Interpreting and targeting NERC-funded research outputs to inform and influence marine policy

Lead Research Organisation: Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science
Department Name: Research

Abstract

Knowledge exchange activities are often limited in funding, and the communication formats respected in the scientific community, such as peer-reviewed publications and scientific conference talks, are not appropriate to disseminate research to policy and decision makers. Policy makers and scientists communicate in their own jargon-centric languages, which leads to miscommunications and lack of understanding between the two groups. Consequently, scientific research may not be integrated in to the decision making process, with end users left either unaware of or not clearly understanding how science can support and inform management, adaptation and mitigation options. It is crucial that good scientific research supports the development of policy indicators and setting of environmental targets in order to successfully implement marine policy; the UK government could be held responsible for exceeding or not meeting these legally binding targets.

This project seeks to promote the use of CPR science, expertise and data to support UK, EU, and international decision-making while identifying new opportunities and policy-relevant applications for SAHFOS data and science. The fellowship will integrate science-policy expertise and CPR data into the UK and EU political processes through the involvement in national and international pelagic expert groups, including leadership of the implementation of the MSFD for pelagic habitats at the UK and OSPAR levels, and membership on key UK and international policy boards. CPR data and research will be transformed to targeted policy-relevant scientific advice for UK, EU and international policy and decision makers, with particular focus on under-disseminated NERC-funded CPR research. New end users of CPR research and data will be identified in order to cultivate new knowledge exchange links and applications. Policy advice gaps and future needs will be assessed in order to steer CPR research towards policy relevance. These steps towards the effective application and development of CPR science will result in better evidence to support marine management and conservation.

The applicant is experienced in engaging and communicating with UK, EU and international policy and decision makers, and drawing links between CPR research and policy needs and has a wide UK and EU science-policy network. However, her work is repeatedly constrained by funding limitations which have resulted in inefficiencies and boundaries to the effectiveness and reach of policy impact-generating activities. Many opportunities to create policy impact from CPR data are underfunded and revenue-earning contracts and projects are often necessarily prioritised. Although she is currently contributing to MSFD implementation and serving on evidence groups, the work is only partially and inconsistently funded and must be performed as limited resources allow. This KE Fellowship will remove the funding barrier to applying CPR science to policy implementation and facilitate the direct inclusion of CPR research and data into the UK and international policy process. The fellowship will enable the applicant to consistently and efficiently perform policy impact generating work in dedicated working time, and will allow her to better utilise her network of contacts to more effectively exploit CPR science. A key component will be the generation of policy impact for NERC-funded work which has never been disseminated - MSFD application of core contract microbial genetic research and international policy impact of the Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS).

Publications

10 25 50

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Batten S (2019) A Global Plankton Diversity Monitoring Program in Frontiers in Marine Science

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Dickey-Collas M (2017) Pelagic habitat: exploring the concept of good environmental status in ICES Journal of Marine Science

 
Description Plankton are microscopic organisms which occupy the base of the marine food web. They are sensitive to changes in their environment and are crucial to the functioning of the marine ecosystem, making them responsive indicators for environmental change. Much of our knowledge of macroecological plankton change in the North Atlantic is the result of the NERC-supported Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey, an ecologically rich and spatially extensive near-surface plankton monitoring program with >80 years of data. CPR research has shown that there have been significant climate-driven changes in the community composition and dynamics of both phyto (plant-like) plankton and zoo (animal-like) plankton in the North Sea and Northeast Atlantic. Phytoplankton biomass has increased, phytoplankton functional group dominance has changed, biogeographical shifts have increased the population of warm-water taxa, changes in plankton biodiversity have been observed, and Arctic sea ice decline has allowed the establishment of a non-indigenous species in the North Atlantic. Ocean acidification is an emerging issue, and the CPR provides a baseline against which to monitor its impact on North Atlantic plankton. In addition to climate change, regional plankton also responds to direct anthropogenic pressures such as nutrient loading, with climate change found to exacerbate the undesirable effects of increased nutrients in the coastal North Sea. Changes in the plankton resonate upward to higher trophic levels, many of which, such as fish, have considerable economic value.

To sustainably manage European seas in a holistic manner, in 2008 the European Commission passed the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) with the goal of managing the marine ecosystem to a healthy and productive state (Good Environmental Status, GES) by 2020. The MSFD applies an 'ecosystem approach' to management, which requires understanding of all aspects of the marine system, and their responses to human pressures as well as to climate change. This is a novel approach to management, particularly at such a large spatial scale as the European Union; the MSFD's execution is therefore a learning process for both scientists and policy makers. Successful implementation of the MSFD requires long-term biological datasets, such as that provided by the CPR, to inform indicators, construct environmental targets and describe a vision for GES.

Key plankton-relevant aspects of the ecosystem, such as biodiversity, non-indigenous species, eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and food webs, must meet environmental targets for GES to be achieved. Interactions between climate change and direct anthropogenic pressures, scientific knowledge gaps in food web dynamics, system-specific responses to pressures, and differing methods of plankton sampling present difficulties in constructing operational indicators. Despite these challenges, effective and easily-communicable plankton indicators are in development for the MSFD implementation for the UK, via Defra, and for the Northeast Atlantic, via the Oslo-Paris Convention (OSPAR). Both the UK and OSPAR have agreed to the development of plankton indicators based on a 'lifeform' approach. This methodology groups plankton taxa into ecologically-relevant lifeform pairs, changes in the relative abundances of which are linked to manageable anthropogenic pressures. NERC-supported CPR data and research have been fundamental in the lifeform indicator development process, and are required throughout the North Atlantic for monitoring towards GES.
Exploitation Route I work with policy makers to provide evidence for decision making. Policy can make decisions based on these results. For example, I authored the UK Marine Strategy assessment for pelagic habitats: https://moat.cefas.co.uk/biodiversity-food-webs-and-marine-protected-areas/pelagic-habitats/
Sectors Environment

URL https://planktonpolicy.org/blog/
 
Description 1. Outcome: Development of MSFD indicators which form important contribution to EU and UK policy. a. Evidence: Indicators and targets now legally binding in UK, accepted for international development in OSPAR. b. Evidence: NERC-supported CPR data and research form key evidence source for informing and assessing indicators at UK and OSPAR levels. c. Evidence: Input into development of UK plankton monitoring strategy which explicitly names the CPR survey as data contributor; advice sought on UK MSFD programme of management measures, which will be implemented to manage human pressure on marine waters. d. Evidence: Representatives from multiple EU countries are now collaborating to develop regionally-cohesive OSPAR level policy indicators. e. Evidence: Led development of plankton indicators which will be published as OSPAR Indicator Assessment Cards in 2017. f. Reach and value: Robust delivery of MSFD meets EU legal requirements and avoids infraction for member states; progress towards sustainable marine management benefits all users of marine ecosystems. 2. Outcome: Progression of wider non-plankton aspects of MSFD implementation. a. Evidence: Production of guidance on evaluation of indicator criteria through ICES WGBIODIV now in use in OSPAR implementation. b. Evidence: Production of guidance on MSFD-climate change interactions through MCCIP now in review phase, soon to be published for use in implementation process. c. Reach and value: Clear and practical guidance to support the MSFD's approach to management is used by scientists and policy makers in the implementation of individual member states (for example UK, NO, SE, NL, FR, BE) as well as collaboratively at the OSPAR level. 3. Outcome: Development of close working relationship with UK, European Commission and OSPAR policy makers through leadership roles in the UK and OSPAR level processes; facilitates effective and wide ranging application of CPR science to current policy needs and identification of upcoming opportunities to contribute. a. Evidence: UK, EU and OSPAR policy makers contact me frequently for advice and I often approach them for input as well; these conversations are both informal and formal. b. Evidence: Policy engagement facilitates production of personal research which is responsive to policy needs and useful to decision makers. c. Evidence: Knowledge of policy needs used to influence CPR colleagues' research to address policy-relevant knowledge gaps. d. Evidence: Increasingly asked to represent 'policy point of view' in scientific collaboration, raising the profile of the CPR and creating products useful to policy makers. For example, I am leading a policy-targeted 'Governance Guide' as part of a collaborative project. This guide will include two CPR science-policy case studies, demonstrating impact from the NERC-supported survey. e. Reach and value: Availability to policy makers and reputation for open and cooperative communication ensures policy objectives at UK, OSPAR and EU levels are supported by the best available information and feature a CPR point of view; dissemination of CPR-policy throughout the wider scientific community, who may not normally be involved in science-policy work, encourages responsive research and consistent linking of research to policy needs. 4. Outcome: Targeted and accessible advice provided to the wider European and international science-policy communities has increased the use of science in decision making and has facilitated policy application of scientific research. a. Evidence: Increasingly invited to speak as expert on applying science to policy and communicating across the science-policy interface (see http://planktonpolicy.org/publications/conference-presentationsposters/ for details). b. Evidence: Policy-targeted publications, which explicitly draw connections between science and policy needs, are written in clear and non-technical language and disseminated throughout the EU and internationally. These products are used by both science-policy advisors and policy makers to support decision making. c. Evidence: Leading role in EU and international science-policy workshops as invited convenor/speaker/facilitator. A recent success occurred at a Tokyo science-policy workshop ("Towards the better collaboration between scientists and policy makers") which brought scientists and policymakers together, an uncommon event in Japan. We identified key barriers inhibiting science-policy knowledge exchange and possible avenues to overcome them. The CPR survey was used as a successful example of a research programme which supports decision making. The best practices learned in the UK and Europe were adapted to guidelines that may be applied to incorporate science from the NERC-funded Going Global project, into the Japanese policy process. d. Reach and value: These activities influence international science-policy advisors, pure scientists, and decision makers. 5. Outcome: Engagement with society raises awareness of plankton and the CPR and their importance at the science-policy interface. a. Evidence: Public talk to adults as part of National Science and Engineering Week event addressed importance of plankton monitoring to policy. The venue was filled to capacity (~50 attendees). b. Evidence: Engagement with the public through new NERC KE Fellowship-inspired blog (Plankton and Policy http://planktonpolicy.org/blog/) and social media (Twitter: @anaturalstate) disseminates policy work and research, stimulates conversation, and illustrates the humanity of science by incorporating personal points of view in scientific messages. c. Evidence: Featured in 'This is what a scientist looks like', a campaign to challenge the stereotypical perception of scientists http://tinyurl.com/AMGscientist d. Reach and value: Building respect for sustainable use of the marine environment in wider society increases the value of the sea.
First Year Of Impact 2014
Sector Environment
Impact Types Societal,Policy & public services

 
Description INTERREG
Amount £100,000 (GBP)
Organisation European Commission 
Department Interreg : European Territorial Co-operation
Sector Public
Country European Union (EU)
Start 12/2013 
End 11/2014
 
Description Celtic Seas Partnership 
Organisation Celtic Seas Partnership
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution We are developing ways to get stakeholder support for MSFD management measures.
Collaborator Contribution We are developing ways to get stakeholder support for MSFD management measures.
Impact England workshop - summary report 18 June 2014 Plymouth University http://celticseaspartnership.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/England-workshop-summary-report-June14.pdf
Start Year 2014
 
Description ICES WG BIODIV 
Organisation Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC)
Department ISIS Neutron and Muon Source
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution I've participated in the development of criteria for Good Environmental Status indicator quality and in work looking at conflicts between climate change and GES.
Collaborator Contribution The Working Group on Biodiversity Science (WGBIODIV) gathers experts from all areas of the marine benthic and pelagic food web components. The group aims to make biodiversity an integral part of ICES work, especially given the requirements of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). WGBIODIVs work can be linked to the work of other ecology expert groups (e.g. BEWG, WGFE, WGZE etc.), survey groups (e.g. WGBEAM, IBTSWG), and some assessment and advisory groups (e.g. WGECO, WGEF).
Impact ICES, 2014. Second Interim Report of the Working Group on Biodiversity Science (WGBIODIV). ICES, Copenhagen, Denmark, p. 44. Greenstreet, S.P.R., Rombouts, I., Raicevich, S., Lynam, C.P., Bos, O.G., Probst, W.N., Schratzberger, M., Nilsson, H., Ojaveer, H., McQuatters-Gollop, A., Dickey-Collas, M., Hagebro, C., Reid, D.G., (submitted). Implementing ecosystem based marine management at a regional seas scale: identifying optimum "state" indicators. ICES Journal of Marine Science, submitted.
Start Year 2013
 
Description Talk at National Science and Engineering Week 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? Yes
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Invited public lecture: "Plankton in parliament: How do the smallest creatures help us protect our seas?", Public lecture at National Science and Engineering Week, Plymouth, UK, 2014.
Talk sparked questions and discussion afterwards.

Follow up emails about climate change and the ocean from audience members.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2014