Teaching the "Voices of the Victorian Poor"

Lead Research Organisation: National Archives
Department Name: Collections Expertise and Engagement

Abstract

During the AHRC project grant 'In Their Own Write' we have collected a rich canvas of the voices of poor people and their advocates between 1834 and 1900, showing that even the very poorest members of society were literate, understood the poor laws, regulations and rules, and were able and willing to resist or contest the power of the national and local state. Moreover, we have established that there were substantial chronological and spatial variations in the nature, depth and tone of the voices that we have uncovered. Such material is allowing us to write the New Poor Law history from below envisaged as the core academic output from the original grant proposal. Yet our engagement with volunteer groups, those running workhouse museum sites, users of TNA, and the teachers and schoolchildren with whom we have worked as part of our engagement and impact activities from the original grant also reveals a much wider appetite for relevant teaching resources, including an easy-to-use and visual tool for understanding, accessing and representing (through tables, graphs or maps) the vast amount of raw data that we have generated during the project.

To meet this demand, a key part of the project will be a Teacher Scholar Programme, in which we will select a group of teachers from KS2 to 5 to train and develop in order for them to produce publishable lesson plans and other resources based upon the project's data. The PI, CI, other TNA staff and an Education Consultant will work with the teachers to produce detailed lesson plans, teacher notes and associated materials for different key stage levels. The group will then engage in a wider exercise to engage with and train other teachers in their use, creating a snowball effect and allowing us to have a deep and targeted impact on the school community.

The cohort of teachers from the TSP and other engaged teachers will also advise and guide the project on the development of an online data visualisation tool. The use of this digital initiative was not available to us when we wrote our initial application and developed its engagement plans. Because our data on the pauper voice is so rich and extensive it is suitable for use by teachers and school students at different Key Stages. Teachers will be able to tailor the resource to the different ages, capabilities, locations and curriculum interests of class participants. Employing a series of filters the user will be able to ask questions (for example) about the place of residence, age or gender of letter writers within the collection. Having annotated the data, constructed the online maps and simultaneously made available the base data in terms of pauper, would-be pauper and advocate letters and petitions, we will publicise the tool widely through existing TNA networks and mailing lists, TNA website, volunteer groups, workhouse websites, and the workhouse network, giving the project national and international reach and impact. All products of this project will be available for free online in perpetuity.

To reach the wider public the learning resources will be written into existing TNA research guides which are already well known. Indeed the four relevant TNA research guides on public health, poverty and workhouses, reach almost 30,000 researchers annually. We would update these guides to advertise the resource to researchers outside of the teaching community. These would include people in tertiary and long life learning.

Publications

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Description The work undertaken on this award have thrown up three key findings (these are outside of the historical findings from the initial In Their Own Write project on which this project "followed"). Firstly, how complex and multiple data tagged historical items (letters/correspondence by it very nature hold multiple subject matters within them) can be integrated into a dataset capable of sophisticated manipulation to produce various visualisations of maps, graphs and/or tables, using ArcGIS Online. In this way cutting edge historical/archival research from the original research has found its way into schools from primary to A level students. Secondly, it became clear to the project team as the work progressed that now the online infrastructure has been created, new data items (that is further letters from paupers, the wider poor and their advocates) can be inserted following other research projects to enrich the educational resource. Although this work might be undertaken by members of the Teaching the Voices of the Victorian Poor team there is no reason that other welfare researchers cannot take on this or similar work inclusion. Thirdly, looking through the maps following poor law union place name searches demonstrates the importance of "out of county" letters. Many letters were sent on behalf of paupers by advocates that lived many miles away from the specific locality - something that might now be studies by school students looking for "local history" projects. Although this letter writing phenomena was something we were aware of - it was previously difficult to demonstrate.

We have met all of the award objectives.
Exploitation Route The 3,500 searchable and browsable letters (with their maps, graphs and/or tables) from paupers, the wider poor and their advocates might be used by undergraduates, masters and doctorial students, as well as early years academics and experienced researchers. We have identified that they might be used by students and researchers in various disciplines including history, law, sociology, linguistics, literary studies, gender and women's studies.
Sectors Education,Government, Democracy and Justice,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections

 
Description As the project has only just been completed and the online educational resource just published (early 2023) the non-academic impact of this project has only just begun. However, we are actively building on our non-academic impact work which is illustrated by the our keynote delivered by Payne and Walsh (reported in details in "Engagement Activities). To this end a) the recording of the project launch has been recorded to make it available more widely available, b) we have time-tabled events within the local history community to demonstrate the searching and mapped features of the online educational resource, and c) we have worked with staff from the Southwell Workhouse (National Trust Nottinghamshire) to make local specific guides for teachers/students' visits. These guides are already in draft form and will be made available on line when published. In addition Carter and King (and other staff at TNA) are engaging with both the educational resource data produced under this award (and newly constructed data) examining the past problematical nature of nineteenth century welfare delivery in a bilingual state; that part of the United Kingdom represented by England and Wales. Here, local welfare was often delivered by Welsh speakers and readers but central administrators were English speakers and readers, so we have begun to look at how that might that have shaped poor law relief and the relationships between centre and locality. We have partially drafted two articles (one academic and one for a more popular history publication) based on this work.
First Year Of Impact 2023
Sector Education
Impact Types Cultural

 
Description Interactive ArcGIS map and data online - for user searches as well as the production of maps, graphs and tables which users will be able to manipulate. 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact This activities comes under two general headings: 1. The building of the online educational map resource and 2. the tagged data that came from the AHRC Standard Project Grant "In Their Own Write, ITOW; AH/R00770/1).

1. The web build has been in close consultation with the ESRI Education Team who have been very supportive throughout and included several meeting on site here at The National Archives. The build has included the capacity for searches, map browsing and the creation of , . The build was based on 19th century poor law union boundaries but also allows school students and teachers to create maps, graphs and tables based on the tags with which each letter has been assigned.

2. Each of the letters from paupers, the wider poor and their advocates have been a) individually geographically marked up and b) individually tagged by subject/s before uploading.
Together this allows for sophistication in searching: e.g. "Yorkshire", "1850s", "female letter writers".

We are getting to grips with accessing usage but the ArcGIS's tracking shows 2,333 views of victorianpoor.org in the 7 days: 7 to 14 March 2023.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022,2023
URL https://www.victorianpoor.org/
 
Description Keynote at Practical Histories conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact Andrew Payne and Ben Walsh were invited to present, as keynote, the project at the professional practice conference for history teachers and other interested parties, organised by Practical Histories online magazine (www.practicalhistories.com) and the University of Sussex. This generated interest in the launch of the project's resources, and in TNA's practice of Teacher Scholar Programmes as subject led CPD. The conference was open to all career level teachers, and free to trainee teachers at the University of Sussex.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.sussex.ac.uk/education/ite/pgceandschooldirectsecondary/history/practical-histories-conf...
 
Description Launch of Teacher Scholarship Programme to establish a teacher cohort to co-create lesson plans using website and social media channels. 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact We said we would set up a Teacher Scholarship Programme (TSPs) to build a group of teachers who would work up the lesson plans for this project. TNA tweeted out the link (below) that set out the details for the project (and also set out how teachers could apply). That particular tweet had 12,346 impressions (views) and 160 link clicks (and was one of four we did that month.). Overall on Twitter we had 14,841 impressions (views) and 444 link clicks, on Facebook the same posts had 13,264 impressions and 534 link clicks. During January 2022 the webpage page advertising the programme and how to apply had 1,097 page views.

From the 24 formal returns we had (a greater number than any of our other earlier TSPs). We were looking to select 10 teachers but increased this to 11 as we had an application from a teacher trainer who in the course of their work would be able to enhance the reach of the project. This was then the teacher cohort we would work with to meet our ambition to produce lesson plans and materials for school students from Key Stage 2 to Key Stage 5.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
URL https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/teachers/professional-development/teacher-scholar-prog...
 
Description Participation in an activity, workshop or similar - Teacher Scholarship Programme cohort workshop: Southwell Workhouse (2) 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact This was a two and a half day workshop (25 to 27 March) for the TSP cohort based at the National Trust Southwell Workhouse in Nottinghamshire.
We began with a session run by the Southwell Workhouse staff who provided a full introduction and tour of the Southwell workhouse and their own archival collection. We also included a walking tour of Southwell for the TSP which pointed out its historical connections to the workhouse such as the local magistrates court (where paupers were often sent for punishment), local church (where paupers were sent to pray), local inns (where assistant poor law commissioners wrote up their reports etc.). We also included a visit for the TSP to the nearby Framework Knitters Museum at Ruddington to look at the working life of those at the lower end of the "labouring poor" who often slipped between pauperism and poverty.
We also included workshops that focused on what we saw at the workhouse and these included:
- TSP members beginning to sketch out lesson plans in teams, and reporting to the cohort for feedback.
- a session on pauper health and death - and on the sale of pauper bodies for medical research (session led by Professor Elizabeth Hurren, University of Leicester).
- a follow up session on how the "evidence" within pauper letters might be used in teaching at different Key Stages in the curriculum
- a follow up discussion (following the work of this particular set of workshop/events) on the further development of tagging/headers for the online educational resource interactive map.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Project Launch 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact We formally undertook a project launch onsite at The National Archives of both the In Their Own Write book and the Teaching the Voices of the Victorian Poor Educational Resource. We created an Eventbrite page for this (and this is given as a URL below - you will need to click on "view details" as the event has of course now passed).

The event/launch included the key research takeaways from the initial research as well as specific sessions on the pauper letter archive, the formal running of the Teacher Scholars Programme, showing the various teacher lessons plans and a demonstration of the workings of the interactive educational resource maps. Below is a copy of the programme for the event:

Tea/coffee available from 12.30pm. The main event started at 1pm (to 3pm):
1. Introduction - Jeff James, The Keeper: The National Archives
2. Key Research Takeaways from In Their Own Write - Steve King, Professor of Economic and Social History (Nottingham Trent University), Paul Carter Principal Records Specialist (Collaborative Projects)
3. The 'Pauper Letter Archive' - Paul Carter
4. Teaching the Voices of the Victorian Poor Teacher Scholarship Programme - Andrew Payne, Head of Education and Outreach
5. Interactive Online "Teaching the Voices of the Victorian Poor "Maps - Rosie Morris, Education Web Officer
6. Questions & Answers Session )Chaired by Jeff James).
In addition TNA's Library Team showed some of the paper and online welfare historical resources available at TNA for similar research, a collection of some of the original letters were laid out for people to examine, and the book shop laid on a stall.

There were 74 attendees in person at TNA and over 100 more on line (we streamed the event live). The event drew numerous questions from attendees on the nature and content of the educational resources.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/in-their-own-write-teaching-the-voices-of-the-victorian-poor-tickets-...
 
Description Teacher Scholarship Programme cohort workshop: New Poor Law and Pauper Letters workshop at The National Archives (1) 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact This was a two day workshop (11 and 12 March) for the TSP cohort. The workshop covered:
- an introduction to the New Poor Law and it's current historiography
- an in-depth (immersive) examination of a varied selection of original pauper letters (both transcripts and original 19th century letters)
- a session on how pauper letters might be interpreted in terms of welfare history
- a session on how pauper letters might be used in teaching at different Key Stages in the curriculum
- a discussion on the development of the online interactive data and mapping tool we were going to build - specially about what tagging/headers would be needed by teachers.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Voices of the Victorian Poor co-created lesson plans launched on the TNA website. 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact This activity relates to the uploading of the completed lesson plans written by members of the TSP cohort (with support of the project team) to The National Archives Education Department web pages.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/voices-of-the-victorian-poor/