SOLidarity in climate change Adaptation policies: towards more socio-spatial justice in the face of multiple RISks.
Lead Research Organisation:
Middlesex University
Department Name: Faculty of Science & Technology
Abstract
Mitigation policies are insufficient to deal with "dangerous anthropogenic interference" (IPCC, 2018) and adaptation is critical. Climate change adaptation policies need to address physical impacts, but are subject to social, political and spatial trade-offs. In Europe, major implementation challenges arise in relation to democracy, solidarity and social justice. We must anticipate the distributional impacts of deliberative participation processes when forming policies. SOLARIS ("SOLidarity in climate change Adaptation policies: towards more socio- spatial justice in the face of multiple RISks") focuses on social-spatial injustices of Climate Change Adaptation Policies (CCAP). SOLARIS aims to fill the gap in analysis of social justice in relation to climate change adaptation policies. SOLARIS has both scientific and societal objectives and outcomes. It aims to: develop conceptual and analytical approaches to reveal social justice perspectives of CCAPs and explore the policy and decision-making process for a large range of stakeholders (e.g. policy-makers, practitioners, citizens etc.) to facilitate better participatory processes.
Our hypothesis in the SOLARIS project is that social and spatial inequalities exist and threaten the implementation of climate change adaptation policies and the equitable involvement of affected citizens. Several potential social injustices may occur in face of climate change and policies implemented to assist adaptation: i) injustice in the levels of risk experienced and how these will be impacted by climate changes ii) injustice related to the level of contribution to tackling risk and implementing climate adaptation iii) differences in the level of ability to impact decision-making, and iv) injustice in the capacity to respond and adapt. Understanding how these injustices occur and who is advantaged or disadvantaged and in what manner is critical to implementing socially acceptable and just climate change adaptation policies.
This is particularly true for floods, that are among the main climate and weather-related causes of damage in Europe. Through the lens of flood risk management, we will evaluate the design of climate change adaptation policies and the instruments that they use to reduce the risk from extreme events. Concentrating on those strategies which better integrate adaptive actions, SOLARIS focuses on flood prevention, the accommodation of water to reduce impacts and flood preparation and recovery. A case study approach will be adopted (2 per country) to analyse cases which have implemented, or which are in the process of implementing climate change adaptation policies. This approach permits the study of ongoing participation as well as exampling the socio-spatial inequalities that may only be revealed post- implementation.
Based on multi-disciplinary research from four countries (Belgium, England, Finland, France), the SOLARIS project addresses two questions:
i) How can we assess and map socio-spatial inequalities related to the implementation of climate change adaptation policies? We explore what factors make specific groups less involved in climate change adaptation policies and analyse their distributional impacts. ii) How are inequalities addressed by adaptation policies? We examine what solidarity mechanisms are implemented and how affected groups are engaged in adaptation policies. Integration in the decision-making process is studied through citizen participation during the processes of definition and implementation.
Through these two research questions, the project contributes to the first call priority: Social justice and participation. SOLARIS addresses adaptation to climate change through revealing injustice and need for solidarity. It also aims to assess the public participation of citizens during the design and implementation of CCAP planning instruments in the case of flood risk strategies and how these processes impact on the distribution of outcomes.
Our hypothesis in the SOLARIS project is that social and spatial inequalities exist and threaten the implementation of climate change adaptation policies and the equitable involvement of affected citizens. Several potential social injustices may occur in face of climate change and policies implemented to assist adaptation: i) injustice in the levels of risk experienced and how these will be impacted by climate changes ii) injustice related to the level of contribution to tackling risk and implementing climate adaptation iii) differences in the level of ability to impact decision-making, and iv) injustice in the capacity to respond and adapt. Understanding how these injustices occur and who is advantaged or disadvantaged and in what manner is critical to implementing socially acceptable and just climate change adaptation policies.
This is particularly true for floods, that are among the main climate and weather-related causes of damage in Europe. Through the lens of flood risk management, we will evaluate the design of climate change adaptation policies and the instruments that they use to reduce the risk from extreme events. Concentrating on those strategies which better integrate adaptive actions, SOLARIS focuses on flood prevention, the accommodation of water to reduce impacts and flood preparation and recovery. A case study approach will be adopted (2 per country) to analyse cases which have implemented, or which are in the process of implementing climate change adaptation policies. This approach permits the study of ongoing participation as well as exampling the socio-spatial inequalities that may only be revealed post- implementation.
Based on multi-disciplinary research from four countries (Belgium, England, Finland, France), the SOLARIS project addresses two questions:
i) How can we assess and map socio-spatial inequalities related to the implementation of climate change adaptation policies? We explore what factors make specific groups less involved in climate change adaptation policies and analyse their distributional impacts. ii) How are inequalities addressed by adaptation policies? We examine what solidarity mechanisms are implemented and how affected groups are engaged in adaptation policies. Integration in the decision-making process is studied through citizen participation during the processes of definition and implementation.
Through these two research questions, the project contributes to the first call priority: Social justice and participation. SOLARIS addresses adaptation to climate change through revealing injustice and need for solidarity. It also aims to assess the public participation of citizens during the design and implementation of CCAP planning instruments in the case of flood risk strategies and how these processes impact on the distribution of outcomes.
Organisations
- Middlesex University (Lead Research Organisation)
- University of Antwerp (Collaboration)
- National Flood Forum (Collaboration)
- National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (Collaboration)
- University of Paris-Est (Collaboration)
- François Rabelais University or University of Tours (Collaboration)
- The Finnish Environment Institute (Collaboration)
People |
ORCID iD |
| Sally Priest (Principal Investigator) |
Publications
Munck Af Rosenschöld J;
(2024)
Cross-national comparisons of justice in flood risk management: results from the SOLARIS project: Comparative report
Paauw M
(2024)
The role of different types of knowledge and expertise in explaining recognition justice in flood defence and flood risk prevention
in Journal of Flood Risk Management
Paauw M
(2024)
Recognition of differences in the capacity to deal with floods-A cross-country comparison of flood risk management
in Journal of Flood Risk Management
| Description | The SOLARIS project was funded as part of EU JPI CLIMATE SOLTICE with partners in Belgium, England, Finland and France. Working internationally, it addressed gaps in the understanding of justice concerns when adopting Climate Change Adaptation Policies (CCAPs) for managing different flood risks (e.g. pluvial, fluvial and coastal); risks that have wide-reaching and uneven societal consequences. Particularly, focusing on governance and policy level implementation, the research adopted three interconnected research questions: (i) How and when are issues of equality and justice identified and addressed in FRM and are these linked to other CCAPs? (ii) How is participation in decision making for FRM facilitated? And (iii) What is the role of (and access to) knowledge in FRM and how does it support capacity building for addressing social inequalities? Emerging from extensive document analysis, an early key finding across all countries was the absence of the explicit consideration of justice in most climate adaptation and/or flood risk management policies (Paauw, Smith et al., 2024). This was somewhat of a surprise particularly in England given the political attention on "Levelling up." Importantly, flood risk professionals often recognised socio-spatial inequalities but named the lack of the requirement to consider justice as a key barrier to positive action, particularly when resources were limited. This finding was acknowledged when preparing the Practitioners' Guide (Fournier et al., 2024) which developed practical approaches and tools for including justice considerations. Fairness related to decision outcomes and/or resource allocations (distributional justices) were most frequently considered. However, the research identified that there was often a disconnect between investment in flood risk management and those individuals or communities who benefitted. The project established the need to broaden justice perspectives and adopted a key research question about recognition (i.e. whose interests are included), a previously seldom studied aspect of justice. Recognition of all interests is hampered by an overreliance on technical knowledge and expertise (Paauw, Crabbe et al., 2024) and a lack of integration of other types of valuable knowledge. For example, whilst the plurality of expert knowledge is considered positive, however, when applied to lay voices it is often dismissed as conflict and/or a lack of consensus. The Lower Thames case study (W. London) (Crabbe et al., 2024) highlighted the significance of the scale(s) at which justice is assessed and the importance of path dependency. There is an overreliance on the consideration of inequalities for a single flood risk intervention and its impact at a fixed point in time. The case revealed the need to analyse justice over a larger scale and a longer time period. Past decisions have a high potential to influence future flood risk management; with some communities receiving continued benefit and added value, whilst others may lose out on multiple occasions (Munck af Rosenschöld et al., 2024). An extended temporal scale of analysis is recommended to integrate intergenerational justice (looking backwards as well as forwards) and the potential need to take restorative action or at least recognise past decisions (and their outcomes) when new interventions are being debated. |
| Exploitation Route | The approaches to analysing justice can be used by academics who can provide insight into approaches to characterise and assess socio-spatial justice concerns; including the approach to comparative analysis. Although the project focussed on flood risk management as the context, many of the findings and conceptualisations are appropriate to wider experiences of environmental governance. The outcomes are also of interest to policymakers and practitioners working in the areas of climate adaptation and flood risk management. A key focus of the SOLARIS project was always to ensure that results were transferable to practice. To this end the project partners were guided by an expert steering board established at the beginning of the project comprising of academics, policymakers and flood risk management practitioners with representatives from all four countries. A key output of the project has been the translation of results for a wider professional audience. The Practitioners' Guide (Fournier et al., 2024) has been co-developed with input from policymakers and practitioners on the projects steering committee and highlights examples of justice concerns that the project identified, examples of these and also best practices to provide key lessons for those making decisions and additional advice for colleagues to reflect on their current and future practices. |
| Sectors | Communities and Social Services/Policy Environment Government Democracy and Justice |
| URL | https://solaris.univ-tours.fr/ |
| Description | The project has produced a Practitioners' Guide which has translated the research for both policymakers and flood risk management practitioners. The aim was to provide guidance on best practice and approaches for the assessment of justice and its inclusion into future practices. The longer term aim would be to capture evidence of the use of these tools and approaches. |
| First Year Of Impact | 2024 |
| Sector | Communities and Social Services/Policy,Environment,Government, Democracy and Justice |
| Impact Types | Policy & public services |
| Description | Ocean Frontier Institute Visiting Fellowship Program |
| Amount | $8,000 (CAD) |
| Organisation | Ocean Frontier Institute |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | Canada |
| Start | 05/2023 |
| End | 08/2023 |
| Title | Justice and equality in flood risk management - a conceptual framework. |
| Description | This conceptual framework is being developed in collaboration with the other SOLARIS teams to guide the project research. Based on literature reviews, workshops and group discussions, the framework outlines a series of essential concepts for studying justice and equality in flood risk management. It also indicates the relationship between these concepts and the role that they will play in understanding both processual and distributive justice, as well as opportunities for increased public participation in decision making. |
| Type Of Material | Improvements to research infrastructure |
| Year Produced | 2021 |
| Provided To Others? | No |
| Impact | The tool is useful for all four teams involved in SOLARIS to focus their national and case study research. It acts as a guide from which lower-level research questions can be developed. It is important to note that this conceptual framework exists in the form of a 'living document' that can be periodically updated by the whole SOLARIS team as the project progresses. It will then be be finalised and used towards the end of the SOLARIS project as a guide for returning to the key themes, and for contextualising and comparing research findings. |
| Description | Research collaboration with the National Flood Forum |
| Organisation | National Flood Forum |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | The Flood Hazard Research Centre (FHRC) is able to contribute research effort to the development, by the National Flood Forum (NFF), of one of its localised resilience innovation projects. Discussions are currently underway as to which project this arrangement might best work for, and what the contribution of the centre might be. SOLARIS is an ideal fit for part of this contribution. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The NFF has developed links with communities on the topic of flooding that are extremely useful for the SOLARIS project. |
| Impact | The collaboration is in its early stages. It is likely to produce data relating to the fairness of the distribution of flood risk management initiatives. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | Various international research partner institutes. |
| Organisation | François Rabelais University or University of Tours |
| Country | France |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | We are collaborating with these institutes on the general themes and research priorities of the SOLARIS project. We will also provide the data from the English case studies for comparative analysis with those conducted in the various countries. These results will feed into the collaborative findings and international learning on the issues of justice and equality in flood risk management. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The partners reciprocate the knowledge exchange described above. |
| Impact | At the time of reporting the first output from the collaboration is being finalised: national country profiles detailing flood risk, flood policy, and how justice and equality are addressed by flood policy at the national level. Due for completion in August 2022. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | Various international research partner institutes. |
| Organisation | National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts |
| Country | France |
| Sector | Hospitals |
| PI Contribution | We are collaborating with these institutes on the general themes and research priorities of the SOLARIS project. We will also provide the data from the English case studies for comparative analysis with those conducted in the various countries. These results will feed into the collaborative findings and international learning on the issues of justice and equality in flood risk management. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The partners reciprocate the knowledge exchange described above. |
| Impact | At the time of reporting the first output from the collaboration is being finalised: national country profiles detailing flood risk, flood policy, and how justice and equality are addressed by flood policy at the national level. Due for completion in August 2022. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | Various international research partner institutes. |
| Organisation | The Finnish Environment Institute |
| Country | Finland |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | We are collaborating with these institutes on the general themes and research priorities of the SOLARIS project. We will also provide the data from the English case studies for comparative analysis with those conducted in the various countries. These results will feed into the collaborative findings and international learning on the issues of justice and equality in flood risk management. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The partners reciprocate the knowledge exchange described above. |
| Impact | At the time of reporting the first output from the collaboration is being finalised: national country profiles detailing flood risk, flood policy, and how justice and equality are addressed by flood policy at the national level. Due for completion in August 2022. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | Various international research partner institutes. |
| Organisation | University of Antwerp |
| Country | Belgium |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | We are collaborating with these institutes on the general themes and research priorities of the SOLARIS project. We will also provide the data from the English case studies for comparative analysis with those conducted in the various countries. These results will feed into the collaborative findings and international learning on the issues of justice and equality in flood risk management. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The partners reciprocate the knowledge exchange described above. |
| Impact | At the time of reporting the first output from the collaboration is being finalised: national country profiles detailing flood risk, flood policy, and how justice and equality are addressed by flood policy at the national level. Due for completion in August 2022. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | Various international research partner institutes. |
| Organisation | University of Paris-Est |
| Country | France |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | We are collaborating with these institutes on the general themes and research priorities of the SOLARIS project. We will also provide the data from the English case studies for comparative analysis with those conducted in the various countries. These results will feed into the collaborative findings and international learning on the issues of justice and equality in flood risk management. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The partners reciprocate the knowledge exchange described above. |
| Impact | At the time of reporting the first output from the collaboration is being finalised: national country profiles detailing flood risk, flood policy, and how justice and equality are addressed by flood policy at the national level. Due for completion in August 2022. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | Advisory committee meetings |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | The project assembled an advisory committee comprising of academics working in similar or aligned areas as well as policymakers or practitioners concerned with flood risk management. Experts were drawn from all four SOLARIS countries. Two formal advisory committee meetings were held to discuss in detail the direction, ongoing work and preliminary results as well as later finalised reports as well as advice sought in between formal meetings. Events very much offered unilateral exchange of views and ideas and helped to direct the research and ensure that outputs were in a format which were useful to a range of professionals. Importantly, this engagement helped to shape the Practitioners' Guide that was developed. For some activities additional academics were added to the meetings. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022,2024 |
| URL | https://solaris.univ-tours.fr/?page_id=1160 |
| Description | Challenges and opportunities for the implementation of flood resilience: Reflections from England |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | An invited keynote presentation given at Rice University's SSPEED (Severe Storm Prediction, Education, & Evacuation from Disasters) Center's International Urban and Coastal Flooding: Building a Resilient Future between October 12 & 13, 2023. The audience was a mix of academic, professionals, flood industry and local policymakers. Whilst the majority of the (practitioner) audience was from the US, there were other participants from Europe attending and presenting. The conference gave the opportunity to provide the UK and European perspective on flood risk management and the relevant justice concerns and led to debate about the potential solutions which could be implemented to reduce inequalities. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| URL | https://www.sspeed.rice.edu/conference-2023 |
| Description | Coastal Communities in Marine Spatial Planning: Connecting Land and Sea |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | How can Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) serve coastal communities? How can coastal communities contribute to marine spatial panning? Join us on Thursday, 22 February 2024, in Halifax for a one-day workshop to explore these questions in the context of the Scotian Shelf-Bay of Fundy marine spatial planning initiative. Presentations and panel discussion will cover MSP in the region, showcasing perspectives and interests from the local community, municipalities and Mainland Mi'kmaw community's connections to MSP, resource sector considerations in MSP, and examples of local MSP initiatives. The workshop speakers will include government staff, university researchers, representatives of industry sectors, local communities, and First Nation organizations. Workshop participants will explore the questions in discussion groups, identifying opportunities and mechanisms that link land and sea through marine spatial planning. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| Description | Governance and justice perspectives on the use of land for flood risk management |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | A keynote presentation presented at the Land4Flood conference. This is a meeting of practitioners and academics to discuss and debate issues concerning the use of land for flood risk management. The presentation provided conceptual and analytical context of the role of justice to the topic of using public and private land for flood risk management. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| URL | https://www.land4flood.eu/2023-land4flood-conference-in-dortmund/ |
| Description | Justice perspectives on flood resilience - Keynote |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | Invited keynote presentation at the International workshop on Flood Risk and Resilience at Community Level, 1-2 December 2022. This had a mix of academic and local (to Munich) practitioner audience. Sally Priest also participated in a panel discussion about the issues of community level resilience which were raised. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| Description | Local discussion group workshop - Selsey |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | A local discussion group was held in our case study area in Selsey, West Sussex. This consisted of a workshop style activity with a mix of presentations and activities. The purpose of the workshop was in part to present the findings from the project, but most importantly to identify any areas where the work needed further development. The audience was a mix of public and flood/coastal practitioners and the collaborative environment also provided a space for some participants to meet for the first time and initiate dialogue about justice issues in the context of coastal change. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| Description | Local surface water drainage group meeting - Manhood Peninsula |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Surface Water Issues and Solutions Group (SWISh) on the Manhood Peninsula, West Sussex, invited us to share our research results from SOLARIS. The event was attended by several politicians as well as flood risk management experts. The session provided a platform for learning exchange between practitioners and researchers. Interest was very high the in justice and equality aspects of flood risk management, which practitioners often feel does not play a big enough role in applied flood risk management activities. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| URL | https://peninsulapartnership.org.uk/projects/swish/ |
| Description | Planning at the land-sea interface for climate change adaptation. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | I was invited to give a seminar at the University of Essex on planning for climate change adaptation at the coast. Attendees include mostly students from the undergraduate and postgraduate courses in marine biology, marine science, and sustainability courses. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| Description | Research-Led teaching workshops |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | I have discussed the project, its approach and some findings with students across a number of different teaching sessions. This has been both in the context of subject-based teaching (e.g. related to climate risks, flood risks or inequity/injustice), but also in the context of research methods. Overall, this has had the reach of c. 50 students per year. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021,2022 |
| Description | SOLARIS final conference |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | As part of project dissemination the project team organised a final conference which brought together not only SOLARIS researchers from each of the four countries but also other researchers (some linked to the same JPI climate call) and practitioners able to discuss key issue emerging from the project and also put them in perspective with their own expertise and experiences. The conference was held in a hybrid manner on 4th June 2024 with some researcher meeting together in Paris and others participating online. The conference was organised as a brief presentation (c. 10 mins) based around three key topics: (i)How and when are issues of equality and justice identified and addressed in Flood Risk Management (FRM)? (ii) What kind of policy commitment to ensure that different situations of vulnerability (data, participation) are considered? and (iii) Implication of practitioners in the project: Discussing Solaris results with the practitioners. Each session then had a reply from an invited external discussant or a group of discussant before the floor was opened to the wider audience for further discussion. The timing of this event enabled not only the dissemination of findings to a wide mix of academics, policymakers and practitioners, but also enabled the testing of the translation of these in the final preparation of outputs (particularly the Practitioners' Guide). It also provided the opportunity to invite participants that had been involved in earlier phases of the research (e.g. interviews etc) to contribute and also hear some of the findings. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| URL | https://solaris.univ-tours.fr/?page_id=1415 |
| Description | THINKING THE UNTHINKABLE - PREPARING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE AT THE COAST (presentation and debate organised by Coast and Ocean Risk Communication Community of Practice, Canada). |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | The goal of this one-hour webinar is to provide insights from the English coastline (especially in the Southeast), and hopefully generate comparative discussions with the Canadian perspective. The webinar will consider climate change adaptation at the coast in England from a planning perspective. Planning is one of our principal tools for shaping human interactions with our surroundings in socio-ecological systems. In England, as with other coastal countries, states, or provinces, this comes with a set of unique challenges, especially as sea levels rise and storms become more frequent and intense. Firstly, around 45.6% of the English coastline is protected by coastal defences (walls and artificial beaches), which can generate a false sense of security. Some areas are in a develop-defend- develop cycle. A rigid planning and flood zone categorisation system can also block innovative thinking by coastal authorities. Nature-based solutions are receiving more backing from national policy, and being implemented effectively in some areas. However, the extent to which all of these processes engage the public, are transparent, or participatory is up for debate. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| Description | University of Tours - Student Web documentary |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
| Results and Impact | Our French partners adopted the frame of justice considered within the SOLARIS project as part of their student projects and the creation of a "web documentary". This involved c. 30 engineering students from Spatial Planning and Environment Department at the University of Tours (France) reconceptualising justice from different perspectives and presenting the different aspects back to the international project team as well as a small number of local (to France) policymakers. This was a very valuable activity not only for the students who could work with contemporary research but also for the project team as it tested some of the aspects of justice the project had considered and provided feedback for refinement. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |