'One by One': building the digital literacies of UK museums

Lead Research Organisation: University of Leicester
Department Name: Museum Studies

Abstract

The impact of digital media on museums has been pervasive and profound. The notions of visit and object, collection and exhibition, have all been recoded by the presence and influence of five decades of digital technology. Constructively disruptive, 'digital' has changed the idiom of 'museum' (Parry 2007, 2010). And yet, it is widely recognised that the digital literacy of the museum workforce remains one of the key challenges continuing to impede the adoption of technology within the sector (NMC, 2015; 2016). According to Nesta, the AHRC and Arts Council England (2014; 2015), over a third of museums in the UK still feel that they do not have the in-house skills to meet their digital aspirations, and rather than improving, some digital skills areas have decreased.

Addressing this pressing issue, the aim of the 'One by One' project is to leverage interdisciplinary scholarship to understand how to deliver a transformative framework for museum workforce digital literacy.

Our project builds upon two years of foundation research and international collaboration, and a call by the international community of digital heritage researchers, enshrined in the 'Baltimore Principles' (NMC 2016), for a shift in the way we think about digital training in museums. Our response is to use the idea of the 'postdigital museum' (Parry 2013) as a conceptual framework in which to use humanities scholarship to design, empirically test and propose an alternative training and development provision.

A form of practice-led research, 'One by One' uses the protocols and sequencing of Design Thinking to organise and drive its activities, with Action Research as the method to carry out a series of design experiments (interventions) in an array of localised museum settings across the UK. Having used a series of case studies to review the skills ecosystem for digital skills in the UK museums sector, our project uses a set of 'Literacy Labs' with museum professionals to help generate typologies of museum digital literacy to identify relevant 'activations' for developing each of these digital literacies. Led by our network of six 'Digital Fellows', these typologies of digital literacies and activation are then tested through a series of action research interventions situated in Amgueddfa Cymru - National Museum Wales, National Museums Scotland, The National Army Museum, The Royal Pavilion & Museums Brighton and Hove, Derby Museums Trust, and The Museum of London. 'One by One' will synthesise the findings of this test phase of the project into a refined 'Framework of Museum Digital Literacy', which it will then share at a major national Skills Summit co-hosted with Arts Council England, as well as in a single open online professional development resource, hosted by FutureLearn, free and accessible for the whole museum sector.

We aim to produce measurable changes in the confidence and competence of the museums workforce to use technology in their practice, as well as the awareness and understanding of policy makers surrounding the use of digital in museums. This is research that will benefit not just the museum workforce in the UK, but policy makers working in the fields of cultural policy, heritage and creative economy. 'One by One' is an ambitious collaboration between academics, museums and national cultural agencies: the Museums Association; the Association of Independent Museums; the Museum Development Network; Arts Council England; Culture24; the Heritage Lottery Fund; Nesta; the Collections Trust; and the National Museums Directors' Conference. And, as such, our project responds directly to the new Minister of State for Digital and Culture, who in his first major speech on museums, 22 Sept. 2016), called for museums to harness 'academic collaboration', to 'work better together in the digital age'.

Planned Impact

Our impact goals are to produce measurable changes in:
- The confidence and competence of the museums workforce to use technology in their practice
- The awareness and understanding of policy makers surrounding the use of digital in museums

Who will benefit from this research?
We have identified two key beneficiary communities:
- The museums workforce in the UK
- Policy makers working in the fields of cultural policy, heritage and creative economy

How will stakeholders benefit from the research?
1. The museums workforce: We will work with a range of organisations, Culture24, (Museums Association, Association of Independent Museums, the Museum Development Network, Heritage Lottery Fund, Arts Council England, Nesta, the Collections Trust, National Museum Directors' Conference) to produce an online professional development resource [M10], sharing our new Museum Digital Literacy Framework', free of charge via FutureLearn, to the entire sector in the UK and beyond.

In addition, we will have a presence at key events in the museums diary (Museum Computer Network international conference, the 'AIM' UK national Conference, the 'Museums Association' national conference, and the 'Museums and the Web' international conference) to explore the implications of our findings with those working in the sector. We will also make use of key trade and interface publications including Museums Journal and Museum International. Co-creation of our research impact outputs together with our museum practitioners is at the heart of our impact strategy. As a result, the learning resource will be meaningfully embedded in practice, and more palatable and adaptable to adopt to a range of museum settings.

2. Policy makers: Our policy stakeholders will benefit from our research in two ways. First through representatives on our International Advisory Board, we will improve the awareness and depth of understanding of digital matters in the museums setting, and actualise opportunities to directly influence policy-making. Second, we will produce a Policy Pack [M9] which presents the research in a range of usable formats such as policy and ministerial briefings, case studies, slides and video clips to ensure our evidence informs emerging policy thinking. We aim to launch this at an informal breakfast event in Westminster.

As a result of this impact strategy, we will make a demonstrable, measurable difference on the ways in which museum professionals use technology to enhance their practice for the benefit of our culturally-rich wider society.
 
Title Episode 10: Frogs & Formaldehyde 
Description The Booth Museum of Natural History is a museum of Victorian taxidermy (notably of British birds), but also insects, fossils, bones and skeletons. On TripAdvisor it has been described as "a place of wonder, with a bit of terror thrown in." In this episode Sophie is joined by Lee Ismail, Curator of Natural Sciences at the Booth, who introduces the museum and explains its origins. Sophie also spends some more time with Lavender Jones, long-standing volunteer at RPM and Zak Flannery, Visitor Services Officer, who provide anecdotes from their experience of working at the Booth. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_10_Frogs_Formaldehyde/13259588
 
Title Episode 10: Frogs & Formaldehyde 
Description The Booth Museum of Natural History is a museum of Victorian taxidermy (notably of British birds), but also insects, fossils, bones and skeletons. On TripAdvisor it has been described as "a place of wonder, with a bit of terror thrown in." In this episode Sophie is joined by Lee Ismail, Curator of Natural Sciences at the Booth, who introduces the museum and explains its origins. Sophie also spends some more time with Lavender Jones, long-standing volunteer at RPM and Zak Flannery, Visitor Services Officer, who provide anecdotes from their experience of working at the Booth. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_10_Frogs_Formaldehyde/13259588/1
 
Title Episode 11: Queer Histories 
Description In this episode, Sophie is joined by Robert White and Kelly Boddington, two early participants of the workforce development programme at Royal Pavilion & Museums, who spearheaded LGBTQ+ interpretation in its current form across the organisation. Kelly, who works by day as Assistant Buyer in the Retail team and Rob, a Marketing Support Officer and Booking Office Assistant, worked together to create Brighton Museum's first LGBTQ trail back in 2014. Both speak about their role as change agents work 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_11_Queer_Histories/13317764/1
 
Title Episode 11: Queer Histories 
Description In this episode, Sophie is joined by Robert White and Kelly Boddington, two early participants of the workforce development programme at Royal Pavilion & Museums, who spearheaded LGBTQ+ interpretation in its current form across the organisation. Kelly, who works by day as Assistant Buyer in the Retail team and Rob, a Marketing Support Officer and Booking Office Assistant, worked together to create Brighton Museum's first LGBTQ trail back in 2014. Both speak about their role as change agents working from below, pushing forward a radical spirit across the museum services' exhibitions and events through their focus on Queer history and engagement with local LGBTQ+ communities. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_11_Queer_Histories/13317764
 
Title Episode 12: Rummaging Through Boxes 
Description In the final episode of the series, Sophie goes behind the scenes with Dan Robertson, Curator of Local History and Archeology at Royal Pavilion & Museums. Dan's seemingly infinite descriptions of Victorian Egyptologists, holy water sprinklers, German mausers, grid irons, Sussex loops and the deepest hand-dug well in the world capture the unique and complex history of RPM whilst paying tribute to the Brightonian families that first made these collections possible. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_12_Rummaging_Through_Boxes/13317773
 
Title Episode 12: Rummaging Through Boxes 
Description In the final episode of the series, Sophie goes behind the scenes with Dan Robertson, Curator of Local History and Archeology at Royal Pavilion & Museums. Dan's seemingly infinite descriptions of Victorian Egyptologists, holy water sprinklers, German mausers, grid irons, Sussex loops and the deepest hand-dug well in the world capture the unique and complex history of RPM whilst paying tribute to the Brightonian families that first made these collections possible. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_12_Rummaging_Through_Boxes/13317773/1
 
Title Episode 13: The Art of Conservation 
Description In the first episode of the final series, Sophie speaks to Amy Junker-Heslip and Carola Del Mese, two members of the conservation team at Royal Pavilion & Museums. Amy and Carola share stories about some of delicate, painstaking and surprisingly creative work they have undertaken to help 'make things last forever' at this museum service. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_13_The_Art_of_Conservation/13317779/1
 
Title Episode 13: The Art of Conservation 
Description In the first episode of the final series, Sophie speaks to Amy Junker-Heslip and Carola Del Mese, two members of the conservation team at Royal Pavilion & Museums. Amy and Carola share stories about some of delicate, painstaking and surprisingly creative work they have undertaken to help 'make things last forever' at this museum service. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_13_The_Art_of_Conservation/13317779
 
Title Episode 14: A Prince's Treasure 
Description In 2019, over 120 items of furniture and decorative objects from the Royal Collection Trust were loaned to their original home at the Royal Pavilion in Brighton after 170 years away. Dr Alexandra Loske, Curator at the Royal Pavilion, talks to Sophie about their homecoming, and explains the prescience of the Prince Regent's infamous collection for Brighton and beyond. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_14_A_Prince_s_Treasure/13317782/1
 
Title Episode 14: A Prince's Treasure 
Description In 2019, over 120 items of furniture and decorative objects from the Royal Collection Trust were loaned to their original home at the Royal Pavilion in Brighton after 170 years away. Dr Alexandra Loske, Curator at the Royal Pavilion, talks to Sophie about their homecoming, and explains the prescience of the Prince Regent's infamous collection for Brighton and beyond. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_14_A_Prince_s_Treasure/13317782
 
Title Episode 15: People First, Technology Second 
Description This penultimate episode explores the ever-increasing role of digital technology in our cultural organisations by talking to Kevin Bacon, Digital Manager at Royal Pavilion & Museums. Kevin takes us on a whistle-stop tour of his own experiences of working with technology at the museum over the past 20 years and provides an insight into how it has tried, failed and tried again to make collections more accessible and inclusive. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_15_People_First_Technology_Second/13317788
 
Title Episode 15: People First, Technology Second 
Description This penultimate episode explores the ever-increasing role of digital technology in our cultural organisations by talking to Kevin Bacon, Digital Manager at Royal Pavilion & Museums. Kevin takes us on a whistle-stop tour of his own experiences of working with technology at the museum over the past 20 years and provides an insight into how it has tried, failed and tried again to make collections more accessible and inclusive. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_15_People_First_Technology_Second/13317788/1
 
Title Episode 16: Finale! 
Description In the final episode of Voices of the Royal Pavilion & Museums, Sophie interviews Nicola Adams, Digital Marketing Officer and Tasha Brown, Museum Futures Trainee - two individuals who perhaps typify the future of our museums - about their hopes and dreams for the future of the organisation. This episode meditates on how, more than ever, the stories told by museum staff and volunteers are vital for making sense of the time in which we find ourselves. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_16_Finale_/13317794
 
Title Episode 16: Finale! 
Description In the final episode of Voices of the Royal Pavilion & Museums, Sophie interviews Nicola Adams, Digital Marketing Officer and Tasha Brown, Museum Futures Trainee - two individuals who perhaps typify the future of our museums - about their hopes and dreams for the future of the organisation. This episode meditates on how, more than ever, the stories told by museum staff and volunteers are vital for making sense of the time in which we find ourselves. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_16_Finale_/13317794/1
 
Title Episode 2: The Keeper and the Boss 
Description Janita Bagshawe, Head of Royal Pavilion & Museums, and David Beevers, Keeper of the Royal Pavilion, have between them over 70 years' experience working for the museum service in Brighton and Hove. Sophie speaks to two members of the organisation's old guard as they muse upon the waves of change to have occurred during their tenure, revealing how fluctuating budgets, changes to organisational structure and job titles as well as the fresh demands of audiences have affected the role and relevance of the museum services in the 21st century. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_2_The_Keeper_and_the_Boss/13228007
 
Title Episode 2: The Keeper and the Boss 
Description Janita Bagshawe, Head of Royal Pavilion & Museums, and David Beevers, Keeper of the Royal Pavilion, have between them over 70 years' experience working for the museum service in Brighton and Hove. Sophie speaks to two members of the organisation's old guard as they muse upon the waves of change to have occurred during their tenure, revealing how fluctuating budgets, changes to organisational structure and job titles as well as the fresh demands of audiences have affected the role and relevance of the museum services in the 21st century. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_2_The_Keeper_and_the_Boss/13228007/1
 
Title Episode 3: War Stories 
Description During the First World War, the Royal Pavilion was converted into a hospital for Indian soldiers, wounded on the battlefields of the Western Front. Jody East, Creative Programme Manager at Royal Pavilion & Museums, joins Sophie to discuss how RPM has commemorated this significant story and how focusing on emotional connections and people rather than objects has come to typify the organisation's curatorial strategy. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_3_War_Stories/13228034
 
Title Episode 3: War Stories 
Description During the First World War, the Royal Pavilion was converted into a hospital for Indian soldiers, wounded on the battlefields of the Western Front. Jody East, Creative Programme Manager at Royal Pavilion & Museums, joins Sophie to discuss how RPM has commemorated this significant story and how focusing on emotional connections and people rather than objects has come to typify the organisation's curatorial strategy. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_3_War_Stories/13228034/1
 
Title Episode 4: The Ghosts of Preston Manor 
Description Preston Manor is reputed to be one of the most haunted houses in Britain. In this episode Sophie talks to Chris Drake (Development and Operations Manager at Preston Manor), Paula Wrightson (Venue Officer), Lavender Jones (long-standing volunteer) and David Beevers (former Keeper of Preston Manor), who help us to understand the cast of characters (ghoulish or otherwise) that have made Preston Manor a bewitching place to visit. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_4_The_Ghosts_of_Preston_Manor/13228088
 
Title Episode 4: The Ghosts of Preston Manor 
Description Preston Manor is reputed to be one of the most haunted houses in Britain. In this episode Sophie talks to Chris Drake (Development and Operations Manager at Preston Manor), Paula Wrightson (Venue Officer), Lavender Jones (long-standing volunteer) and David Beevers (former Keeper of Preston Manor), who help us to understand the cast of characters (ghoulish or otherwise) that have made Preston Manor a bewitching place to visit. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_4_The_Ghosts_of_Preston_Manor/13228088/1
 
Title Episode 5: The Gardener 
Description Robert Hill-Snook is Head Gardener of the Royal Pavilion gardens in the heart of Brighton, having been in post for almost 25 years. Sophie takes a stroll with Robert as he reflects on his working life in this Regency garden, ruminating on how the garden - and nature more generally - continues to be a tonic for many of life's ills. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_5_The_Gardener/13252271
 
Title Episode 5: The Gardener 
Description Robert Hill-Snook is Head Gardener of the Royal Pavilion gardens in the heart of Brighton, having been in post for almost 25 years. Sophie takes a stroll with Robert as he reflects on his working life in this Regency garden, ruminating on how the garden - and nature more generally - continues to be a tonic for many of life's ills. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_5_The_Gardener/13252271/1
 
Title Episode 6: Reframing South Coast Colonialism 
Description In this episode, Sophie is joined by Dr Helen Mears, Keeper of World Art and Sarah Lee, Consultant and Advisor to RPM as well as Co-Founder of Brighton and Hove Black History. Helen and Sarah discuss how RPM's recent Black and Minority Ethnic cultural heritage projects have adopted ground-breaking practices of co-production and collaboration by working with representative community groups to construct a greater sense of shared ownership around museum collections. Of notable example is Fashioning Africa, a project which ran from 2015 to 2018 and aimed to develop a new collection of African dress from 1960 - 2007. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_6_Reframing_South_Coast_Colonialism/13252280/1
 
Title Episode 6: Reframing South Coast Colonialism 
Description In this episode, Sophie is joined by Dr Helen Mears, Keeper of World Art and Sarah Lee, Consultant and Advisor to RPM as well as Co-Founder of Brighton and Hove Black History. Helen and Sarah discuss how RPM's recent Black and Minority Ethnic cultural heritage projects have adopted ground-breaking practices of co-production and collaboration by working with representative community groups to construct a greater sense of shared ownership around museum collections. Of notable example is Fashioning Africa, a project which ran from 2015 to 2018 and aimed to develop a new collection of African dress from 1960 - 2007. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_6_Reframing_South_Coast_Colonialism/13252280
 
Title Episode 7: Workforce Development 
Description In the first episode of Season 2, Sophie speaks to Nick Kay, Workforce Development Officer at Royal Pavilion & Museums. Launched in 2012, Royal Pavilion & Museums' innovative workforce development programme is a unique example of an on-the-job museum training scheme. Nick talks about the ethos behind the scheme, what has made the initiative so successful and how in-house training isn't just a box-ticking exercise for assisting staff in climbing the museum career ladder, but about enabling a good quality of work life regardless of your position in the workforce. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_7_Workforce_Development/13252325
 
Title Episode 7: Workforce Development 
Description In the first episode of Season 2, Sophie speaks to Nick Kay, Workforce Development Officer at Royal Pavilion & Museums. Launched in 2012, Royal Pavilion & Museums' innovative workforce development programme is a unique example of an on-the-job museum training scheme. Nick talks about the ethos behind the scheme, what has made the initiative so successful and how in-house training isn't just a box-ticking exercise for assisting staff in climbing the museum career ladder, but about enabling a good quality of work life regardless of your position in the workforce. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_7_Workforce_Development/13252325/1
 
Title Episode 9: Disrupting South Coast Colonialism 
Description In this episode, Sophie is joined by Rachel Heminway-Hurst, Curator of World Art, and Edith Ojo, freelance Arts Consultant and advisor on the Fashioning Africa project. Rachel and Edith explain the history and culture behind Yoruba Aso-oke textiles from West Africa, helping us to understand the symbolic importance of a British coastal museum collecting such textiles, and how new models of collecting enable previously unheard stories to be told. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_9_Disrupting_South_Coast_Colonialism/13259195
 
Title Episode 9: Disrupting South Coast Colonialism 
Description In this episode, Sophie is joined by Rachel Heminway-Hurst, Curator of World Art, and Edith Ojo, freelance Arts Consultant and advisor on the Fashioning Africa project. Rachel and Edith explain the history and culture behind Yoruba Aso-oke textiles from West Africa, helping us to understand the symbolic importance of a British coastal museum collecting such textiles, and how new models of collecting enable previously unheard stories to be told. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2020 
URL https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/media/Episode_9_Disrupting_South_Coast_Colonialism/13259195/...
 
Description The PHASE ONE findings of the 'One by One' research project pointed to an existing mindset, evident within the UK museum sector, that assumes digital skills relate to specific technical skills. This is a mindset in which the key digital challenge for museums is seen in terms of needing to react to a changing set of specific hardware and software technologies. This is a system in which specific technical skills are then prioritised, leading to the recruitment of particular sets of qualifications and expertise. These finite technical competences are then not only limited in how they can be deployed in the institution, but lead to siloed and more traditional forms of training and development, which then self-determines a demand for yet more of these technical skills. In this context (and cycle), museums create specific projects relying on particular competences that only a few IT professionals can master. This creates a relationship with digital that is reactive, narrow and disconnected both from the needs of audiences and the wider needs of museums, resulting in a fundamental lack of digital confidence across the museum.

However, importantly, this research is also showed evidence of the traditional skills ecosystem having the potential to adapt - incorporating a new set of interdependencies. This alternative system (if only in aspiration rather than practice) is one in which the museum prioritises a wider digital literacy (rather than a more narrow set of technical skills), leading to the recruitment of more varied forms of digital competency and - perhaps more significantly - confidence. With, then, a more adaptable workforce, there is greater flexibility in how these wider literacies and varied confidences can influence the organisation, including in the development of a more responsive culture of learning and development, which in turn sustains the value given to prioritising digital literacy over specific technical skills. This more progressive, more digitally mature system (and cycle), is less about generic technical skills being determined by a higher national skill set or curriculum. Instead - crucially - these are digital literacies that grow from below, out of the needs of individuals, within particular professional settings, in the local contexts of their specific institutions. This adapted ecosystem is characterised by the movement from the mindset of developing technical skills within a small specialist group such as IT teams, to instead cultivating digital literacies within everyone's roles within the institution.

PHASE TWO of the project explored the digital skills and literacies that people who work and volunteer in museums need. We looked at ways of defining, articulating and understanding those needs, building upon the findings of Phase One and using a range of research and consultation methods. Phase Two found that the museum sector's approaches to understanding and building digital skills and literacies need to be:
• Person-centred, led by individuals' needs rather than technologies or other external drivers;
• Purposeful and values-led, clearly related to organisational missions; and
• Nuanced and contextualised - helping people understand and relate skills to their own practice and setting.
Phase Two found that museum people need:
• Clear, consistent and widely recognised terms and definitions around digital skills and literacies, but not a single, set list;
• Responses that are both strategic and practical - helping them to set priorities and plan and track progress and proficiency;
• Support in recognising and then creating and enabling the conditions needed for organisational change to happen and thrive; and
• Guidance, tools and resources to support them in building their digital skills and literacy effectively.

In PHASES THREE and FOUR, building on this foundation (over the first year of the project), a series of year-long, action-research interventions at a diverse range of museums across the UK, led by a network of five project 'Digital Fellows', experimented with alternative approaches to building institutional and individual digital confidence.

The research demonstrated the value of a more nuanced model of 'digital' within museums that differentiated between the use of digital (tools and technology), the management of digital (processes and strategy), the creation of digital (production and collections), and the understanding of digital (culture and values).

Second, the research evidenced that rather than a uniform 'curriculum' or single (top-down) shared set of core skills (the orthodox approach to development over the last two decades), the museum sector needs, instead, a context-based and person-centred (bottom-up) approach, by which each institution and each employee can identify their own pathway to digital maturity.

The research also revealed how the development of museum digital confidence needs to be a holistic (whole organisation) initiative. Specifically, the research constructed and evidenced a multi-dimensional view of how in museums visioning can prioritise digital, leadership can activate digital, business processes can enable digital, institutional culture can support digital, and how people can drive digital.
Exploitation Route From PHASE ONE. It is anticipated that the 'Skills Ecosystem' map, produced by the first phase of the 'One by One' project will provide the museum sector with a reliable, robust and high-resolution evidential base from which to consider the context of digital transformation. More specifically, the value added by applying an 'employment studies' lens to this familiar set of questions and challenges for the museum sector, not only provides practitioners and policy makers alike with a new more nuanced and differentiated typology with which to frame this discourse, but a much clearer picture of why museums have found a block to developing digital skills. In particular, it is the key difference between 'technical skills' and 'digital literacy' (and how much the former locks museums into a specific limiting mindset and cycle, and how the latter enables a more mobile and agile workforce) that is the initial key finding that will allow other researchers, sector leaders and policy-makers (many of whom are partners on the project) to vision new strategies for sector development and transformation around digital.

From PHASE TWO then modelled definitions of both 'Digital' and 'Skills' for the museum sector in a clear and evidenced way. These models have been validated through the fieldwork phase of the project, and now sit at the centre of the conceptual framework of the project.

From PHASE THREE and FOUR a portfolio of practice-focused outputs have been shared in an open online professional development resources for the entire sector in the UK and beyond. This portfolio of resources comprises six case study insight reports, nine practical 'How to' guides, and three in-depth 'Explainer' studies on key digital literacy concepts - all made available free of charge via Culture24's 'Digital Pathways' platform.
Sectors Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections

URL https://one-by-one.uk/category/findings/
 
Description The findings of the 'One by One' (ObO) research initiative have been used in a number of ways: 1) influencing cultural policy by informing the development of national industry standards; 2) advancing digital leadership in museums through the creation of a new literacy framework for the workforce; and 3) establishing an international community focused on museum digital skills; [1] Influencing cultural policy by informing the development of national and international industry standards. One by One's (ObO) research directly informed the delivery of the UK government's Digital Culture Compass (DCC) launched February 2020, comprising a 'Tracker' and 'Digital Charter'. The 'Charter' co-authored by ObO, with Culture24, The Audience Agency and The Space, sets out guiding principles for digital projects across the UK culture sector. Ben Lane (Senior Manager, Enterprise and Innovation, Arts Council England), corroborates how ObO's involvement "added academic rigour and credibility" to the outcome of the DCC, with the "key principles of One by One [] mirrored in the key principles of the Charter and fundamental to it." Signalling its infrastructural importance, all national research activity delivered through the £15m 'Discovery Projects Call' of UKRI/AHRC's 'Towards a National Collection' initiative, have been required to align to the principles set out in the 'Charter' as they build a unified virtual 'national collection'. Insights from ObO have also informed the development of the 'Digital Tracker' - a freely available online maturity tool enabling organisations across the UK to assess their approach to digital technology. Since its launch, 14,500 users have accessed the online DCC resource, 413 users have registered, and 190 Tracker reports have been created. [E2] [2] Advancing digital leadership in museums through the creation of a new literacy framework for the workforce. Since 2017, ObO has established a set of 'framings' for digital literacy - definitions, tools, resources and insights which have been adopted by sector support bodies and museum professionals to build digital leadership and skills. Anra Kennedy, Partnerships Director of Culture24, an ACE-funded Sector Support programme, describes ObO's framings "as the cornerstone of our approach to building digital confidence and understanding," which "strengthen [the] sense of a connected, relevant foundation to our digital leadership and skills-building work". Culture24 hosts the 'Digital Pathways' resource bank, which houses 12+ sector-facing resources from ObO, alongside 120+ resources by other creators. ObO resources provide the core language and approach for Culture24's national operations around digital change - including 'Leading the Sector', a 9-month executive-facing Digital Leadership programme funded by the National Lottery Heritage Fund. ObO's national museum partners (including Science Museum Group, National Museums Scotland, the V&A and National Museum Wales) have also adopted the 'framings' of ObO to advance digital literacy in their specific contexts. Xerxes Mazda, Director of Collections at National Museums Scotland, states that "One by One has enabled us as a national museum group to think holistically about the place of digital within our strategic vision, our people and our working culture". [3] Establishing an international community focused on museum digital skills. As a consortium, ObO has developed a network of national and international partners representing the diversity of digital practice in the museum sector, including the UK's Collections Trust, who have recognised ObO's pivotal role in helping address the longstanding infrastructure needs of UK museums. ObO has given institutions such as the Science Museum Group what they consider a 'forum for consideration' - the time and focus to consider the complex landscape of digital activity within the museum sector. Building on its UK consortia (2017-2020), ObO's new US collaborations (2020 onwards) work asynchronously within the 'Digital Commons' - an online collaborative space for all international partners. Stakeholders in the US from the American Alliance of Museums and the Museums Computer Network have endorsed this environment as "a ground-breaking virtual community" in which "discussions around new ideas and issues that [we] face as agents of change in their respective institutions or organizations" can take place.
First Year Of Impact 2020
Sector Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections
Impact Types Cultural,Policy & public services

 
Description 2 by 2: Structuring Museums to Deliver New Digital Experiences
Amount £100,546 (GBP)
Funding ID AH/T013192/1 
Organisation Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 02/2020 
End 11/2020
 
Description Digital Culture Compass 
Organisation Arts Council England
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Public 
PI Contribution x
Collaborator Contribution x
Impact x
Start Year 2019
 
Description 'Keywords: A Vocabulary of Empathy and Emotion' - Conference Strand - presented to Museums Association annual national conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Over three 30-minute episodes staged like live radio broadcasts, Dr Sophie Frost explored the new 'keywords' that have emerged in this collective moment of intersecting crises. Hearing from people working with digital technology in a range of museums and heritage settings, Sophie explored the terms 'Emotional Labour', 'Precarity' and 'Courage'.

The sessions related to the launch of a new podcast series supported by the Museums Association: 'People. Change. Museums'. The series takes a snapshot in time of current attitudes and practices in museum technology, acting as a platform for the lived experiences of museums and museum workers in this period of change and uncertainty. The podcast medium enables us to hear from a range of different voices and to construct a richer understanding of how we, as museum and heritage practitioners, are surviving and thriving in these challenging times.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020
URL https://one-by-one.uk/events/
 
Description 'Think Digital!' Interactive Workshop With the Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum, New York 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact A half-day study session and international conference opportunity, bringing together students and early career professionals from four leading Museum Studies programmes in the US and UK, exploring ways of leading digital change with empathy in museums.

The workshop was organised and led by:
Katherine Burton Jones, Harvard Extension School
Haitham Eid, Southern University New Orleans
Phyllis Hecht, Johns Hopkins University
Ross Parry, University of Leicester

'Think Digital!' provided participants with an opportunity to:

engage with findings from the 'One by One' and '2by2' research initiatives, involving the American Alliance of Museums, UK Museums Association, Museum Computer Network and Smithsonian Institution;

work alongside staff from the Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum, and its innovative new Interaction Lab;

develop their ability to work effectively and creatively in collaborative business settings around task-focused activities;

extend their professional network with students and recent graduates from other Museum Studies programmes, internationally.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020
URL https://one-by-one.uk/events/
 
Description Annual MA Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact Discussed possible skills and technology exchange with industry and business and International museum partners.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Building digitally confident museums, DEN Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Introduced One by One Project to Netherlands digital culture sector.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Chaired the MA Technology Day 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Chaired the MA Tech Day.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Clore Leadership Development Day 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Participated in a skills design workshop for broader culture sector development.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Conference Panel - American Alliance of Museums annual Conference - 'A Time for Digital Clarity' 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact June 1, 2020 at 12:30-1:30pm CST

As we write our future histories of museum technology, this - now - will be remembered as the moment everything changed. At a time of crisis, museums are making decisive turns towards digital in their structure, workforce, and communications. But how well are we understanding these unprecedented challenges, and leading this accelerated decision-making?

Bringing together experts from different sectors, this panel explored how we can learn from our past, not just to inform this present, but shape our digital future. Panelists included Carolyn Royston (Cooper Hewitt), Catherine Devine (Microsoft Worldwide), Professor Ross Parry (Museum Studies, University of Leicester), and Moderator: Nik Honeysett (Balboa Park Online Collaborative).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020
URL https://one-by-one.uk/events/
 
Description Conference Presentation - Institut national d'histoire de l'art (Paris) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The 'One by One' research team was asked by the French Cultural Ministry to share its recent findings at this 'Professional Day' on how museums might develop digital strategies.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL http://traduction.culture.gouv.fr/url/Result.aspx?to=en&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture.gouv.fr%2FThema...
 
Description Curator Computer Creator: Museums + AI Network 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Asked to share and discuss future skills needed for artificial intelligence projects.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description DEN Digital Management Workshop 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Presented 'Pathways to Maturity' concept featuring the Digital Culture Compass and One by One Project.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020
 
Description International Online Conference - Belvedere Research Centre (Austria) - 'The Art Museum in the Digital Age - 2021' 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Keynote Lecture

"The Role of the Digital Turn in Museums' Turn to Digital"
Ross Parry (University of Leicester)

The new business models and operational processes reconfigured for the museum to function. The alternative skills sets and modes of collaborative working required from their redistributed staff. The diversified channels of audience engagement needed for their reframed provision and content. Not to mention the shifted expectations reassembled by a wider society on the role a museum can (or cannot) play in their altered lives. In each case (in their structure, their workforce, their communication and their value) here, at a time of crisis, was the museums decisive turn towards digital.

Unexpectedly, the case for digital transformation (at times, hard to petition for internally organisationally) was suddenly essential. The adoption of digital tools and services for staff and for visitors (so long, a slow revolution for the institution) was all at once accelerated. Through this pragmatic practice, triggered by crisis, the museum appeared to gain clarity over the role digital can play - in its operation, identity and influence.

This keynote reflects upon this defining moment in the museum's relationship with digital. By taking a longer historical view, it will also suggest that the sector had, in fact, already developed an acuity around museum technology - an acuity that made these rapid transitions and re-positions possible. Specifically, by drawing on a series of recent large-scale research collaborations, it will show how frameworks to build digital confidence in the museum, and to structure museums to deliver new digital experiences, were ready for activation. Ultimately, the paper will attempt to demonstrate how it was the 'digital turn' (of museology and practice in recent years) that was crucial to this moment's 'turn to digital'.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
URL https://www.belvedere.at/en/art-museum-digital-age-2021
 
Description Interviewed for Digital Workplace Group podcast 
Form Of Engagement Activity A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact Co-presented about the impact of the University of Leicester Digital Campus and discussed the One by One Project.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Museums Computer Group Museums Tech Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Event attendee and participated in skills exchange workshop
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description MuseumsNext Digital 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Participated in and One by One Project mentioned in formal presentation during this conference.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description One by One Skills Roadshow Belfast 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Facilitated / presented One by One Project findings and tools.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020
 
Description One by One Skills Roadshow Cardiff 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Facilitated / presented One by One Project findings and tools.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020
 
Description Panel discussion at national event for museum practitioners - organised by Museums Computer Group, Imperial War Museum London, 3 November 2017. 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The PI on the 'One by One' digital literacies project, Dr Ross Parry, was part of a panel discussion at the Imperial War Museum, London, that formed part of the 'Museums+Tech conference 2017: Museums and tech in a divided world' (3 November 2017). The event was attended by over 100 members of the 'Museums Computer Group', an international community of practice for those interested in (and working with) cultural technology. Coming just two months after the start of the 'One by One' project, the event was the formal public launch of the project, with many of the partner organisations in the project (Culture24, National Museum Wales, Museum of London, Brighton and Hove Museums, Derby Museums Trust) present. This 'launch' was co-ordinated with the start of the social media channels (and campaign) of the project, co-ordinated by Culture24. A key outcome from the project was the approach to the PI and the project team of other museums and organisations keen to be part of the work of 'One by One' over the next two years.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL https://museumscomputergroup.org.uk/events/museumstech-2017/
 
Description Regimental Museums Training Day 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Asked to present about One by One Project and deliver a skills identification workshop.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Webinar - The Association of Art Museum Curators (US) - Digital Engagement Series - Session #2 - "Ways Forward" 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Session #2 - "One by One" - Tuesday, January 19, 2021
12:00 - 1:15pm ET

The second session focused on practical ways that museums can adopt and adapt to digital methods of working - particularly at this time of intersecting challenge and uncertainty. Specifically, the conversation shared resources and approaches developed by the 'One by One' partners (including those during its latest '2by2' project), key techniques for understanding the role of digital technology in a contextual and holistic way for each institution, and for leading digital change with empathy and purpose. The dialogue also considered the collaborative working and action research methods that continue to be so crucial to the development of these insights and tools for the museum community.

Speakers:

Ross Parry, Professor, School of Museum Studies, University of Leicester
A scholar of museum technology, Ross leads the international 'One by One' collaboration to develop digitally confident cultural institutions. He is Chair of Trustees for the Jodi Mattes Trust (for accessible digital heritage), Board member of Attenborough Arts Centre, and has published widely on digital cultural heritage for over twenty years.

Lauren Vargas, Independent Researcher and Consultant, One by One,' University of Leicester / Your Digital Tattoo; Moderator
By day, Dr. Lauren 'L' Vargas is a digital dragon wrangler with 20 years experience assisting organizations with their community and communication strategies. Vargas is an independent researcher and consultant of Your Digital Tattoo, as well as, a 'One by One' Research Associate with the University of Leicester.

Carolyn Royston, Chief Experience Officer, Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum
In a 20-year career in museums, Carolyn has worked with cultural organizations to transform how they use digital technologies to effect change. In 2018, she joined Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum as Chief Experience Officer, a new role that brings the digital and the physical experience together to create an integrated visitor experience.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
URL https://www.aam-us.org/event/digital-engagement-series-2-one-by-one/