Skills and Employment Survey 2011/12
Lead Research Organisation:
University College London
Department Name: Lifelong and Comparative Education
Abstract
Abstracts are not currently available in GtR for all funded research. This is normally because the abstract was not required at the time of proposal submission, but may be because it included sensitive information such as personal details.
Organisations
Publications
Blackably D
(2013)
Better quality work and better pay in the public sector?
Blackaby D
(2015)
Unequal Britain at Work
Felstead A
(2013)
'Skills at work'
in Society Now
Felstead A
(2013)
Skills and the Quality of Work in Wales, 2006-2012: Workbook
Felstead A
(2013)
Skills and the Quality of Work in Wales, 2006-2012: Main Results
Felstead A
(2015)
The SAGE Handbook of the Sociology of Work and Employment
Felstead A
(2016)
The determinants of skills use and work pressure: A longitudinal analysis
in Economic and Industrial Democracy
| Description | By collecting survey data from a representative national sample of 3,200 individuals in paid work in 2012, the project provides a key data resource for the study of the skills and employment experiences of workers in Britain. The Skills and Employment Survey 2012 (SES2012) is the sixth in a series of similar individual-level surveys carried out since 1986 and hence it builds on previous investments made by the ESRC and others. • The findings provide new evidence on whether employers in Britain are making the best use of workers' skills and whether the jobs workers hold are being upskilled. - The good news is that the qualification requirements of jobs have risen over the last quarter of a century. By 2012 jobs requiring degrees on entry reached an all time high, while jobs requiring no qualifications fell to historically low levels. - Calls by policy-makers - such as the UKCES - for employers to make more effective use of qualifications appear to be being heeded. Despite rising for the two decades from 1986 to 2006, over-qualification fell for the first time between 2006 and 2012. - Set against this, training and learning times have fallen and, while some of this decline might be explained as substitution by skill acquisition in education, generic skills growth has virtually come to a halt. • One of the most striking findings is that workers are feeling more insecure than at any time in the past. - Fear of job loss was higher in 2012 than at any other time, even though unemployment levels were not as high as they were in the mid-1980s. - Over half felt their jobs might be downgraded in some way - that is double the proportion who thought they might lose their jobs. This suggests that those who survived the 2008-2009 recession by remaining in work were fearful that their jobs might nonetheless change for the worse. • Relatedly, workers in 2012 were feeling more pressurised at work. - They were working harder than survey respondents in the past, and were working quicker and under greater deadline pressures. - They also felt less enthusiastic and contented with their jobs. - In addition, they reported working under greater stress than survey respondents in 1992 ; that is, worrying about work, experiencing difficulty in unwinding and feeling worn out. • The findings also identify where these experiences were most pronounced. - While increasing feelings of insecurity and work pressure were widespread, they grew particularly sharply in the public sector, where they rose from a much lower base. - Nevertheless, the worst effects of this climate of fear are lessened by way work is organised and, in particular, the level of say workers have in how work is carried out. The more employee involvement there is, the lower levels of fear. - Further research: • 2-year follow-up of 1,000 respondents to SES2012 funded by ESRC as part of LLAKES. • ESRC-UKCES Strategic Partnership funding for further analysis of the SES2012 data. • Editing a 10-chapter book based on the dataset produced for this project - this will be published by Oxford University Press in 2015. |
| Exploitation Route | Routes to Impact • 6 short national reports and 2 short Welsh reports (and a full Welsh report) have been published and widely disseminated. • 1 refereed journal article has been published, 4 have been accepted for publication and 1 is being refereed. • 2 chapters have been accepted for publication (in addition to the edited book collection, see below) and 4 working papers have been produced - 2 by ESRC research centres, LLAKES and WISERD, and 2 by Skills Development Scotland. • The research team have numerous conference papers and seminars presentations in order to highlight the scientific impact of the project and the availability of the data for secondary analysis. |
| Sectors | Education,Government, Democracy and Justice |
| URL | http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/socsi/ses2012 |
| Description | The Skills and Employment Survey 2012 is the sixth in a series of representative sample surveys of workers in Britain. This round of data collection has allowed us to chart the changing pattern of job quality and skills over a quarter of a century, with some new survey questions specifically designed to reveal the impact of the recession on working life. The results have had, and continue to have, demonstrable economic and societal impacts. This is evidenced in six ways: 1. Engagement with policy-makers, civil servants and representative bodies with an interest in enhancing the quality of working life. During the course of the project, 4 launch events have been held across Britain - 2 in London, and 1 in Cardiff and 1 in Glasgow. Taken together, these events attracted an audience of 330. Delegates mainly consisted of policy-makers, political representatives, trade union officials, professional bodies, lobbying organisations, training providers and employers. 