Synthesis and irradiation tolerance of MXene coatings

MXenes are an exciting class of two-dimensional materials which demonstrate combined properties typically seen in metals (e.g. conductivity) with strength and high temperature resistance of ceramic materials. They are derived from bulk MAX phase materials by selectively removing specific layers. MAX Phases have recently been widely studied for their potential use in the irradiating environments found in nuclear reactors, particularly for use as irradiation resistant coatings. Like MXenes, MAX phase materials show a unique mix of properties like good machinability and high temperature stability, which make them attractive options for use in demanding environments. They have also shown very good irradiation tolerance at higher temperatures, with irradiation damage being readily annealed out. The development of irradiation tolerant materials of this sort is essential for the realisation of a viable fusion reactor design. These materials could be ideal candidates for coating critical components such as the diverter where the primary candidate material, graphite, suffers from high reactivity with hydrogen when in direct contact with the plasma. This project investigates the potential of using new compositions of MXenes to produce nano-layered coatings from 2D sheets for use in the extreme environments found in fusion reactors. Such coatings are expected to demonstrate irradiation resistance and high temperature properties, while avoiding the issues that mechanically engineered coatings have encountered. The project will develop novel 2D MXenes using brand novel MAX phase chemistries. These will be colloidal processed into nano-layered dense coatings that will be subjected to proton irradiation at the University's new Dalton Cumbria Facility. The damage accumulation and change in properties in irradiated MXenes will then be investigated using a range of tools including X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and nano-indentation.

Identifying a solution to the energy problem is crucial to the UK economy and quality of life. In the near term a range of renewable options must be developed, eg wind and solar, but it is unlikely that these will provide the base-load supply required. Nuclear is an option for a carbon-free base-load and, in particular, fusion energy is safe and relatively clean. If it can be achieved, fusion would bring the largest economic benefits to those countries that lead the way to build the first fusion power plants, but ultimately most people in the world will benefit from fusion in some way.
ITER, the largest international science project on Earth, will operate from 2020 to answer the final physics questions and most technology questions required to construct the first demonstration magnetic fusion energy (MFE) power plant, DEMO. We will train the ITER generation of UK fusion scientists who will have the expertise to win time on this key facility against international competition. This is crucial to build experience that will feed into the design of DEMO, ensuring the UK remains at the forefront. EU design studies for DEMO are already under way, with manufacture of prototype components likely to follow soon. There are a number of beneficiaries from this training: (1) it will benefit Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), providing well-trained new staff to replace those retiring, keeping the UK at the forefront of fusion energy research, competitive for ITER time and leading elements of DEMO design/prototype development; (2) it will provide expertise for the growing UK industry involvement in fusion, helping to win contracts for ITER and DEMO prototype components; (3) it will ensure the UK has a cadre of fusion experts to advise Government on future directions. We expect to train 60 students in MFE, approximately balanced across plasmas, materials (relevant for IFE also, see below) and related fusion technologies.
For inertial fusion energy (IFE), NIF in the US is the most advanced device in the world, and some expected it would achieve fusion conditions, i.e. ignition. In its 2012 ignition experiments, this did not happen, but the reason why is still uncertain. The immediate need is to understand this, which requires experts to win time on international facilities (including NIF), understand why ignition did not occur and so develop a roadmap to IFE based on the new knowledge. This will benefit the UK Government by providing experts to advise on an appropriate strategy, able to compare the relative merits of IFE and MFE because of our training across both areas. If IFE proves viable, then it will need to integrate fusion technologies in a similar way to ITER and DEMO, bringing benefits to industry. We expect to train 15 students in high energy density physics (HEDP), spanning IFE and lab astrophysics; the MFE materials students' expertise is also relevant for IFE reactor design.
Expertise in HEDP is required by AWE for its science-based approach to underpinning the UK's nuclear deterrent, and is a key element of the UK's strategy to comply with the Test Ban Treaty. The new Orion laser facility at AWE can replicate the conditions in a nuclear warhead, enabling advanced computer codes to be tested. Our students will have the expertise to work with Orion, which requires skilled scientists as it establishes its programme. Also the materials and computational scientists amongst the ~60 MFE students will be of value to AWE.
We will train students in the cooler exhaust plasma of a tokamak. Similar plasma conditions are used in manufacturing industries (coatings, computer chips, etc) so we will develop a skill base that will benefit a number of such companies. Materials research for fusion is also relevant for fission. The popularity of fusion amongst students is a good way to bring outstanding students into the field, providing expertise that benefits the growing nuclear industries and supporting the Government's nuclear policy.