The Late Permian crisis: the continental record from Russia.
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Bristol
Department Name: Earth Sciences
Abstract
The end-Permian crisis marks the largest known mass extinction of life. About 50% of families of plants and animals died out in the sea, which scales to a loss of some 80-96% of species. The crisis was probably just as bad for organisms on land, but they have not been worked out yet. The event seems to have been just as serious at the local scale: close study of the rock succession in China shows that more than 90% of species died out. But how long did the event last? Was it a single, overnight hit, or did it take thousands, or even millions, of years? Opinions have changed: ten years ago, it was supposed to have lasted for 10 million years (Myr), but new dating methods show it lasted perhaps 0.5 Myr or less. These dates are still debated. Was it one event or two? What was once seen as a single long drawn-out extinction phase through the Late Permian is now seen as two events, one at the Capitanian-Wuchiapingian boundary (the CW event), some 260 Myr ago, and the end-Permian event, just below the Permo-Triassic boundary (PTB), 251 Myr ago. What caused this huge catastrophe? Many ideas have been suggested, but there are now two main hypotheses, Siberian volcanism and impact. Evidence for impact has been received enthusiastically by some, but the detail in both reports has been heavily criticised. The most widely accepted model for the PTB extinction is a chain of events following repeated eruptions of the Siberian Trap basalts over perhaps 0.5 Myr. The eruptions pumped a variety of gases into the atmosphere that led to severe acid rain. The acid rain killed land plants, and soil was stripped, destroying habitats on land. The rise in carbon dioxide and global warming was made worse by the dramatic release of methane from frozen reserves in the deep sea, which combined to give a runaway greenhouse effect, where temperatures just kept rising. Global warming also led to low oxygen conditions in the seas. This then killed 90% or more of life in the sea and on land. A similar pattern has been suggested for the earlier CW event, perhaps linked to the Emeishan volcanics in China. Recovery from the mass extinction took time. Worldwide, species numbers remained low through the Early Triassic, a time of perhaps 6 Myr. The recovery period was longer than that though, as indicated by various 'gaps' - disappearances of major life modes, such as coral reefs and forests (the 'coal gap') through the Early and Mid Triassic, a time span of 15-20 Myr. Ecosystems on land in the Russian successions had not achieved their pre-extinction diversities by the end of the Mid Triassic, and it was only some 25-30 Myr after the PTB event that communities apparently recovered their pre-extinction diversity and complexity. It's important to understand the PTB crisis since many features of the climate crisis model are being repeated today: release of gases and acid rain, global warming over hundreds of years, stagnant waters, and steady loss of species. Looking to the past may be a useful way to predict what may happen in the future. We have access to fantastic rock sections in Russia that cross the CW and PTB boundaries in dozens of places. With our team of British and Russian scientists, we want to tackle a whole string of questions: How do timings and patterns of extinction on land match those in the sea? Can the CW and P18 events be distinguished on land? What were the environmental changes, as read from the rocks? What evidence is there for and against the proposed massive plant killing and soil wash-off at the beginning of the Triassic? How did life on land respond to the two crises? What was the pattern of ecosystem collapse? Is there evidence for ecological or taxonomic selectivity? What were the global rates for loss of life on land, and how do these compare with the scale of the marine crisis? What was the nature of the recovery through the Early and Middle Triassic, in terms of rebuilding total diversity and ecosystems?
Organisations
Publications
Ruta M
(2008)
The Brachyopoid Hadrokkosaurus bradyi from the Early Middle Triassic of Arizona, and a Phylogenetic Analysis of Lower Jaw Characters in Temnospondyl Amphibians
in Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
Halliday T
(2013)
A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications
in Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
Bernard E
(2010)
The Fossil Record of Early Tetrapods: Worker Effort and the End-Permian Mass Extinction
in Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
Sahney S
(2010)
Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land.
in Biology letters
Benton MJ
(2014)
Models for the rise of the dinosaurs.
in Current biology : CB
Brusatte S
(2011)
Macroevolutionary patterns in the evolutionary radiation of archosaurs (Tetrapoda: Diapsida)
in Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Taylor G
(2009)
Magnetostratigraphy of Permian/Triassic boundary sequences in the Cis-Urals, Russia: No evidence for a major temporal hiatus
in Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Brusatte S
(2010)
The origin and early radiation of dinosaurs
in Earth-Science Reviews
Benton M
(2013)
Exceptional vertebrate biotas from the Triassic of China, and the expansion of marine ecosystems after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction
in Earth-Science Reviews
KEARSEY T
(2011)
The origin and significance of pedogenic dolomite from the Upper Permian of the South Urals of Russia
in Geological Magazine
Sahney S
(2010)
Rainforest collapse triggered Carboniferous tetrapod diversification in Euramerica
in Geology
Benton M
(2013)
No gap in the Middle Permian record of terrestrial vertebrates: REPLY
in Geology
Benton M
(2012)
No gap in the Middle Permian record of terrestrial vertebrates
in Geology
Benton M
(2014)
Impacts of global warming on Permo-Triassic terrestrial ecosystems
in Gondwana Research
Benton M
(2012)
Recovery of Vertebrate faunas from the end-Permian mass extinction
in Journal of Earth Science
Brusatte S
(2010)
The higher-level phylogeny of Archosauria (Tetrapoda: Diapsida)
in Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
Newell A
(2010)
Disruption of playa-lacustrine depositional systems at the Permo-Triassic boundary: evidence from Vyazniki and Gorokhovets on the Russian Platform
in Journal of the Geological Society
Benton M
(2021)
The naming of the Permian System
in Journal of the Geological Society
Surkov M
(2008)
Head kinematics and feeding adaptations of the Permian and Triassic dicynodonts
in Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
Bernardi M
(2018)
Dinosaur diversification linked with the Carnian Pluvial Episode.
in Nature communications
Chen Z
(2012)
The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction
in Nature Geoscience
Benton M
(2012)
Preservation of exceptional vertebrate assemblages in Middle Permian fluviolacustrine mudstones of Kotel'nich, Russia: stratigraphy, sedimentology, and taphonomy
in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
Benton M
(2013)
The first half of tetrapod evolution, sampling proxies, and fossil record quality
in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
HONE D
(2008)
A NEW GENUS OF RHYNCHOSAUR FROM THE MIDDLE TRIASSIC OF SOUTH-WEST ENGLAND
in Palaeontology
DUNHILL A
(2012)
Completeness of the fossil record and the validity of sampling proxies at outcrop level
in Palaeontology
RUTA M
(2008)
CALIBRATED DIVERSITY, TREE TOPOLOGY AND THE MOTHER OF MASS EXTINCTIONS: THE LESSON OF TEMNOSPONDYLS
in Palaeontology
KUBO T
(2009)
Tetrapod postural shift estimated from Permian and Triassic trackways
in Palaeontology
RUTA M
(2011)
Amniotes through major biological crises: faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end-Permian mass extinction
in Palaeontology
Benton M
(2015)
Palaeodiversity and formation counts: redundancy or bias?
in Palaeontology
Benton MJ
(2010)
The origins of modern biodiversity on land.
in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
Benton MJ
(2018)
Hyperthermal-driven mass extinctions: killing models during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction.
in Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences
Benton Michael J.
(2008)
Presidential Address 2007: The end-Permian mass extinction events on land in Russia
in PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGISTS ASSOCIATION
Benton M
(2010)
Murchison's first sighting of the Permian, at Vyazniki in 1841
in Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
Ruta M
(2013)
Decoupling of morphological disparity and taxic diversity during the adaptive radiation of anomodont therapsids
in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Ruta M
(2007)
A supertree of Temnospondyli: cladogenetic patterns in the most species-rich group of early tetrapods
in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Bernardi M
(2018)
Tetrapod distribution and temperature rise during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction.
in Proceedings. Biological sciences
Wagner PJ
(2006)
Evolutionary patterns in early tetrapods. II. Differing constraints on available character space among clades.
in Proceedings. Biological sciences
Sahney S
(2008)
Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time.
in Proceedings. Biological sciences
Ruta M
(2006)
Evolutionary patterns in early tetrapods. I. Rapid initial diversification followed by decrease in rates of character change.
in Proceedings. Biological sciences
Ruta M
(2013)
Decoupling of morphological disparity and taxic diversity during the adaptive radiation of anomodont therapsids.
in Proceedings. Biological sciences
Ruta M
(2013)
The radiation of cynodonts and the ground plan of mammalian morphological diversity.
in Proceedings. Biological sciences
Lloyd GT
(2008)
Dinosaurs and the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution.
in Proceedings. Biological sciences
Brusatte SL
(2008)
Superiority, competition, and opportunism in the evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs.
in Science (New York, N.Y.)
NEWELL A
(2007)
Bedload abrasion and the in situ fragmentation of bivalve shells
in Sedimentology
NEWELL A
(2012)
Calcretes, fluviolacustrine sediments and subsidence patterns in Permo-Triassic salt-walled minibasins of the south Urals, Russia
in Sedimentology
Benton, M. J.
(2008)
The seventy great mysteries of the natural world
Description | The Permo-Triassic boundary in Russia was explored and documented in detail across the width of the basin, shedding light on the timing and speed of the greatest mass extinction of all time, and also providing substantial new information on the nature of the recovery, which lasted some 15-20 million years. The research provided new insights into the land-sea links in the Permo-Triassic mass extinction, by stressing the importance of massive erosion following the clearing of forests and soil denudation caused by acid rain. We also stressed the importance of the Russian Permo-Triassic redbed successions, and provided full accounts of localities and magnetostratigraphy. |
Exploitation Route | A theme of key interest to children and adults; the greatest extinction of all time; impacts on understanding of global change and origins of biodiversity. |
Sectors | Education,Environment,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections |
URL | http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Russia/Russia.html |
Description | The research provided new insights into the land-sea links in the Permo-Triassic mass extinction, by stressing the importance of massive erosion following the clearing of forests and soil denudation caused by acid rain. We also stressed the importance of the Russian Permo-Triassic redbed successions, and provided full accounts of localities and magnetostratigraphy. I and others have given 50+ talks to amateurs, the public, and student societies since 2004. These include talks in schools (in the UK and in Russia) as well as in museums. The work on this earlier grant fed into our current BETR grant on related tthemes. |
First Year Of Impact | 2017 |
Sector | Education,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections |
Impact Types | Cultural,Societal |
Description | Lectures to geological societies (ten events over ten years) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Lectures about 'The greatest mass extinction of all time', based on the fieldwork and analyses of Russian redbed deposits, funded by the NERC grant. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | Pre-2006,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017 |
URL | http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/PTB/ |