2. The project findings have attracted considerable media interest which have helped to generate public debate about how the quality of working life might be improved and the worst effects of austerity mitigated. Notably this included a front page article in the Financial Times, as well as articles in The Guardian and the Daily Mail, and commentary on Radio Four's Today programme and live interviews on Radio Five Live, LBC and Radio Cymru. 3. The project team wrote, designed and produced a series of 8 short reports with the intention of communicating bite-sized policy-relevant research messages to policy-makers. These have proved an effective device. A total of 4,600 hard copy reports have been distributed and all were made available for download from the project web site. This approach has been complimented by the publication of 3 articles in policy-making/practitioner facing outlets. 4. The results have informed policy-making as evidenced by project citations. For example, the UKCES recent review of the skills landscape makes frequent use of the SES results and associated data, the NHS Pay Review Body's pay recommendations for 2014 cite project results and the Welsh Government's policy on skills also refers to findings from the project. More recently, the survey findings have been used to frame public policy debates as the political parties launch their election manifestos for May 2015. Evidence has been used by the Smith Institute 'Making Work Better' Inquiry and the Skills Commission Inquiry into the Future of Work, whose deliberations are intended to influence the priorities of the next government. More recently, evidence taken from the survey appears has been used on several occasions - unfortunately, without attribution - in the Labour Party's manifesto for work (see Influence on Policy entry). 5. The lasting legacy of the project, however, is the data infrastructure which will permit further analyses to be carried out by academic or policy-based researchers on a variety of skills and job quality issues. It also maintains the tradition of carrying out such a survey every five years and therefore provides another data point against which future researchers will be able to make comparisons. To this end, four datasets have been lodged in the Data Archive and are available for analysts to download. The academic importance of the series as a crucial part of social science research infrastructure was recognised in 2014 when the Data Archive selected the series for inclusion in the 'curated collection'; that is, surveys which are regularly deposited by known researchers and frequently used by other social scientists. As of March 2015, a total of 507 researchers have downloaded the data from the series and used the material for research and teaching purposes. 6. The survey has also made a lasting impression on the collection of skills data internationally. The 'Job Requirements Approach', for example, has been built into the background questionnaire of the OECD's Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competences (PIAAC) - the adult equivalent of PISA - which was carried out in 24 countries in 2011/12. In addition, the 2012 SES questionnaire has been used with only modest change by the Institute of Adult Learning in Singapore. |
| First Year Of Impact | 2013 |
| Sector | Government, Democracy and Justice |
| Impact Types | Economic |
| Description | Citation and discussion in meetings of the SOC Revision Steering Group |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
| URL | https://gss.civilservice.gov.uk/statistics/methodology-2/standard-occupational-classification-revisi... |
| Description | Citation in 'A Better Plan for Britain's Prosperity', p69 |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in systematic reviews |
| URL | http://b.3cdn.net/labouruk/7bba28130239f672e2_pvm6brkh7.pdf |
| Description | Citation in BIS Teaching Excellence Framework: Technical consultation for year 2 |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
| Impact | Evidence in our research was taken to support the common practice to take MG 1-3 as proxy for 'graduate jobs'. |
| URL | https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/teaching-excellence-framework-year-2-technical-consultat... |
| Description | Citation in NHS Pay Review Body: 28th Report 2014 |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in systematic reviews |
| URL | https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/288690/NHS_Pay_Review_28th... |
| Description | Citation in Scottish Parliamentary Inquiry |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in systematic reviews |
| URL | http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/S4_EconomyEnergyandTourismCommittee/Reports/eeR-13-06w.pdf |
| Description | Citation in Smith Institute policy review |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in systematic reviews |
| URL | https://smithinstitutethinktank.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/making-work-better-an-agenda-for-governm... |
| Description | Citation in Social Mobility Commission (2019) The Adult Skills Gap: Is Falling Investment in UK Adults Stalling Social Mobility?, London: Social Mobility Commission, |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
| Impact | Research findings cited in report. |
| URL | https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/7740... |
| Description | Citation in UKCES report |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in systematic reviews |
| URL | https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/378810/14.11.26._GTP_V18.3... |
| Description | Citation in Welsh Government Statement on Skills |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in systematic reviews |
| URL | http://gov.wales/docs/dcells/publications/140129-policy-statement-on-skills-en.pdf |
| Description | Citations in Skills Commission report |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in systematic reviews |
| URL | http://www.policyconnect.org.uk/sc/sites/site_sc/files/report/411/fieldreportdownload/skillscommissi... |
| Description | MORE MITBESTIMMUNG, PLEASE |
| Geographic Reach | Europe |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
| URL | https://www.boeckler.de/67109_67121.htm |
| Description | Scottish Parliamentary Inquiry into Underemployment |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
| URL | http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/S4_EconomyEnergyandTourismCommittee/Felstead_Alan.pdf |
| Description | Use of data in the Labour Party's A Better Plan for Britain's Workplaces, p10 and p16 |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
| URL | http://b.3cdn.net/labouruk/0d7eac1a5ecd182f46_e8m6ivtck.pdf |
| Title | SN 7466 - Skills and Employment Survey 2012 |
| Description | Data from Skills and Employment Survey 2012 |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2014 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | Ability to examine job quality and skills used at work by workers in Britain in 2012. |
| URL | http://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/Catalogue/?sn=7466&type=Data%20catalogue |
| Title | SN 7467 - Skills and Employment Survey Series, 1986, 1992, 1997, 2001, 2006 & 2012 |
| Description | 6 worker surveys |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2014 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | Available via the Data Archive to all researchers. |
| URL | http://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/?sn=7467 |
| Title | SN 7645 - Skills and Employment Survey, 2012: Special Licence Access |
| Description | Access to data with TTWA attached. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2015 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | Access provided to researchers to otherwise disclosive data. Contac the Data Archive for special access http://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/ |
| URL | https://smithinstitutethinktank.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/making-work-better-an-agenda-for-governm... |
| Title | SN 7646 - Skills and Employment Surveys Series Dataset, 1986, 1992, 1997, 2001, 2006 |
| Description | Special license version which contains TTWA data. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2015 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | Access provided to researchers to otherwise disclosive data. Contac the Data Archive for special access http://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/ |
| URL | http://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/?sn=7646&type=Data%20catalogue |
| Description | "Graduate Jobs: Concept, Measurement and Analysis" UKCES/LLAKES Master Class Series |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Raised awareness. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
| Description | "High-skilled jobs and the employment of graduates", OECD 2nd PIAAC Conference, Amsterdam |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Raised awareness. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
| Description | "Individual And Institutional Determinants Of Skill Underutilization", CEDEFOP/IZA Workshop on Skills and Skill Mismatch, Thessaloniki, Greece. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Raised awareness. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
| Description | "The Effects of Private Schools in Britain: A Review of the Evidence and Some New Findings". LLAKES seminar |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Raised awareness. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
| Description | "Unions and Job Quality in Britain Over Three Decades". Annual Conference of IWPLMS, Athens |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Raised awareness of book. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
| Description | 'A climate of fear: employees face greater stress and job insecurity while working harder', UKCES Press Release, 20 May 2013 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | Generate interest. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| URL | http://www.ukces.org.uk/news/Press-releases/2013/May/fear-at-work |
| Description | 'Almost three-quarters of employees "put in more effort" when working from home', by Marianne Calnan, People Management, 5 October 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | http://www2.cipd.co.uk/pm/peoplemanagement/b/weblog/archive/2017/10/05/almost-three-quarters-of-empl... |
| Description | 'Angen gwneud mwy i wella sgiliau', BBC Cymru Newyddion, 8 July 2013 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | Generate interest. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| URL | http://www.bbc.co.uk/newyddion/23220303 |
| Description | 'Changes in Job Quality', Conference of Eurofound and the Luxembourg Presidency of the Council of the European Union, Luxembourg, |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Raised awareness. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
| Description | 'Changing places of work: examining the growth of remote working and the job quality trade-off', paper presented at the 38th International Working Party on Labour Market Segmentation Annual Conference, University of Manchester, 13-15 September. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest in findings |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | 'Despite "techoferene", working remotely benefits all (but especially employers)', by Claire Keeton, Business Day, 5 October 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/business-and-economy/2017-10-04-despite-technoference-working-remo... |
| Description | 'For better or worse? The dynamics of job quality in Britain', paper presented to the School of Management, Swansea University |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Raised awareness. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | 'Get more done by working from home', by Victoria Allen, 4 October 2017, Independent Online |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | https://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/health/get-more-done-by-working-from-home-11484682 |
| Description | 'Get more done by working from home', by Victoria Allen, Daily Mail, p35, 4 October 2017. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | 'It's harder to disengage from job if you're working from home', by Linda Carroli, Today, 5 October 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | https://www.today.com/series/one-small-thing/how-work-home-not-burn-out-t117088 |
| Description | 'Job Quality in a Liberal Market Economy', TWAIN closing workshop, Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Raised interest |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
| Description | 'Launch of Work, Skills and Well-being in Wales', WISERD Press Release, 8 July 2013 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | Generate interest. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| URL | http://www.wiserd.ac.uk/news/latest-news/successful-launch-work-skills-and-well-being-wales |
| Description | 'More jobs for graduates than unqualified in UK', BBC News Online, by Sean Coughlan, 24 April 2013 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | This item was in the top ten viewed stories on the day of publication and was shared by over 1,200 readers within two days. Generate interest. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| URL | http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-22268809 |
| Description | 'People who work from home are MORE productive', by Victoria Ritter, Gears of Biz, 9 October 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest in findings |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | http://gearsofbiz.com/people-who-work-from-home-are-more-productive/114681 |
| Description | 'People who work from home are more productive because they avoid distracting "office chat" and try harder out of fear of looking lazy', by Victoria Allen, Daily Mail, 4 October 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4945486/People-work-home-productive.html |
| Description | 'Pressure and job insecurity felt by UK workers at 20-year high', by Hilary Osborne, The Guardian, 20 May 2013 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | Also used in reports across the world - for example, Argentina, India, Keyna, the Philippines, Korea and Australia Generate interest. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| URL | http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2013/may/20/british-workers-less-secure-more-stressed |
| Description | 'Remote workers "likely to work harder and be more committed"', Working Mums, 4 October 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | https://www.workingmums.co.uk/remote-workers-likely-work-harder-committed/ |
| Description | 'Remote working works but the "off" switch can be hard to find', by Claire Keeton, Times Live, 4 October 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/sci-tech/2017-10-04-remote-working-works--but-the-off-button-can-be... |
| Description | 'Show this to your manager: people who work from home have been proven to be more productive', by Joseph Barberio, Working Mother, 6 October 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | http://www.workingmother.com/show-this-to-your-manager-people-who-work-from-home-have-been-proven-to... |
| Description | 'Tell your boss! People who work from home are "actually more productive"', by Rob Waugh, Metro, 4 October 2017, |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | https://www.workingmums.co.uk/remote-workers-likely-work-harder-committed/ |
| Description | 'The everywhere workplace: myth or reality, good or bad?', paper presented to Surrey University Business School, University of Surrey, 30 November. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Paper presented to Surrey University Business School, University of Surrey, 30 November. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | 'The upsides along with also downsides of telecommuting', by Dennis Thompson, RTDS Site News, 18 October 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest in the findings. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | https://rtds.org/the-upsides-along-with-also-downsides-of-telecommuting/ |
| Description | 'The upsides and downsides of telecommuting', by Dennis Thompson, The Inquirer, 18 October 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest in the research findings. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | http://www.philly.com/philly/health/topics/HealthDay727430_20171018_The_Upsides_and_Downsides_of_Tel... |
| Description | 'The upsides and downsides of telecommuting: review suggests need for clearer boundaries between work and personal life', by Dennis Thompson, HealthDay, 18 October 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest in the research findings. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | https://consumer.healthday.com/mental-health-information-25/behavior-health-news-56/the-upsides-and-... |
| Description | 'Trends, benefits, and costs of working remotely', India International Times, 4 October 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | http://indiainternationaltimes.com/trends-benefits-costs-working-remotely/2772 |
| Description | 'Wales workers happiest but paid less and have lower skills, says report', BBC News Wales, 8 July 2013 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | Generate interest. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| URL | http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-23223035 |
| Description | 'Work fear at 20-year high, finds research', by Michelle Stevens, HR News, 21 May 2013 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Generate interest. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| URL | http://www.cipd.co.uk/pm/peoplemanagement/b/weblog/archive/2013/05/20/work-fear-at-20-year-high-find... |
| Description | 'Worker insecurity at 20-year high', by Brian Groom, Financial Times, 20 May 2013 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Generated interest. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| URL | http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/bcf86f24-bf04-11e2-a9d4-00144feab7de.html#axzz2ToMVjqsk |
| Description | 'Workers are more stressed and worried about keeping their jobs than ever before' by Becky Barrow, Daily Mail Online, 21 May 2013 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | Generate interest. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| URL | http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2328131/Workers-stressed-worried-keeping-jobs-before.html?it... |
| Description | 'Workers in Wales "happier" than rest of UK despite low skills and low pay', by Chris Kelsey, Western Mail, 8 July 2013 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | Generate interest. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
| URL | http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/business/business-news/cardiff-university-research-shows-job-48859... |
| Description | 'Working from home leads to even more work', by Jeanette Settembre, New York Post, 9 October 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To generate interest in the findings. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | http://nypost.com/2017/10/09/working-from-home-leads-to-even-more-work/ |
| Description | 'You're doing it wrong - work', produced by Emily Knight, Radio Four, 28 February 2018 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
| Results and Impact | Radio interview broadcast on Radio Four. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
| URL | https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09snrb7 |
| Description | BEIS talk. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | 14/10/2019. "Working Still Harder". Dept of Business, Enterprise and Industrial Strategy. Part of a symposium presentation of the research done from the 2017 survey. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | CIPD Dublin. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | 1/2020. Working Still Harder. CIPD Applied Research Conference, Dublin. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Changing places of work: myth or reality, good or bad?', invited presentation to the Urban Studies Foundation Conference on Diversity of Workplaces and Spaces in Cities, University of Southampton, 11-12 September. 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Invited presentation to generate interest in findings |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | Decent wages, decent work: how can we improve job quality in Europe.? British Academy Debate, Brussels, 8th November, 2016 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Raised profile |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| URL | http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/britishacademy/british-academy-debates-inequalities/ |
| Description | Employee Participation and the Quality of Work, University of Lille, France November 24th. 2016 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Prompted discussion |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | Employee well-being and the learning fit |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | paper presented to the Centre for Employment Relations Innovation and Change, Leeds University Business School, 2 April. Prompted discussion. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
| Description | Evaluating the Effects of Redundancy Related Training Interventions in Wales |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Talk sparked questions and discussion. web site entry |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
| URL | http://www.bangor.ac.uk/business/news/bangor-hosts-welsh-labour-market-summit-on-skills-and-jobs-240... |
| Description | Felstead, A (2016) 'For better or worse? The dynamics of job quality in Britain', paper presented to the School of Management, Swansea University, 28 January. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Paper presented to the School of Management, Swansea University, 28 January. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | Felstead, A Gallie, D, Green, F and Henseke, G (2016) 'Examining the dynamics of job quality: longitudinal evidence on skills and pressure at work', paper presented to the 37th International Working Party on Labour Market Segmentation Annual Conference, Centre d'Estudis Sociològics sobre la Vida Quotidiana i el Treball, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 6-8 July. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Paper presented to the 37th International Working Party on Labour Market Segmentation Annual Conference, Centre d'Estudis Sociològics sobre la Vida Quotidiana i el Treball, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 6-8 July. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | Felstead, A and Henseke, G (2016) 'Changing places of work and the consequences for job quality', paper presented to the Work, Employment and Society Conference, Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, 6-8 September. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Paper presented to the Work, Employment and Society Conference, Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, 6-8 September. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | For better or worse? The dynamics of job quality in Britain |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Sparked debate |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | Francis Green and Golo Henseke at the seminar "What is a graduate job? A head-to-head on graduate job classifications". University of Warwick, 9 November 2016 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Half-day seminar that brought together researchers, policymakers and practitioners with an interest in graduate employment. After a comparison of methods to define graduate jobs in secondary data and an overview of graduate labour market trends, ample opportunities were discussed for bringing the research to users of graduate job classification (e.g. in university careers services) and to link it up with government's university outcomes metrics. This issues were further explored with the Director of College Careers Services at the University of London in a follow-up meeting on 23/11/2016 in London. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| URL | http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/ier/news/what_is_graduate_job/seminar_outputs/ |
| Description | How good or bad are today's jobs? Some research headlines |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Talk sparked discussion and requests for more information. Nothing special. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
| URL | http://cesi.org.uk/events/employability-and-skills-wales-convention-2015 |
| Description | Invited to give one-to-one advice on approaches to Fair Work to Julie James AM, the Minister of Skills and Science in the Welsh Government, Ty Howell, Cardiff Bay, 12 October 2017 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Invited to give advice on Welsh Government's approach to raising work quality. Invited one-to-one advice prompted by report on Fair Work written by Alan Felstead. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | Is the public sector pay advantage explained by differences in job quality? |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | paper presented to the Using Secondary Data Analysis to Research Economic Performance', National Institute for Economic and Social Research, London, 24 June. Promoted discussion. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
| Description | Issues in the Study of Job Quality |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | DG Employment Conference on Job Quality, 29th January 2015, Brussels Prompted discussion. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
| Description | Making intrinsic job quality better |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Sparked discussion on impact of research. paper presented to the LLAKES Annual Workshop 'Learning, Work and the Economy', John Adams Hall, London, 20 November. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
| Description | Neo-liberalism and the Quality of Work : the Case of Britain |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Public Lecture, University of Lausanne, February 25th 2015. Prompted discussion. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
| Description | One in three fear losing their jobs, new survey finds |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Raised profile. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| URL | http://money.aol.co.uk/2016/02/29/one-in-three-fear-losing-their-job-new-survey-finds/ |
| Description | One in three fear losing their jobs, new survey finds |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Raised profile. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| URL | http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/one-in-three-fear-losing-their-job-new-survey-finds-11364043549214 |
| Description | One in three fear losing their jobs, new survey finds |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Raised profile |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| URL | http://www.expressandstar.com/business/uk-money/2016/03/01/one-in-three-fear-losing-their-job-new-su... |
| Description | One in three fear losing their jobs, new survey finds |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Raised profile. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| URL | http://www.shropshirestar.com/shropshire-business/money/uk-money/2016/03/01/one-in-three-fear-losing... |
| Description | Participation and Employee Well-Being |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Conference on 'Decent Work', University of Verona, 14th November, 2014. Prompted discussion. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
| Description | RESEARCH SEMINAR ON TASKS, SKILLS AND OCCUPATIONS |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Third sector organisations |
| Results and Impact | In the context of the research programme on the changing nature of work and skills of the Human Capital and Employment Unit of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, this seminar brought together around 20 international experts on tasks, skills and occupations from research centre, international bodies and universities in Sevilla in February 21st and 22nd. The first day kicked off a project to update the Eurofound tasks framework, compiling national databases with a common methodology in four European countries (UK, Germany, Italy and Spain) and designing a questionnaire for the measurement of tasks, work organisation and technology. This project is jointly coordinated by the JRC and Italy's INAPP, with participation of INAPP, the University of Warwick, Pompeu Fabra University and BIBB from Germany. For Britain, the project will draw on the Skills and Employment Survey Series: An ESRC funded data collection effort. The second day saw discussion of several ongoing projects from JRC and collaborators on the topic of tasks, skills and occupations, including: "A unified conceptual framework on skills, tasks and occupations", "AI, tasks and the automation of Human labour", "Tasks in the platform economy". Potential plans for future collaboration on related activities were discussed. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | SOC codes research meeting: next step (London) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Working group meeting with Bib Gilworth, Director of College Careers Services at University of London, and his researcher to explore avenues to use CGHE and LLAKES research on graduate jobs by Francis Green and Golo Henseke as performance metric. Future collaboration was agreed to foster this and related activities. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010,2016 |
| Description | Social Inequalities at Work: A comparison of France and Britain |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Patients, carers and/or patient groups |
| Results and Impact | Prompted discussion. Request to give presentation to the employees of the City of Paris at the Hôtel de Ville. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| URL | http://www.paris-iea.fr/en/events/quality-of-work-and-psychosocial-risks-a-french-british-comparison... |
| Description | The Bright and the Dark Side of Work |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | EC-OECD Seminar 'Job Quality, Labour Market Performance and Well-Being', Brussels, 28th November 2014. Prompted discussion. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
| Description | The Changing Graduate Labour Market: Analysis Using a New Indicator of Graduate jobs |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Aberdeen "Conference on Skills Mismatch." October 2014. Prompted discussion. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
| Description | The Changing Graduate Labour Market: Analysis Using a New Indicator of Graduate jobs |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | Presented to: • Work and Pensions Economics Group conference, Sheffield University, July 2014. • Centre for Higher Education Studies (CHES), IoE, December 2014. • BIS Skills Analysis Group, 13/10/2014. Prompted discussion. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
| Description | The Hidden Face of Job Insecurity |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | European Consortium for Sociological Research Conference 'Social Inequalities in Europe', WZB, Berlin, 25th September 2014. Prompted discussion. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
| Description | The everywhere workplace: myth or reality, good or bad? paper presented to Surrey University Business School, University of Surrey, 30 November 2016 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | To highlight findings |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
| Description | The labour market benefits of private schooling (UCL Institute of Education, 11/10/2016). Anna Vignoles presented findings from her work with Francis Green and Golo Henseke |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Drawing on new research by Francis Green, Anna Vignoles and Golo Henseke in LLAKES and CGHE, the talk aimed to inform thinking about the role and function of private secondary education in Britain. A lively discussion emerged on the job market returns to private education within the context of a stratified society. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| Description | Things we don't know about individuals' skills mismatch |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
| Results and Impact | ZEW Workshop, University of Mannheim, 11/4/2014. Prompted discussion. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
| Description | Trends in the quality of work: a quarter century of change |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Talk sparked questions and debate, and will help inform political manifestos. Invited evidence paper presented to the Working and Prosperity, Jubilee Rooms, off Westminster Hall, Houses of Parliament, 29 January. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014,2015 |
| Description | Trends in training, skills utilisation and work intensity: evidence to the Skills Commission |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | invited to present to the All-Party Parliament Group's Skills Commission Inquiry 2014: Skills and the Changing Structures of Work, Portcullis House, Parliament, 21 May. Material used to write report. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
| Description | Unequal Britain at Work |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Disseminate results from the book. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
| URL | http://www.gre.ac.uk/business/research/centres/gperc |
| Description | Unequal Britain at work: book launch seminar |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Publicity for the book. Follow-ups with delegates. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
| Description | What does good work look like - how do we measure it? |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Work Foundation/ Prospect Conference: The contemporary role of HR: custodian of organisational conscience, deliverer of financial targets or strategic business leader? 8th December, Work Foundation, London. Prompted discussion. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
| Description | Zhou, Y. and Zou, M. The impact of High Involvement Management on Employee Well-being in Britain. Academy of Management Conference, Anaheim, August 2016. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Zhou, Y. and Zou, M. The impact of High Involvement Management on Employee Well-being in Britain. Academy of Management Conference, Anaheim, August 2016. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |