ebha2019 |
| Description | C. van Lieshout 'Gender and the family firm', World Economic History Congress, Boston, 19 July 3 August 2018. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Major opportunity to gain international feedback on gender issues in family and other firms. Paper abstract: The paper gives a detailed examination of gender, marital status and household structure in order to interpret the changing role of the family and family firm relationships, single business proprietors, widow and widower-headed businesses, and the people they employed. The paper present the first large-scale analysis for those family-owned businesses identifiable in the censuses using the data on all employers and the self-employed in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. Within these the role family and gender plays are examined, resulting in a large sample of family firms. The paper considers three main issues: first, the incidence of family firms by sector; second, the family structure of those engaged in family businesses, particularly the importance of gender and life cycle in shaping the kinds of businesses in which families engaged; and third, the distinctiveness of businesses run by married, single people, widows and widowers. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
| URL | http://wehc2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/WEHC_2018_Program.pdf |
| Description | C. van Lieshout 'Who was in control? Company directors in England and Wales, 1881-1911', Association of Business Historians Annual Conference, Milton Keynes, 6-7 June 2018. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | To gain feedback on data enrichment of company directors and the female members especially. Paper abstract: This paper presents an analysis of business directors over the period of rapid expansion of the corporate firm in Britain. As a result of the rapid rise of the large-scale company governed by a board of directors in the late-nineteenth century, company directors are a major focus of scholarly attention for understanding the ownership and control of companies. The main results cover the characteristics of the directors and the characteristics of the locations where directors are concentrated. The analysis indicates a strong concentration of directors with origins in accountancy, law and related professions, of higher age than the average of most business proprietors, and, as known from previous research, heavily concentrated in London. There are however an important number of younger directors, often concentrated in 'newer' business sectors, and significant concentrations of directors outside London and the South East |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
| URL | http://www.abh-net.org/index.html |
| Description | C. van Lieshout presentation (Glasgow ABH Internatonal conference 29-30 June 2017) 'Female Entrepreneurship in England and Wales, 1851-1911' |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | A research paper at the Glasgow Annual Association of Business Historians international conference, presenting estimates of the numbers of female entrepreneurs engaged in business of various sizes over time, as well as the people they employed. Their proportion of the population and their relative importance compared to male entrepreneurship rates mapped in order to identify emerging and declining concentrations of female-owned businesses by geography and by sector. In addition, the paper focused on the role of life cycle in female entrepreneurship. This was one of the best attended sessions for this and the associated project papers. The chair congratulated us on the work and two international leaders in the audience spontaneously spoke of the papers' significance and the way they will revolutionise methods and understanding in business history. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | Carry Van Lieshout, seminar presentation'Female entrepreneurship: business, marriage and motherhood in England and Wales, 1851-1911' to Universoty of Leicester, Friends of the Centre of English Local History 4 Feb 2021 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Introduced and promoted the BBCE database as a source for research, particularly during the virus restrictions, for people who couldn't go to archives now, and introduce the project team's research book and papers to new audiences connected with the Leicester Centre of English Local History - which is major regional centre for historical research with a wide membership and diverse audience; via Zoom 4 Feb 2021 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | http://www.englishlocalhistory.org/wp/2020/09/21/seminar-programme-2020-21/ |
| Description | Carry van Lieshout and Harry Smith: Female entrepreneurship in England and Wales, 1851-1911. Held at Newcastle University, April 2019. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | This was a meeting of the editors and contributors to a book; with van Lieshout and Smith representing the project team contributing one Chapter. This will appear in: J. Aston and C. Bishop (eds.) Female Entrepreneurs in the Long Nineteenth Century: Towards a Global Perspective (Palgrave, 2020) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| URL | https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9783030334116 |
| Description | Carry van Lieshout, convener, with Gunjan Sondhi: 'A Century of Migrant Business Women - A Century of Census' |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | AHRC-financed outreach project for a public engagement to assess research 'A Century of Migrant Business Women - A Century of Census', focused on migrant female entrepreneurs using census data. Mainly about the modern census but had an historical component that brought BBCE to a new audience of more 'modern geographers' and other social scientists to make aware of this valuable new database. The outreach project is based at the OU and examines a century of change in three aspects measured in the UK Census: migration, gender, and business, and shows how art-based approaches such as storytelling can be used to communicate quantitative Census data. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://oumigration.com/women-entrepreneurs/ |
| Description | Carry van Lieshout: Business, Marriage and Motherhood: Female Entrepreneurship in England and Wales, 1851-1911. Paper presented at Economic History Society conference, Belfast 29-31 March 2019. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Leading conference presentation |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | Carry van Lieshout: Female Entrepreneurship in England and Wales, 1851-1911. Paper presented at Economic History Society Conference, April 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation by PDRA Carry van Lieshout of results of analysis of data from census extractions of women who were entrepreneurs, 1851-1911 focusing on methodology of extraction and interpretation of results. Stimulated debate within a specialist track on female entrepreneurship. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | http://www.ehs.org.uk/events/annual-conference-programme-2017.html |
| Description | Carry van Lieshout: Female entrepreneurs and the family firm in Britain, 1851-1911. Paper presented at Association of Business Historians Conference, Sheffield, 4-6 July 2019. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation at a major conference to disseminate research and database |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | Carry van Lieshout: Firm size and demographics in the evolution of entrepreneurship in Britain, 1851-1911. Paper presented at European Business History Association, Rotterdam, 29-31 August 2019. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
| Results and Impact | Part of an ESRC project session that launched the BBCE database to an international community of researchers and potential users of the data, and evaluated issues arising. This presentation of key element of the research to the European and international audience of researchers in this field. This session was one of the most heavily attended at the conference with many extra seats being brought into the room; it was a very valuable exchange and engagement session. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| URL | https://www.eur.nl/en/eshcc/research/ebha2019 |
| Description | Carry van Lieshout: Women on board: Female entrepreneurship in Britain, 1851-1911. Paper presented at European Business History Association, Rotterdam, 29-31 August 2019, Session on 'Incorporating Women'. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation of key element of research to the European and international audience of researchers in this field |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| URL | https://www.eur.nl/en/eshcc/research/ebha2019 |
| Description | Dragana Radicic (PDRA), Bob Bennett (PI) and Gill Newton (PDRA): Portfolio entrepreneurship in farming: empirical evidence from the 1881 census for England and Wales. Paper presented at 3rd. International Agricliometrics Conference, Cambridge, 3 April 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Paper presented at 3rd. International Agricliometrics Conference, April 2017, at Cambridge, by Dragana Radicic (PDRA), Bob Bennett (PI) and Gill Newton (PDRA) on 'Portfolio entrepreneurship in farming: empirical evidence from the 1881 census for England and Wales'. This was the first opportunity to present result from the research project on the farming sector to specialist agricultural researchers from across Europe and N. America. Considerable feedback was received and this also stimulated future collaborations and exchanges. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | https://agricliometrics.wixsite.com/agricliometrics |
| Description | ESRC Project database deposit launch, Conference: Cambridge, 25-26 March 2019: The British Business Census of Entrepreneurs 1851-1911. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | The Launch of the database and book summarising the project outputs and analysis at Cambridge, 25-26 March 2019. This was one of the main professional engagement activities planned in the original ESRC application; it was an invited occasion funded by the ESRC grant for external attendees. The database is The British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE) 1851-1911 which is currently at UKDA awaiting their assignment of a staff member to take in the data deposit. This is a major output for later in 2020. The conference previewed the database and interpretation. The attendance was mainly leading economics and historians, but included 2 postgrads working on similar data, and key policy makers from: The SME unit at DBEIS (Darren Barton); the director SME programmes at OECD (Jonathan Potter); and the Director of the ESRC ERC (Stephen Roper); as well as the leading practitioner advising on the project (Richard Rogers, Barclays Bank, and now Aston University). A major US expert contributed an important comparative insight form he US Census of Manufacturers; this is leading to a range of further collaborations, as is the rest of the attendance group. Attendance list: Cambridge ESRC team Prof Bob Bennett Campop Dr Piero Montebruno Campop Dr Alice Reid Campop (Co--I on ESRC grant) Dr Max Satchell Campop Dr Harry Smith Campop Dr Carry van Lieshout Campop Other Participants Prof Michael Anderson University of Edinburgh Prof Jeremy Atack Vanderbilt University Dr Darren Barton DBEIS Prof Dan Bogart University of California, Irvine Prof Mark Casson University of Reading Prof James Foreman-Peck Cardiff University Prof Andrew Godley Henley Business School Prof Leslie Hannah London School of Economics Prof Eddy Higgs University of Essex Prof Naomi Lamoreaux Yale University and NBER Dr Jonathan Potter OECD Prof Richard Roberts Aston Business School Prof Stephen Roper Enterprise Research Centre, Warwick Prof Janette Rutterford Open University Prof Kevin Schürer University of Leicester Dr Alex Trew University of St Andrews Prof Matthew Woollard UK Data Archive, University of Essex Dr Joe Day Campop (ESRC Post Doc Res Fellow) Dr Eilidh Garrett Campop (post Doc) Dr Hanna Jaadla Campop (post Doc) Mr Tobias Lunde Campop (PhD student) Prof Richard Smith Campop Prof Tony Wrigley Campop Dr Xuesheng You Campop (post Doc) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| URL | https://www.campop.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/driversofentrepreneurship/ |
| Description | Economic Histroy Society Conferecne 6-9 April 2021: Business History session ASIIF 8 April 2021: Presentation by Prof Leslie Hannah (Project partner. LSE) on interpreting the project's BBCE database for the largest firms >1000 employees 'Large-scale Victorian manufacturers: Reconstructing the lost 1881 UK employer census' |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | One of the major UK international academic conferences of the year allowing engagement with a broad audience of economic and business historians. Undertaken via Zoom and allowing a good atrendance from USA and Europe as well as UK. Good feedback from a range of questions and discussion useful to Hannah (who was a project partner and is now a formal collaborator on research, for which this paper was the first opportunity to present) and for the project team; also a means to raise awareness of the project's BBCE database and its potential; had the largest attendance of the papers in this session, and the longest discuission. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://ehs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Conference-programme-2021.pdf |
| Description | Employers with multiple occupations in the 1881 population census of England and Wales; Paper presented by Gill Newton at EHS Conference April 2016 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation of paper by PDRA Gill Newton from the ESRC project on portfolio business of employers in 1881 'Employers with multiple occupations in the 1881 population census of England and Wales'. This was a paper in the Economic History Society Annual Conference April 2016. Session II/G. Abstract on p. 350 of conference booklet available through URL |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| URL | http://www.ehs.org.uk/events/annual-conference-programme-2016.html |
| Description | G. Newton, 'I-CeM England and Wales censuses 1851-1911 as a resource for panel studies: methodology and results of tracking entrepreneurs and business growth', Economic History Society conference, Keele, 6-7 April 2018. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Research paper to leading practitioners; good feedback on methods obtained, particularly from US and Swedish experts on record linkage. Paper abstract: Opportunities to track individuals between UK historical censuses at the scale of the whole population have opened up with the release of full electronic versions of the Census Enumerators' Books. The Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) dataset created at Essex University by Schürer, Higgs and colleagues allows searches for individuals en masse in the censuses of 1851-1911. This paper outlines a methodology for algorithmic mass panel tracking, considers the success and limitations of automated search and record linkage approaches, and presents the results of an application of the methodology. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
| URL | http://www.ehs.org.uk/events/annual-conference-programme-2018.html |
| Description | H. Smith 'Family Firms in England and Wales, 1851-1911', Association of Business Historians Annual Conference, Milton Keynes, 6-7 June 2018 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Engaged with experts on family forms and developed paper for publication. Paper abstract: This paper presents a study of a sample of family owned businesses identified in the 1851-1911 censuses of England and Wales. The data used in this paper is drawn from a database of all employers and the self-employed in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. The employers and self-employed are extracted from I-CeM, the recently created electronic version of the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century censuses. This database allows the characteristics of entrepreneurs (age, gender, occupation, family structure, location etc.) to be examined in detail on a national scale for the first time. Consequently, households in which family members were active in the same business can be identified. While not a complete set of all family firms in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century England and Wales, this sample is far larger than any previous examined and covers the entire country, instead of focusing on a particular location. It will consider two main issues. First, the incidence of family firms by sector. Secondly, the family structure of those engaged in family businesses, particularly the importance of gender in shaping the kinds of businesses in which families engaged. This paper will provide the first quantitative survey of an important topic for both historians and economists. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
| URL | http://www.abh-net.org/index.html |
| Description | H. Smith 'Family firms from big data assessment from the 1851-1911 census', Economic History Society conference, Keele 6-7 April 2018 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Aimed to get feedback form other researchers on methods and interpretation which will improve the draft paper being prepared for publication. Paper abstract: This paper presents a study of a sample of family owned businesses identified in the 1851-1911 censuses of England and Wales. The data used in this paper is drawn from a database of all employers and the self-employed in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. The employers and self-employed are extracted from I-CeM, the recently created electronic version of the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century censuses. This database allows the characteristics of entrepreneurs (age, gender, occupation, family structure, location etc.) to be examined in detail on a national scale for the first time. Consequently, households in which business owners employed members of their own family can be identified. While not a complete set of all family firms in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century England and Wales, this sample is far larger than any previous examined and covers the entire country, instead of focusing on a particular location. It highlights two main aspects of this type of family firm. First, they were common throughout all areas of the economy, save for the professions, mercantile commerce and mining. Secondly, the life cycle of members of the business-owning class were central to the characteristics of these firms; the tendency for co-resident family members to be employed in a family firm was determined by marital status, rather than age, with family members working for the business before marriage, at which point they left home. This paper will provide the first quantitative survey of an important topic for both historians and economists. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
| URL | http://www.ehs.org.uk/events/annual-conference-programme-2018.html |
| Description | H. Smith presentation (Glasgow ABH Internatonal conference 29-30 June 2017) 'Migration and entrepreneurship, England and Wales 1851-1911' |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | A research paper at the Glasgow Annual Association of Business Historians international conference, examining wone of the most important determinants of entrepreneurship. Previous historical studies of the relationship between place of birth and entrepreneurship in England and Wales have been based on case studies of particular locations or firms. This paper offered the first whole population study of those born outside England and Wales based on a database created by identifying foreign-born employers for the years 1851-1911 and foreign-born self-employed individuals for the years 1891-1911. The paper considered three main issues; first, the chance that a member of a migrant group will be an employer; secondly, whether the country of origin affects this probability; third, whether foreign-born entrepreneurs are different in their socio-economic characteristics when compared to employers and self-employed individuals born in England and Wales. This was one of the best attended sessions for this and the associated project papers. The chair congratulated us on the work and two international leaders in the audience spontaneously spoke of the papers' significance and the way they will revolutionise methods and understanding in business history. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | H. Smith, 'Geography of Entrepreneurship', World Economic History Congress, Boston, 19 July 3 August 2018. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Major opportunity for feedback on project methods of estimating entrepreneurship rates by location. Paper abstract: The paper focuses on the role of locational concentrations of different types of business proprietor, the balance between employers and own account businesses, their sector distinctions between places, and the influence of this on overall rates of entrepreneurship and clustering. The locational patterns are also assessed for the extent of endogenous or external sources of development using the information on birthplace contained in the census. The birthplace information allows comparison of local-born, those from other parts of the UK, and foreign-born individuals. The paper offers the first whole population study of these effects for 1851-1911, and their interrelation with age, gender, occupational sector, and family structure. It considers the chance that a member of a migrant group will be a business proprietor; whether location of origin affects this probability; and whether migrant entrepreneurs are different in their socio-economic characteristics from others. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
| URL | http://wehc2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/WEHC_2018_Program.pdf |
| Description | Harry Smith: Entrepreneurship in England and Wales, 1851-1911. Paper presented at Association of Business Historians Conference, Sheffield, 4-6 July 2019. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Major conference presentation to disseminate the project research and database |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | Harry Smith: Persistence and change: Correlates of the geography of entrepreneurial change for British districts and towns 1851-1911 from the BBCE. paper presented at WEHC, Paris, 26 July 2022 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation at the major eonomic history International congree to wide audience. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| URL | https://www.wehc2022.org |
| Description | Harry Smith: The evolution of entrepreneurship in Britain, 1851-1911: An Overview. Paper presented at European Business History Association, Rotterdam, 29-31 August 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | With Bennett (PI) focusing on new developments in his presentation, Smith acted as the main speaker on the ESRC project as a whole, developing a very effective engagement with an eager audience. Part of an ESRC project session that launched the BBCE database to an international community of researchers and potential users of the data, and evaluated issues arising. This presentation of key element of the research to the European and international audience of researchers in this field. This session was one of the most heavily attended at the conference with many extra seats being brought into the room; it was a very valuable exchange and engagement session. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| URL | https://www.eur.nl/en/eshcc/research/ebha2019 |
| Description | Local Population Studies Society - Guild of One-Name Studies WIDENING HORIZONS Webinar seminar series: 11 Nov 2020 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Seminar presentation to mixed audience of members of the 2 sponsoring societies: Local Population Studies Society - Guild of One-Name Studies. Part of their series of WIDENING HORIZONS Webinar seminar series: https://one-name.org/seminar-events/ The seminar by R. Bennett (PI) seminar on 11 Nov 2020: 'Identifying business proprietors from the census; and using the online Atlas on entrepreneurship'. This reported the BBCE data deposit and encourage its use, and introduced the on-line portal of the BBCE 'Atlas of Entrepreneurship'. The recording of the event is a YouTube video with the Q&Qs at: https://youtu.be/indpNThDzf8 There was very useful discussion and Q&A, and afterwards very valuable feedback which is reproduced below; these demonstrate the learning and benefits achieved. The feedback covered a large proportion of the 91 people who attended online from many countries: QUESTION WHAT WAS YOUR PRIMARY MOTIVATION FOR ATTENDING THE WEBINAR? Learn about identifying businesses in the censuses I was interested in the analysis of entrepreneurship and how in may relate to my one-name study and family history research General interest To replace lost seminars. I was interested in the topic It sounded interesting and it was! Interested in business history Pure interest to learn more about this topic Better idea of looking for business owners of which I have many in the late 1800s. help with family tree general interest in data collection To see what was being done and see how I could transfer/use the ideas Personal interest in the subject due to current project in development. This topic sounded especially interesting TO LEARN NEW SOURCES OF INFORMATION RELEVENT TO LOCAL HISTORY AND GENEALOGY Learn something new for FH research Very interested (genealogically) in several occupations, e.g. bricklayers, shoemakers. to learn how to track business ancestors Self-education Totally new area of information to TRY & explore Interest in business and owners I have discovered in my family. Also in researching occupations for my One Name study, seeing the same occupation for several generations. anything to do with population data always interests me Extending my knowledge of areas of potential future research To see how the topic could help with my ONS. General Interest To find out about the BBCE Database and what it could be used for General interest As an amateur genealogist, I'm interested in discovering new research sources and how to use and interpret them As part of the whole series information to assist my One name study and one place study Didn't know anything about this subject so thought I would broaden my horizons to discover different approaches and sources Heard of Professor Bennett's work, wanted to know more. general interest Curiosity about the subject interested in business entrepreneurs in the census Topic, only just learned about the series. Interest in the subjects and wanting to learn. Just general interest Working on Family History Research. Knowledge I am interested in expanding my genealogy out of the individual into the whole social and economic environment to learn more and hopefully become a better family historian Interest in finding out about subjects around genealogy Population statistics to gain more knowledge in the subjects to help with my research Own research interest Curious as I wasn't sure what it was about WHAT ASPECTS OF THE WEBINAR DID YOU PARTICULARLY ENJOY? Mapping the spatial aspects of the data The demonstration of the atlas and how it could be used to analyse the prevailing trade and industry in a particular area. Also what the census does not show in relation to this topic. The use of maps to show the spread of entrepreneurship. The introduction of the Atlas. Interesting way to analyse census data. The detailed information and the website Hearing how the experts still had the same problems as we do with mis-transcriptions etc. Description of the database detailed info of the census the graphs and clarity of the presentation Thinking ... and the questions following the presentation for how they expanded the ideas Clarity of slides Realising I would be able to access a lot of extra information on areas, especially those I am unfamiliar with. Yet another massive database of 19C info Very helpful to understand the background to the database and the issues identified with the data, e.g. with missing info. information from the speaker All the webinars provided new (to me) and very different points of approach. I suppose in this case it was the reminder yet again that parallel fields of research, perhaps not originally developed with one name studies in mind, have much to offer, It made me aware I must study the columns 7,8,9 more as I obviously have missed important information. Data visualisation Description of the BBCE Really enjoyed this. Firstly there was a lot of analysis about the Census that was of general genealogical interest (eg missing records) and needs to be promulgated more widely; secondly, the potential of the study/ database/ atlas a a tool for informing eg local history studies is huge. Exceeded my expectations The Entrepreneurship atlas. was interested to learn about the BBCE website It wasn't really my cup of tea but I could tell that a lot of work had gone into the study Learning about the Atlas and the BBCE project Clarity of explanation, clarity of presentation. Gained a full understanding of the opportunities and limits of the data learning about the challenges of using bulk census data to determine trends in business Several issues that were totally new to me maps Women as employers Very interested in how the census returns were used, and learn about missing parts. Learning about a new source I will revisit the Census and look again at what was the recorded employments of my families Illustration of missing data I was particularly interested in how a "professional" historian used the same data that I used. It gave me food for thought into how I could expand my own research to explore the environment of my ancestors. I was fascinated by the links between GOONS and the LPSS, and would really encourage more of this collaboration. Perhaps other organisations could join in also - the Society for One Place Studies, the British Association for Local History and the Family and Community History Society, to name just three The fact that it was possible to do further research myself using the tools introduced The website seeing the maps Details of atlas of entrepreneurship I am impressed at the amount of work that has gone into this survey and how it is presented on the atlas and on the BBCE . Thank you WHAT ASPECTS OF THIS WEBINAR COULD BE IMPROVED? More practical examples of identifying types of businesses Managing the questions I didn't find it as quick to open as zoom or MS teams, it hung the first time so I had to close down and restart, so I lost a few minutes. None - very professional LONGER There seemed to be a few dead moments. I do think another time the questions could be handled differently to save time. And certainly another series I hope to see some interactivity with speakers, audience. Also hope the Guild's emphasis will continue with virtual presentations. In person regional seminars, etc. no matter if in England, Australia or Canada could be presented virtually too or recorded if necessary. A lot to comprehend in a small time slot. I suspect it would be wrong to view the hour tonight as the sum total of the talk without looking more closely at the other resources made available. This could be said of all the talks but I think applies especially to this one. Enlargement of parts of images ... probably there is a lot more info to come out, so no specific improvement, more that a longer discussion would probably be equally fascinating sound quality very poor - lots of echo Pretty good overall The Q&A did not exist .Pre -talk Questions SHOULD NOT BE TAKEN I would like to encourage the society to develop more of this type of presentation, if the Covid cloud has one silver lining it is that organisations have developed their on-line presentations and I would like to see this continue long after the end of any lockdown restriction. I have been able to attend many more events that I would be able to under historically normal circumstances. In the long term a more professional sound from the presenters (perhaps by the loan of microphones, etc) would be good. WHAT DID YOU PARTICULARLY LEARN FROM THIS WEBINAR? Difference between 'Own Account' vs 'Own Means' The missing data from the occupation fields which I never thought about. The possibilities of the use of occupations in searching for elusive individuals. I was interested in the answer given to the question about identifying Italian Ice-cream makers using the Atlas data. What you can get out of census data. What strange things academics do with it! I learnt more about ownership of property That perseverance brings reward in that a pattern emerges from the census returns. The amazing range of digital resources since I did postgraduate work in the field in the early 1980s Atlas Map The web links to find further information To think beyond. Reminder that definitions is one of the most important aspects of anything we talk about - in the past or present How to access the resources - much better when someone is giving you examples of how to do things (which the speaker did very well) see 6. WAY TO GET MORE BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT MY FAMILIES About the project and online info That we can get access to the 'back database data' and even request the licensed info from Findmypast. I think the Guild might be able to facilitate this for members... about the mistakes that can happen Just how much fascinating work is being done out there. the comparative proportion of women involved missing census pages The subject sounded highbrow but in fact it turned out very interesting. Glad I did attend. Details about additional occupation coding Will now study BBCE That it's possible to get percentage breakdowns on occupations within geographical or RD levels. Learning about the Atlas How variable is the ancient data, and how to allow for that variability when interrogating it. that population study groups are creating databases on business activities which could provide a background or context to family history research Aspects of the non-completeness of census's about the study and website East Anglia gets cut off!!! Learnt more about the census and also about the maps. Learning about a resource/topic totally new to me The usage of maps gave a global picture and showed how different areas can be. That only some information is un-reliable, the majority is confused by definitions affix by the Study team. looking at trades That such a topic was being investigated about the existence of the database, how to access it and what its relevance to my own research would be Atlas of entrepreneurship That entrepreneurs were more frequent than anticipated ANY OTHER COMMENTS YOU WOULD LIKE TO MAKE? Very enjoyable Thank you for making these talks available. I have enjoyed the intellectual stimulus provided. Overall I enjoyed my Wednesday evening sessions. Please can we have some more? Superb, thank you This has been an excellent series. Thank you very much to the organisers - it is amazing to be able to attend from out of country and I hope you will continue to think of ways to include us in other presentations post covid I have really enjoyed the series. looking forward to February. Given the global nature of the Guild, I do hope something similar in the way of on-line lectures will continue once we return to "normal". I'm never going to be able to cope with statistics. Thank you so much for these webinars. Living in North America there are so many English meetings I am unable to attend. I have really enjoyed these last few weeks. Glad to see, for free, such a top quality academic presentation. Glad that it will continue to be available for viewing. I have found this webinar series varied and most interesting, combining the approaches of genealogists and those more interested in what bulk data can reveal. The series has been very well organised, and for a newer member an excellent introduction to the group and its interests. I would have liked to know how many other people were watching at the same time More advanced notice of Webinars I was fascinated by the links between GOONS and the LPSS, and would really encourage more of this collaboration. Perhaps other organisations could join in also - the Society for One Place Studies, the British Association for Local History and the Family and Community History Society, to name just three Thank you so much to the kind people responsible for setting this series of webinars in motion thank you |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | https://youtu.be/indpNThDzf8 |
| Description | News item on launch of BBCE database and online Atlas of E ntrepreneurship in Cambridge Alumni Newsletter |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | News item on launch of BBCE database and online Atlas of Entrepreneurship in Cambridge Alumni Newsletter; gave links to access the data, the BBCE website and Atlas, with the PI's email address for follow-up. Early days t evaluate; only a few follow-ups, mainly congratulations on site |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | https://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/alumni/landmark/8/landmark8.pdf |
| Description | Panning meeting at Wiltshire Record Office at Chippenham |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Meeting to present ESRC project and discuss collaboration through use of a unique dataset at the Wiltshire RO on local records which can be combined with the census. This was an initial meeting to obtain the records for use in case studies for the project and define and plan future outreach activities in collaboration with the RO to link the database to local users. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
| Description | Paper presentation by Robert Bennett at Institute of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ISBE) Conference (Belfast 7 -9 Nov 2017) 'Discrete choice model for SME organisational decisions' |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | This paper focused on entrepreneurial decision-making between different forms of business organisation: to operate as a sole proprietor or to employ others, as distinct from being an employee A discrete choice decision model was used to estimate probabilities of different choices for different types of individuals using a large scale data set for England and Wales. The paper drew on prior literature that has evaluated the influence on choice between different forms of business organisation. The paper assessed influences on decisions choices of business structure for 1891-1911, but also drew implications for current SME choices and public policy. The paper demonstrated that the choice between business forms (self-employment with and without employees) varied by location, with important sector differences, and major influences from gender, marital status, family networks and entrepreneur's age. Changes over time showed a shift in probabilities to take employees, but constrained to segments of the sector distribution and selected geographical areas. The paper provides new insights into important historical questions about the development of entrepreneurship and business structures during and important period of industrial change in Britain and into the dynamics of the business population. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | Planning meeting at The National Archives (TNA) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | These meetings were to discuss liaison with TNA to identify and code lost records in the TNA census archive due to damage etc. This is an important aspect of the project research as about 3-5% of records are lost for 1861, and smaller, variable amounts for other years. There has been no available estimate of the extent and geographical incidence of these lost records. Information was obtained on prior work by TNA on this area, and the remaining gaps. This is resulting in correct coding of the data base for the ESRC project and subsequent analysis, with information back to TNA on further areas identified where lost data must exist because of data mis-matches. A possible collaborative project was discussed at the early stages of the two meetings in 2016. Further meetings and exchanges will occur as the ESRC project progresses. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | Planning meeting at Westminster Record Office |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Meeting to present ESRC project and discuss collaboration through use of a unique dataset at the Westminster RO of local records which can be combined with the census. This was an initial meeting to obtain the records for use in case studies for the project and define and plan future outreach activities in collaboration with the RO, including dissemination and linking of the database to be constructed to local users. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | Planning meetng at Bradford Record Office |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Meeting to present ESRC project and discuss collaboration through use of a unique dataset at the Bradford RO on local records which can be combined with the census. This was an initial meeting to obtain the records for use in case studies for the project and define future outreach activities in collaboration with the RO to link the database to local users. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | Presentation by Harry Smith at Modern British Studies conference, 5-17 July 2017: 'Women and the professions: the view from the census' |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Women and the professions: the view from the census. Harry Smith, Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure. Abstract There have been numerous studies of women and the professions in particular locations or particular occupations; however, the limited form and availability of occupation data has limited the potential for nation-level surveys of women's employment in the professions. The recent creation of the I-CeM database, a standardized, digital version of the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century censuses covering England and Wales from 1851 to 1911, allows the question of female employment in the professions to be considered in far greater detail and scope. This paper offers an overview of the changing employment of women in the later nineteenth century. It examines which professions women could enter and how this changed over the second half of the nineteenth century. It also considers the structure of the occupations, how many female professionals owned their own businesses or were self-employed compared to how many were employees. The census data also allows consideration of how the characteristics of female professionals compared to other employed women and to male professionals. Were female professionals older or younger than their male counterparts? Were they more or less likely to be married than female business owners? The rich and easily manipulated data provided by I-CeM allows these questions and many others to be considered at the national level for the first time. Furthermore, this paper will examine the geography of female professionals, in order to consider whether female employment in the professions was an urban phenomenon. If there was a female 'professional project' in later nineteenth century England, then this paper provides the structural outlines in which that project operated, illustrating which professions women could enter and the socio-economic characteristics of the women who entered those occupations. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | https://mbsbham.wordpress.com/rethinking-women-and-the-professions-c-1870-19 |
| Description | R J Bennett ( PI)How has women's entrepreneurship been reconstructed: Exploring explanations of long-term trends, presentation at ISBE Conference, York, 27 November 2022 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation at the major UK conference on entrepreneurship with wide international audience; a keynote paper in the Gender and Enterprise track; attended in persion by c. 150 and online by greater number |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| URL | https://isbe.org.uk/isbe-2022/isbe-2022-conference-tracks/gender-and-enterprise/ |
| Description | R J Bennett (PI) Persistence at the micro-level: Business entry and exit career change England and Wales 1851-81 paper presented at WEHC, Paris, 26 July 2022 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation at the major eonomic history International congree to wide audience. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| URL | https://www.wehc2022.org |
| Description | R. Bennett 'What makes an Entrepreneur? Big data assessment from the 1851-1911', Economic History Society conference, Keele 6-7 April 2018 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Aim to get feedback on main findings of project on aggregate trends and feed into publications. Paper abstract: This paper first provides an overview of the ESRC project led by the author and introduces the database that has been developed. It then presents an analysis of the features of entrepreneurial choices made by individuals in 19th and early 20th century Britain and how these relate to theories of entrepreneurship. Individuals could attempt to operate as 'own account' self-employed businesses that employed no-one else; as employers who employed others; as directors of companies; or as waged labour. The distinctions between these groups, and their evolution over time, are important aspects of business change in industrialising economies. In 19th century Britain there was profound economic change but it has not been possible previously to understand how this influenced choices in business form and organisation for developing one's own business or taking waged employment. It has not been possible to move beyond the early comments from Clapham (1936) using the single published table from the 1851 census on employers, which has been the only early census tabulation of the census question on employers, whilst there has been virtually no previous analysis of the limited published census tabulations available for 1891-1911. As a result, theoretical and empirical analyses have not previously been able to resolve how the shifts between business categories actually developed over the period. The paper outlines how a whole population analysis is possible by extracting business descriptors at the individual level from the censuses 1851-1911 derived from I-CeM and other sources. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
| URL | http://www.ehs.org.uk/events/annual-conference-programme-2018.html |
| Description | R. Bennett: Defining and measuring entrepreneurship in business history from big data: The England and Wales 1851-1911, World Economic History Congress, Boston, 19 July 3 August 2018. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Major dissemination event to wide international audience. Paper abstract: The paper presents the core method of the project for assessing econometric estimates of entrepreneur choice to operate a business using logit and other estimators. This is used to examine the role of age, gender, marital status, household structure, business sector, locational and other variables. Sub-categories of the model are used to understand the choices of business partnership, operating portfolios of multiple businesses, and other specialist business activities. Although there are constraints in interpretation, the paper indicates the role of business sector, urban opportunity, age, gender, and marital status as the main influences on entrepreneurship choices. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
| URL | http://wehc2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/WEHC_2018_Program.pdf |
| Description | R. J. Bennett (PI) Blog on Regional Studies Association Regions e-Zine site: 'Atlas of 19th century entrepreneurs from the census' Issue 8 (Volume 1, Issue 8) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Blog promoting the new resource of the BBCE database and BBCE website to show how it gives new insights into the development of entrepreneurship up to the start of the 20th century. Enables Regional Studies researchers, students and schools to look at the geography of entrepreneurs recorded in the censuses of England, Wales and Scotland for 1851-1911. Gives introduction and links to the online interactive Atlas of Entrepreneurship The Regional Studies Association is a major international organisation, publishes the leading journal of contemporary research 'Regional Studies' that carries leading articles across the disciplines of Economics, Geography, Social Studies etc. and has an active Blog site that was used to enrage with wider audiences: appeared as Regions e-Zine: 'Atlas of 19th century entrepreneurs from the census' Issue 8 (Volume 1, Issue 8) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://regions.regionalstudies.org/ezine/article/the-entrepreneurs-from-the-census-the-19th-century... |
| Description | R.Bennett presentation (Glasgow ABH Internatonal conference 29-30 June 2017) 'Entrepreneur choices in 19th century Britain' |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | A research paper at the Glasgow Annual Association of Business Historians international conference, presenting the econometric model of the entrepreneurial choices made by individuals in 19th century Britain using the big data source of the census for the ESRC project. The paper demonstrates how choices operated for individuals to operate as 'own account' self-employed businesses that employed on-one else; as employers who employed others; and as waged labour. This was one of the best attended session for this and the associated project papers. The chair congratulated us on the work and two international leaders in the audience spontaneously spoke fo the paper's significance and the way it will revolutionise methods and understanding in business history. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | Robert Bennett (PI) 'Assessing spatial monopsony/monopoly: profits and employment in nineteenth century small firms', 7th Keynes Fund Research Day, Zoom seminar at Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge, 30th September 2020. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | This was the annual and leading event by the Keynes Fund funders of follow-on research using BBCE. The project by PI Bennett used C19th tax records to give profits for 3000 firms that were linked to employer size in the BBCE. The formal report on the Keynes-funded project has its own URL. An academic paper has been submitted base do n this work to the Cambridge Journal of Economics; it has been accepted for publication subject to revisions which are excepted to be completed in November 2020. The audience included the funding sponsors from business and mainly academic economists. Extremely useful feedback was received on the presentation which is being fed into the revision of the Cambridge Journal of Economics article. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | http://www.keynesfund.econ.cam.ac.uk/bennett-sme-profitability-in-the-nineteenth-century |
| Description | Seminar presentation (Cambridge) by Bennett (PI) and Dragana Radicic (PDRA) on partnership aspects of ESRC project business data base |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation to Cambridge Group for History of Population and Social Structure (Campop), attended by c. 40, with e-mailing to c. 300. As an internationally recognised centre for research on the UK census, social and economic structures and demography, the attendance at Campop seminars always includes national and international visitors. Mailing of event details also invariably leads to interchanges on the presentation from those attending and not attending. Presentation jointly with PDRA Dragana Radicic of results on econometric modelling of partnership probability by size and sector for 1881 data. Purpose to obtain feedback on model design and interpretations, and to discuss constraints within the census database used. This is feeding into a published paper that is under preparation, and fed into a conference paper (ISBE) recorded elsewhere. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | Seminar presentation (Cambridge) by Bennett (PI) and Harry Smith (PDRA) on coding and extrapolating 1891 entrepreneurship data for ESRC project business data base |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation to Cambridge Group for History of Population and Social Structure (Campop), attended by c. 40, with e-mailing to c. 300. As an internationally recognised centre for research on the UK census, social and economic structures and demography, the attendance at Campop seminars always includes national and international visitors. Mailing of event details also invariably leads to interchanges on the presentation from those attending and not attending. Presentation jointly with PDRA Harry Smith of results on extracting entrepreneurs and correctly coding them for the 1891 census data. Purpose to obtain feedback on data base development, database deposit design, and interpretations, and to discuss constraints and opportunities within the census database used. This is feeding into a published paper that is under preparation, and into a conference paper for summer 2017 recorded elsewhere. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | Seminar presentation (Cambridge) by Harry Smith (PDRA) on 'Identifying and classifying towns and cities in the census 1851-1911' as locations with different environments of entrepreneurship. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation to Cambridge Group for History of Population and Social Structure (Campop), attended by c. 30, with e-mailing to c. 300. As an internationally recognised centre for research on the UK census, social and economic structures and demography, the attendance at Campop seminars always includes national and international visitors. Mailing of event details also invariably leads to interchanges on the presentation from those attending and not attending. Presentation by PDRA Harry Smith of results of methodology for identifying and classifying towns and cities to provide a basis for analysis of different environments of entrepreneurship (Urban, urban-rural transition, and rural) for all census period in the project study: 1851-1911. Purpose to obtain feedback on methodology, results and interpretations, and links to previous and other alternative methodologies (primarily based on the Law-Robson urban data base derived from UKDA, and therefore linked to replicable prior research findings). This is feeding into a published paper that is under preparation, and is a critical stage in the large scale econometric analysis being developed of entrepreneurship in different locations over time. A working paper on this will be completed within a few months and made available via the web. The classification produced for each parish and RSD within the I-CeM census data will be used by other projects at Campop and elsewhere. The material will be deposited at UKDA and the results also disseminated through the working paper with the aim of providing a wide base and potential replicatiion and development for other research. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | Seminar presentation December 2017 (Cambridge) by Piero Montebruno (PDRA) on 'New deomgraphic methods'. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation to Cambridge Group for History of Population and Social Structure (Campop), attended by c. 30, with e-mailing to c. 300. As an internationally recognised centre for research on the UK census, social and economic structures and demography, the attendance at Campop seminars always includes national and international visitors. Mailing of event details also invariably leads to interchanges on the presentation from those attending and not attending. Presentation by PDRA Piero Montebruno (PDRA) of results of methods of demographic measurement related to fertility and census extractions of women who were entrepreneurs, 1851-1911 focusing on methodology. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | Seminar presentation March 2017 (Cambridge) by Carry van Lieshout (PDRA) on 'Female Entrepreneurship in England and Wales, 1851-1911'. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation to Cambridge Group for History of Population and Social Structure (Campop), attended by c. 30, with e-mailing to c. 300. As an internationally recognised centre for research on the UK census, social and economic structures and demography, the attendance at Campop seminars always includes national and international visitors. Mailing of event details also invariably leads to interchanges on the presentation from those attending and not attending. Presentation by PDRA Carry van Lieshout of results of preliminary analysis of data from census extractions of women who were entrepreneurs, 1851-1911 focusing on methodology of extraction and interpretation of results. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | Seminar presentation November 2017 (Cambridge) by R. Bennett and Max Satchell (PDRA) on 'Construction of land capacity GIS database 1851-1911 for entrepeneurship models' |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation to Cambridge Group for History of Population and Social Structure (Campop), attended by c. 40, with e-mailing to c. 300. As an internationally recognised centre for research on the UK census, social and economic structures and demography, the attendance at Campop seminars always includes national and international visitors. Mailing of event details also invariably leads to interchanges on the presentation from those attending and not attending. Presentation by PDRA Max Satchell and PI Bob Bennett of results of construction of a land capacity database for parish and higher spatial levels for England and Wales 1851-1911. This is to be used as a measure of agricultural potential in entrepreneurship models to indicate extent of possible diversification in farming, and expansion into portfolios of other business by famers. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | Seminar presentation October 2021 (Cambridge) by R. Bennett (PI) 'Employer non-responses to the census 1851-81' |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Presentation to Cambridge Group for History of Population and Social Structure (Campop), attended by c. 30, with e-mailing to c. 300. As an internationally recognised centre for research on the UK census, social and economic structures and demography, the attendance at Campop seminars always includes national and international visitors. Mailing of event details also invariably leads to interchanges on the presentation from those attending and not attending. Presentation by PI Bob Bennett. The seminar presented methods to assess census non-response by employers who shopuld have stated their workforce in census data 1851-81. Key questions were (1) How to overcome issues of non-response, other biases and defects of digital capture of censuses in BBCE 1851-81? (2) How to estimate what employers' census responses with their workforce should have been? Comments received fed into working paper 27 and future work on non-response |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Take your partners: Entrepreneur decision model for partnership or sole proprietor organisation in SMEs: presentation by Radicic (PDRA) and Bennett (PI) at ISBE international conference in Paris November 2016 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Research Paper: 'Take your partners': Entrepreneur decision model for partnership or sole proprietor organisation in SMEs'. Presentation to ISBE annual international conference; one of the leading conferences on small business and entrepreneurship. Presentation jointly with PDRA Dragana Radicic of results on econometric modelling of partnership probability by size and sector for 1881 data. Purpose to obtain feedback on model design and interpretations, and to discuss constraints within the census database used. This is feeding into a published paper that is under preparation. Paper was nominated for best paper award in its track on 'SME Growth and Performance: Quantitative Perspectives'. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| URL | http://isbe.org.uk/conference-2016/isbe-2016-best-paper-awards/ |
| Description | Working Group on I-CeM census records |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | This is a continuing working group, initiated by the grant holder (R. Bennett) who continues to convene and chair the group. It meets at Cambridge and aims: (1) to exchange experiences of working with the I-CeM database, which is a core resources for the ESRC project; (2) to identify deficiencies in the data and work towards methods of improvement; (3) to share activities with other researchers that are intended to plug gaps or institute improvements in I-CeM; (4) develop a strategic view of priorities for I-CeM improvements; (5) disseminate improvements and inform other users. This has modified the database in use by the user community and improved everyone's knowledge of the data properties, and its limitations. The working group has a core of membership of 18, with others added on a case by case basis when needed. It involves meetings with Cambridge, Essex and Leicester experts who are using the database. Liaison is also maintained with I-CeM users in Scotland. It met 21 times over 2015 after the data was first received by the PI in late 2014, leading up to an I-CeM version 2 which became available in January 2016. Most of the detailed work on V.2 was prepared by staff on another ESRC project 'Fertility Atlas'. It is available locally at Cambridge as: Schürer, K., Higgs, E., Reid, A.M., Garrett, E.M. (2016) 'Integrated Census Microdata V.2 (I-CeM.2)' [local version]. It will be deposited at UKDA. The group met 4 times in 2016 to receive and digest the version 2 of I-CeM. In 2017 it worked on a version 3, with 3 meetings during the year. Much activity takes place by the members between meetings. Formal notes are reported and disseminated to group members after each meeting. Update Jan 2020: the group met once in 2018. It met five times in -019 to address problems with the I-CeM data for Scotland. Prof Mike Anderson (Edinburgh) and Dr. Corinne Roughly (Cambridge) were added to the groups as experts in Scottish data; they helped massively in identifying and the reallocation of various spatial coding errors. The main impacts n the database and preliminary analysis are reported in WP 20. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015,2016,2017,2018,2019 |
| Description | Workshop on classfying the 1891 census and earlier censuses (Cambridge): Convened by R. Bennett (PI) and presentation of session on 1891 classification |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Workshop at Cambridge Group for History of Population and Social Structure (Campop), attended by 18 (January 12, 2017). As an internationally recognised centre for research on the UK census, social and economic structures and demography, Campop was used as the ideal base for R. Bennett (PI) to convene a workshop on specific aspects of the ESRC entrepreneurship project to facilitate design and feedback, and to align with other researchers in the field. The workshop had three sessions over 5 hours with continuing detailed exchanges after the event to define the details of follow up work. The ESRC project on entrepreneurship formed the core element and was presented by Robert Bennett with PDRA Harry Smith and PDRA Dragana Radicic. This focused on the results of statistical analysis of the 1891 census data base to classify the core spatial units being used (Registration Sub-Districts - RSDs) using Factor Analysis, focusing on the needs for identifying different 'environments on entrepreneurship' (one of the key outcomes required from the ESRC project). The outcomes and stage of the analyses of the ESRC project were interrogated by the participants; potential minor changes in methods and interpretation were discussed; and further work will benefit form this scrutiny and exchange. Additionally the workshop was designed to develop a partnership, working with Prof. Murat Güvenç, of Istanbul. This is recorded elsewhere as it develops. The workshop also had a presentation on classifying RSDs focusing on the specific needs of another ESRC project (on fertility) using the same UK census records and for the same year (1891) from Dr. Alice Reid (Cambridge University); this allowed comparison using a different classification tool and for different purposes. This fed important information into Reid's fertility project [especially for follow up for one the key sectors/spatial codes identified in the analysis from the entrepreneurship project (apparel manufacture)], and also provided useful ideas for the entrepreneurship project. The third element of the workshop was led by Prof Murat H. Murat Güvenç (Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences & Director Istanbul Studies Center, Kadir Has University) and his colleague Dr Berkay Küçükbaslar. These two researchers have been developing a different but related project and methodology early censuses (1831 and earlier) with Dr Leigh Shaw-Taylor, who is a Co-I with PI Bennett on the ESRC entrepreneurship project. This Turkish Centre, directed by Güvenç, is an internationally leading institution for research on historical research, with similar focuses to that of Campop. Shaw-Taylor used part of his Co-I resource for the ESRC project to bring Güvenç and Küçükbaslar to Cambridge to explore the development of a partnership on classification research for the later censuses (1851-1911) that are the core of the ESRC entrepreneurship project. Güvenç and Küçükbaslar presented their earlier census work and this formed the basis for exploring using their expertise and methods as potential partners in the entrepreneurship project. This is now being pursued through subsequent stages of database exchange and piloting of joint research - reported elsewhere as it develops. The multiple outputs of this activity are focused on changes of views on current projects; development of future activity; and future partnership development |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |