Writers in British Intelligence: The Secret State and the Public Sphere

Intelligence work is characterised by secrecy and, as such, is often assumed to be detached from the public sphere. Popular images of the spy from 007's 'license to kill' onwards tend to reinforce this separation, portraying intelligence as something outside the law, exempt from public oversight. As this project will show, this is far from being the case. Despite the cloak of official secrecy, British intelligence has always had to be mindful of political opinion, and writers have often found themselves acting as intermediaries between the secret state and the people. The aim of this research is to explore this interaction, looking at five writers in particular. Our work will be divided into four strands:

1) In the 1900s the idea of having a state 'secret police' was widely regarded as un-British by government. It took a mass campaign of 'citizen spies' spearheaded by the novelist William Le Queux to change this posture. For the first time, we will examine Le Queux's campaign and the responses it elicited from officials in detail. In so doing we will ask: how could a work of fiction achieve sufficient political momentum to force the establishment of Britain's first state intelligence service?

2) Dennis Wheatley's and John Masterman's involvement with intelligence in WW2 is well known. However, the way their imaginative skills as novelists were used strategically, to 'game' adverse scenarios and to sell complex fictional intelligence to the Abwehr, has never been closely analysed. 25 years after the end of the war, both writers broke official silence by publishing their stories: the effect of these revelations on the public reputation of British intelligence has also, never been properly assessed. In doing so, we aim to develop a new understanding of the complex role these writers played in the history of British intelligence.

3) In 1963, a serving MI6 officer emerged from nowhere to become the most successful spy writer in history. His scathing account of the intelligence 'circus' would shape the popular image of the agencies for a generation. The early 1960s were an intensely turbulent period for the politics of intelligence in Britain: for the first time, we will assess the impact of Le Carré's 'New Realism' within this febrile media climate. As arguably the most influential intervention made by any spy writer, what does it reveal about the changing relationship between British intelligence and the public sphere in this era of exposure?

4) In 1992, as the first publicly acknowledged Director of MI5, Stella Rimington became the new face of 'openness' in British intelligence. All of her writing, both fictional and non-fictional, is concerned with negotiating a fresh, democratic image for the agencies. Almost none of it, however, has met with serious scrutiny. As we will show, during her tenure Rimington oversaw a major revolution in intelligence gathering methods, in many ways threatening the democratic rights and freedoms she claimed to defend. On this, her writing is almost completely silent. As such, we will ask whether Rimington's project is ultimately more about concealment than openness, obscuring the real evolution of intelligence work in the 90s and beyond.

A key aim of this project is to engage both academic and non-academic audiences, encouraging further enquiry into the role of writers in intelligence. To stimulate cross-disciplinary dialogue between Literary and Intelligence studies, our programme includes a symposium in which leading scholars from each discipline will be brought together, leading to a ground-breaking collection of essays. Our public engagement strategy includes a major author event, as well as an innovative online exhibition on the Google Arts & Culture Platform. Our blog 'Writers in Intelligence' will provide a space for ongoing debate and dialogue between intelligence specialists, critics and members of the public.

This project aims to help members of the public gain a better understanding of British intelligence and its relationship to the people. Intelligence work is characterised by secrecy: as such it is often assumed to be completely detached from public opinion and the sphere of politics. In fact, this is far from being the case. In this research, we will show this by looking at a series of writers with one foot in the secret state and one foot in public life. By understanding more about these writers, members of the public will be able to:

- Discover the way public pressure, whipped up by the novelist William Le Queux, forced the British government to set up the UK's modern intelligence services.
- Learn how popular spy writers like Dennis Wheatley brought their skills to military intelligence during WW2.
- Consider how the bleak, insider's view of MI6 provided by John Le Carré in the Cold War shaped popular perceptions of the intelligence 'circus.'
- See how - after a string of disastrous leaks and defections - writers like John Masterman tried to defend the agencies against hostile public opinion, by revealing their secret victories in WW2.
- Explore the ways Stella Rimington, the first woman director of MI5, used fiction to battle for the image of British intelligence, and continues to do so.
- Investigate other spies-turned-writers and the ways they have shaped public attitudes towards intelligence.

Through our public engagement programme, we hope to stimulate new interest and debate on the role played by writers in mediating between intelligence and the people it serves.

Author event: British spy chiefs have often claimed that fiction obscures the reality of intelligence work. We will put this to the test in an evening of public debate featuring a leading spy writer with experience in intelligence. In a modern democracy, security policies should have the consent of the people. Do writers help this process when they expose the real practices of the secret state, or do they hinder it by presenting fantasy as reality?

Writers in Intelligence blog: At the author event we will launch the project's main platform for discussion and debate, our public blog Writers in Intelligence. On launch, this will feature articles by the project team, but the blog's real purpose is to encourage a wide variety of interventions, from established specialists to interested members of the public. WritersinIntelligence.org will be freely available online, avoiding the space, cost and distribution constraints of physical publication. Over time it will be able to include many contributions on writers whose work, in different ways, bridges between the secret state and the public sphere.

Online exhibition: Our most technically ambitious public output will be an online exhibition on the Google Arts & Culture platform, exploring the work of writers in military deception during WW2. This exhibition will be curated in collaboration with the Liddell Hart Military Archives and Google Cultural Institute. It will focus on Operation Bodyguard, one of the most startling examples of creativity in wartime intelligence. Excellent quality visuals will be brought to life with audio commentary using the first-hand accounts of the writers who worked on Bodyguard, including Wheatley, Masterman and the double-agent Garbo. The incredible work on signals intelligence done at Bletchley Park is now well known. By contrast, the Bodyguard story, its part in the liberation of Europe and the central role played by writers in it, is much less well known. By bringing this story to life for a global audience, we hope to provide members of the public with a genuinely different understanding of the contributions made by writers to the history of British intelligence.