An integrated approach to tackling drug resistance in livestock trypanosomes.
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Glasgow
Department Name: College of Medical, Veterinary, Life Sci
Abstract
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Planned Impact
This project will fill important knowledge gaps that are currently limiting the development of sustainable control strategies for animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT). Elucidating the mechanisms of T. congolense resistance to Isometamidium chloride (ISM), identifying a marker for diagnosis, and crucially better understanding the emergence and spread of resistance, as proposed in this study, are essential steps towards effective and sustainable control, including optimal use of novel drugs. We anticipate this project will enable and contribute to wider discussions on sustainable use of drugs in AAT control and help to drive this as a priority. Hence, the economic and societal impacts from this work include:
Impact on disease control policies for sustainable use of trypanocides, leading to impacts on livestock farming in developing countries through reducing detrimental effects of resistance emergence:
Ultimate beneficiaries of the project are subsistence farmers in sub-Saharan Africa, who are finding that current AAT treatments are no longer working, threatening their livelihoods and food security. Approximately 50 million cattle, plus millions of other livestock, are at risk of AAT in tsetse-infected across an area of ~10M km2. AAT impacts include reduced milk yields, meat production, fertility, and draught power as well as mortality, and are estimated to cost billions (US$) to the region annually - estimated at $2.5 billion to Eastern Africa alone. The disease severely impacts sub-Saharan regions where livestock rearing is the main livelihood of small communities, including many countries on the DAC list of least developed countries. Tanzania has the third largest livestock population in Africa, and a high proportion of poor livestock keepers, with >4 million cattle threatened by trypanosomiasis.
Livestock keepers currently use 35-70 million doses of trypanocides annually. Two primary options exist for treatment of AAT: Isometamidium chloride and Diminazene aceturate . Both drugs are >50 years old and reported resistance to them is widespread. Outputs from this project will provide local (veterinary services), national (Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries), global (AU-PATTEC, FAO) and donor (GALVmed, DFID, BMGF) organisations with evidence to back up decision-making on sustainable use of drugs in AAT control. This project was co-constructed with local veterinary services and livestock keepers in Serengeti District, and national decision-makers in Tanzania, who have identified effective and sustainable trypanocide use as a particular concern. The same trypanocide drugs used for AAT are also used to reduce T. brucei circulation in cattle, which can be reservoirs for human African trypanosomiasis. Sustainable use of these drugs therefore has added benefits in prevention of human disease.
Impact upon academic and industry AAT drug discovery and development programmes:
We know very little about how resistance emerges and spreads in livestock trypanosomes. This project will significantly advance this knowledge, both in terms of characterising mechanisms and rate of resistance emergence to ISM, and furthering our very scanty knowledge of the epidemiology of resistance in the field. The development of a mathematical model, that is developed and based on reliable data, will both inform on the dynamics of resistance and spread of ISM, and importantly be applicable to predicting resistance emergence and spread for novel trypanocides (such as the candidate compound currently under development by project partners GALVmed) - this output is a critical gap in knowledge and capability at present, which would be able to inform strategies to minimise resistance emergence and spread, and maximise the lifetime of both ISM and novel trypanocides. The applicants have links with relevant academic, industrial and policy stakeholders to enable dissemination and uptake of results in order to translate impact to farmers.
Impact on disease control policies for sustainable use of trypanocides, leading to impacts on livestock farming in developing countries through reducing detrimental effects of resistance emergence:
Ultimate beneficiaries of the project are subsistence farmers in sub-Saharan Africa, who are finding that current AAT treatments are no longer working, threatening their livelihoods and food security. Approximately 50 million cattle, plus millions of other livestock, are at risk of AAT in tsetse-infected across an area of ~10M km2. AAT impacts include reduced milk yields, meat production, fertility, and draught power as well as mortality, and are estimated to cost billions (US$) to the region annually - estimated at $2.5 billion to Eastern Africa alone. The disease severely impacts sub-Saharan regions where livestock rearing is the main livelihood of small communities, including many countries on the DAC list of least developed countries. Tanzania has the third largest livestock population in Africa, and a high proportion of poor livestock keepers, with >4 million cattle threatened by trypanosomiasis.
Livestock keepers currently use 35-70 million doses of trypanocides annually. Two primary options exist for treatment of AAT: Isometamidium chloride and Diminazene aceturate . Both drugs are >50 years old and reported resistance to them is widespread. Outputs from this project will provide local (veterinary services), national (Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries), global (AU-PATTEC, FAO) and donor (GALVmed, DFID, BMGF) organisations with evidence to back up decision-making on sustainable use of drugs in AAT control. This project was co-constructed with local veterinary services and livestock keepers in Serengeti District, and national decision-makers in Tanzania, who have identified effective and sustainable trypanocide use as a particular concern. The same trypanocide drugs used for AAT are also used to reduce T. brucei circulation in cattle, which can be reservoirs for human African trypanosomiasis. Sustainable use of these drugs therefore has added benefits in prevention of human disease.
Impact upon academic and industry AAT drug discovery and development programmes:
We know very little about how resistance emerges and spreads in livestock trypanosomes. This project will significantly advance this knowledge, both in terms of characterising mechanisms and rate of resistance emergence to ISM, and furthering our very scanty knowledge of the epidemiology of resistance in the field. The development of a mathematical model, that is developed and based on reliable data, will both inform on the dynamics of resistance and spread of ISM, and importantly be applicable to predicting resistance emergence and spread for novel trypanocides (such as the candidate compound currently under development by project partners GALVmed) - this output is a critical gap in knowledge and capability at present, which would be able to inform strategies to minimise resistance emergence and spread, and maximise the lifetime of both ISM and novel trypanocides. The applicants have links with relevant academic, industrial and policy stakeholders to enable dissemination and uptake of results in order to translate impact to farmers.
Organisations
- University of Glasgow (Lead Research Organisation)
- UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH (Collaboration)
- Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) (Collaboration)
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency (Collaboration)
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW (Collaboration)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (Collaboration)
- GALVmed (Collaboration)
People |
ORCID iD |
| Harriet Auty (Principal Investigator) |
Publications
Auty H
(2021)
How can we realise the full potential of animal health systems for delivering development and health outcomes?
in Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)
Auty HK
(2021)
How can we realise the full potential of animal health systems for delivering development and health outcomes?
in OIE Scientific and Technical Review
Richards S
(2021)
Pharma to farmer: field challenges of optimizing trypanocide use in African animal trypanosomiasis.
in Trends in parasitology
| Description | Trypanocidal drugs are widely used in cattle in sub-Saharan Africa to treat and prevent trypanosomiasis. However, livestock keepers do not usually have access to diagnostics to confirm if trypanosomiasis is the cause of illness, and limited animal health systems mean that they often purchase and administer the drugs themselves. We monitored livestock keepers when they gave trypanocides to quantify the potential reasons for treatment failure, and followed up treated cattle to see how often treatment failed. Only 35% of samples taken at the time of treatment tested positive for trypanosomiasis. When the dose, route of administration, competence of administration and storage conditions were assessed, 52% of treatments were given appropriately. Both treatment failure and failure of prophylaxis were identified in animals that had been treated inadequately. Some failures were also identified in animals treated adequately, which could reflect issues of drug quality, or resistance, both factors we are still assessing. The approach used establishes a new technique for assessing treatment failures in farmer-led treatments. We held an international symposium "Symposium on African Livestock Trypanosomiasis" in Tanzania with participants from 18 different countries, bringing together all stakeholders involved in trypanocide usage and trypanocide resistance to develop plans for more sustainable and effective trypanosomiasis control. |
| Exploitation Route | Outcomes from the project will help to inform national decision-making about Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT) control, as well as having implications for human disease risk. For example the outputs have already helped to inform the Tanzania National Strategy for Control of Human African Trypanosomiasis and Animal African Trypanosomiasis. The results will also help to inform international strategies for trypanosomiasis control. Specifically, they are helping to provide evidence for the FAO international guidelines on trypanocide use and trypanocide resistance, facilitated by the symposium and workshop organised by the project team. The scientific approaches developed here will be relevant to other research teams for assessing failures of trypanocidal drugs or other similar pharmaceuticals. |
| Sectors | Agriculture, Food and Drink,Healthcare |
| Description | Outcomes from the project are being used to inform national decision-making about Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT) control, as well as having implications for human disease risk. For example the outputs have already helped to inform the Tanzania National Strategy for Control of Human African Trypanosomiasis and Animal African Trypanosomiasis. The results will also help to inform international strategies for trypanosomiasis control. Specifically, they are helping to provide evidence for the FAO international guidelines on trypanocide use and trypanocide resistance, facilitated by the symposium and workshop organised by the project team. The Symposium on African Livestock Trypanosomiasis, organised by the project team with FAO, has provided a turning point in the development of strategies for more effective and sustainable use of trypanocides. Engagement activities that we have conducted with farmers, including provision of an information sheet that clarifies common errors farmers make when administering trypanocides, has already helped farmers to change their behaviour for more effective trypanocide usage. |
| First Year Of Impact | 2022 |
| Sector | Agriculture, Food and Drink,Healthcare |
| Impact Types | Societal,Economic,Policy & public services |
| Description | Contributing to the Tanzania National Strategy on Control of Human African Trypanosomiasis and Animal African Trypanosomiasis |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
| Description | Contribution to development of FAO international guidelines on trypanocide use and trypanocide resistance |
| Geographic Reach | Africa |
| Policy Influence Type | Contribution to new or improved professional practice |
| Description | Participated in FAO Expert Consultation on Parasite Resistance |
| Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
| Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
| Description | GCRF Small Grant Scheme - Solar Solutions to Build Resiliency in Laboratory Capacity for Vector-borne Zoonoses in Tanzania |
| Amount | £49,091 (GBP) |
| Organisation | University of Glasgow |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 07/2022 |
| End | 11/2022 |
| Description | GKE Flexible Fund - Supporting policy development to improve animal trypanosomiasis control |
| Amount | £26,680 (GBP) |
| Organisation | University of Glasgow |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 08/2022 |
| End | 03/2023 |
| Description | Symposium on African Livestock Trypanosomes - Tanzania |
| Amount | $23,943 (USD) |
| Funding ID | INV-051075 |
| Organisation | Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| Country | United States |
| Start | 11/2022 |
| End | 03/2023 |
| Title | Longitudinal study design for quantifying trypanocide treatment failure in cattle |
| Description | This project established a new methodological approach for assessing the success or failure of farmer-led trypanocidal treatments in a longitudinal study. This included monitoring treatment outcomes by microscopy and PCR, and creating algorithms to assign each treatment to failure or success, based on the results of follow up samples at different time points. |
| Type Of Material | Physiological assessment or outcome measure |
| Year Produced | 2023 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | This approach was used in this project to generate data on the relative contributions of different factors (e.g. inappropriate dosing, incorrect diagnosis) on treatment failure. This data is novel and urgently needed to help inform better strategies for AAT control. A publication describing this approach is being prepared for submission. The approach has been presented at two meetings and the received positive feedback. |
| Title | Data on the response to trypanocide treatments in cattle |
| Description | Samples, sample testing results and related metadata originate from a longitudinal study conducted in Tanzania to quantify reasons for treatment failure when farmers administer trypanocides. Blood samples, preserved in Paxgene tubes to stabilise genetic material, were collected at the time of treatment, 1 week and 4 weeks later (for treatments with Diminazene and Homidium) and 8 weeks and 12 weeks later (when Isometamidium was given, to measure the extent of prophylaxis). DNA extracts are available from these samples, as well as PCR results. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2022 |
| Provided To Others? | No |
| Impact | In this study, this sample set has been used to quantify treatment failures in farmer-led trypanocide use, and quantify the reasons for treatment failure. This study will be published shortly and data will be made available. |
| Description | Symposium on African Livestock Trypanosomes leadership team |
| Organisation | Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) |
| Country | Italy |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | Our project team worked with Dr Giuliano Cecchi from FAO to organise the Symposium on African Livestock Trypanosomiasis (see Engagement section). Our contribution was to seek and find funding, plan logistics, organise speakers, and generally coordinate the meeting. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The role of FAO was to provide input on identifying speakers and participants, plan and organise a workshop during the meeting, to chair relevant sessions and to channel information to feed into the development of the FAO international guidelines on trypanocide use and resistance. |
| Impact | Symposium on African Livestock Trypanosomiasis - see Engagement section Contributing to development of FAO international guidelines on trypanocide use and resistance - see Policy section |
| Start Year | 2022 |
| Description | Symposium on African Livestock Trypanosomes leadership team |
| Organisation | Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency |
| Department | Vector and Vector-borne Disease Institute |
| Country | Tanzania, United Republic of |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | Our project team worked with Dr Giuliano Cecchi from FAO to organise the Symposium on African Livestock Trypanosomiasis (see Engagement section). Our contribution was to seek and find funding, plan logistics, organise speakers, and generally coordinate the meeting. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The role of FAO was to provide input on identifying speakers and participants, plan and organise a workshop during the meeting, to chair relevant sessions and to channel information to feed into the development of the FAO international guidelines on trypanocide use and resistance. |
| Impact | Symposium on African Livestock Trypanosomiasis - see Engagement section Contributing to development of FAO international guidelines on trypanocide use and resistance - see Policy section |
| Start Year | 2022 |
| Description | Symposium on African Livestock Trypanosomes leadership team |
| Organisation | University of Edinburgh |
| Department | The Roslin Institute |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Our project team worked with Dr Giuliano Cecchi from FAO to organise the Symposium on African Livestock Trypanosomiasis (see Engagement section). Our contribution was to seek and find funding, plan logistics, organise speakers, and generally coordinate the meeting. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The role of FAO was to provide input on identifying speakers and participants, plan and organise a workshop during the meeting, to chair relevant sessions and to channel information to feed into the development of the FAO international guidelines on trypanocide use and resistance. |
| Impact | Symposium on African Livestock Trypanosomiasis - see Engagement section Contributing to development of FAO international guidelines on trypanocide use and resistance - see Policy section |
| Start Year | 2022 |
| Description | Trypanocide resistance collaborative team |
| Organisation | GALVmed |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | Veterinary epidemiology; field project management; field team coordination and training; liaison with policy makers. |
| Collaborator Contribution | University of Edinburgh: investigation of resistance mechanisms and markers University of Glasgow: investigation of resistance mechanisms and markers LSTM: provision of tsetse for assessment of fitness costs of resistance Galvmed: provision of information on current trypanocide quality, new drug development NIMR, Tanzania: testing of phenotypic resistance TVLA, Tanzania: field surveys for resistance in cattle and tsetse |
| Impact | No outputs yet. Multi-disciplinary: veterinary epidemiology, molecular biology, parasitology, vector biology, antimicrobial resistance, mathematical modelling. |
| Start Year | 2019 |
| Description | Trypanocide resistance collaborative team |
| Organisation | Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Veterinary epidemiology; field project management; field team coordination and training; liaison with policy makers. |
| Collaborator Contribution | University of Edinburgh: investigation of resistance mechanisms and markers University of Glasgow: investigation of resistance mechanisms and markers LSTM: provision of tsetse for assessment of fitness costs of resistance Galvmed: provision of information on current trypanocide quality, new drug development NIMR, Tanzania: testing of phenotypic resistance TVLA, Tanzania: field surveys for resistance in cattle and tsetse |
| Impact | No outputs yet. Multi-disciplinary: veterinary epidemiology, molecular biology, parasitology, vector biology, antimicrobial resistance, mathematical modelling. |
| Start Year | 2019 |
| Description | Trypanocide resistance collaborative team |
| Organisation | National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania |
| Country | Tanzania, United Republic of |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | Veterinary epidemiology; field project management; field team coordination and training; liaison with policy makers. |
| Collaborator Contribution | University of Edinburgh: investigation of resistance mechanisms and markers University of Glasgow: investigation of resistance mechanisms and markers LSTM: provision of tsetse for assessment of fitness costs of resistance Galvmed: provision of information on current trypanocide quality, new drug development NIMR, Tanzania: testing of phenotypic resistance TVLA, Tanzania: field surveys for resistance in cattle and tsetse |
| Impact | No outputs yet. Multi-disciplinary: veterinary epidemiology, molecular biology, parasitology, vector biology, antimicrobial resistance, mathematical modelling. |
| Start Year | 2019 |
| Description | Trypanocide resistance collaborative team |
| Organisation | Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency |
| Department | Vector and Vector-borne Disease Institute |
| Country | Tanzania, United Republic of |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | Veterinary epidemiology; field project management; field team coordination and training; liaison with policy makers. |
| Collaborator Contribution | University of Edinburgh: investigation of resistance mechanisms and markers University of Glasgow: investigation of resistance mechanisms and markers LSTM: provision of tsetse for assessment of fitness costs of resistance Galvmed: provision of information on current trypanocide quality, new drug development NIMR, Tanzania: testing of phenotypic resistance TVLA, Tanzania: field surveys for resistance in cattle and tsetse |
| Impact | No outputs yet. Multi-disciplinary: veterinary epidemiology, molecular biology, parasitology, vector biology, antimicrobial resistance, mathematical modelling. |
| Start Year | 2019 |
| Description | Trypanocide resistance collaborative team |
| Organisation | University of Edinburgh |
| Department | The Roslin Institute |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Veterinary epidemiology; field project management; field team coordination and training; liaison with policy makers. |
| Collaborator Contribution | University of Edinburgh: investigation of resistance mechanisms and markers University of Glasgow: investigation of resistance mechanisms and markers LSTM: provision of tsetse for assessment of fitness costs of resistance Galvmed: provision of information on current trypanocide quality, new drug development NIMR, Tanzania: testing of phenotypic resistance TVLA, Tanzania: field surveys for resistance in cattle and tsetse |
| Impact | No outputs yet. Multi-disciplinary: veterinary epidemiology, molecular biology, parasitology, vector biology, antimicrobial resistance, mathematical modelling. |
| Start Year | 2019 |
| Description | Trypanocide resistance collaborative team |
| Organisation | University of Glasgow |
| Department | Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Veterinary epidemiology; field project management; field team coordination and training; liaison with policy makers. |
| Collaborator Contribution | University of Edinburgh: investigation of resistance mechanisms and markers University of Glasgow: investigation of resistance mechanisms and markers LSTM: provision of tsetse for assessment of fitness costs of resistance Galvmed: provision of information on current trypanocide quality, new drug development NIMR, Tanzania: testing of phenotypic resistance TVLA, Tanzania: field surveys for resistance in cattle and tsetse |
| Impact | No outputs yet. Multi-disciplinary: veterinary epidemiology, molecular biology, parasitology, vector biology, antimicrobial resistance, mathematical modelling. |
| Start Year | 2019 |
| Description | Animal trypanosomiasis research highlights video |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | A video was created by the project team highlighting the challenges of African animal trypanosomiasis control. It is available on Youtube and has been promoted via University of Glasgow websites and as part of the World One Health Congress University of Glasgow hub site. It has been viewed over 3000 times. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020,2021 |
| URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylejrW5eza4 |
| Description | Farmer engagement and trypanosomiasis control information sheet |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Study participants or study members |
| Results and Impact | Using findings from the first part of our study on the reasons that trypanocidal treatments fail, we produced an information sheet for livestock keepers on trypanosomiasis control, with clear simple information to help them avoid the most common issues with trypanocide use. The information sheet was shared with all the farmers that participated in our study and distributed to livestock field officers in Serengeti District, where the research took place. In addition, the information sheet was presented and distributed at two workshops held in other parts of Tanzania, Pangani District and Simanjiro District, where it was shared with farmers and livestock field officers. The information sheet and associated presentation was very well received, and all three districts requested more copies of the sheet to distribute further. Multiple farmers said they would change their behaviour regarding trypanocide use now they better understood how to use trypanocides effectively. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022,2023 |
| Description | One Health journal club |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | One health journal club organised regularly with members of the project team in Tanzania as well as other Tanzanian One Health professionals and other international participants |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021,2022,2023 |
| Description | One health teaching with school teachers in Kenya and Tanzania |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | Workshops in Kenya and Tanzania with schools and school teachers, training teachers to be able to provide education to primary school children on zoonoses and One Health (not funded by the grant but conducted by the PDRA and provided opportunities to discuss relevant One Health examples). As a result, teaching on One Health included in curriculum. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Policy feedback meeting Tanzania |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | A national meeting was held in Tanzania to feedback project outcomes to those responsible for implementing control of Animal African Trypanosomiasis, such as representatives of the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, District Veterinary Officers, Commission for Science and Technology and Tanzania Livestock Research Institute. Feedback was well received and has helped to inform the finalisation of the Tanzania National Strategy for Human African Trypanosomiasis and Animal African Trypanosomiasis control. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| Description | Presentation to Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Project progress was presented to the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, which is the organisation responsible for overseeing research in Tanzania and awarding permissions for international researchers. The presentation was positively received. Several aspects were highlighted as likely to be particularly valuable to other organisations and we were requested to provide further information to those organisations. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| Description | Press coverage associated with Symposium on African Livestock Trypanosomiasis |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | During the Symposium on African Livestock Trypanosomiasis held in Arusha, Tanzania in February 2023, several newspaper articles, radio interviews and TV interviews were broadcast about the symposium, involving members of the project team, in Tanzania national press and East African press. This provided an opportunity to talk about the challenge of trypanosomiasis and its control with the general public. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| Description | Symposium on African Livestock Trypanosomiasis |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | The project team organised an international symposium focused on improving sustainable control of Animal African Trypanosomiasis. The symposium was held in Arusha, Tanzania over three days in February 2023. Around 115 participants from 18 countries attended, with the majority of participants from AAT-affected countries. Participants represented all aspects of trypanocide usage, including researchers (including lab, field and modelling), policy makers, those responsible for regulating trypanocide use, those involved in implementing disease control, funders, pharmaceutical companies and distributors. It was generally agreed that this meeting represented a turning point in improving AAT control. Many participants requested ongoing engagement and further meetings. Specific actions have been identified on a number of aspects covered in the meeting. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |