Predicting immunological cross-reactivity: from genotype to antigenic phenotype
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Glasgow
Department Name: Environmental and Evolutionary Biology
Abstract
In general individual pathogen species are genetically diverse. This genetic variation often results in the immune system of infected hosts 'seeing' the infectious agent differently depending on the exact genotype of the strain of pathogen responsible for infection. The ability of different strains of pathogen to induce slightly different immune responses is referred to as antigenic variation. Antigenic variation is particularly prevalent among RNA viruses because these viruses lack proof-reading mechanisms and thereby incur unusually high rates of mutation when they replicate. The ability to quantitatively determine the extent to which two strains of pathogen are antigenically different is important for at least two reasons: 1) Only by quantifying antigenic differences can we start to understand how antigenic characteristics evolve; and 2) Many of the vaccines that are used to control viral pathogens have to be selected carefully so they match the strain of pathogen likely to cause infection. Studying antigenic variation in small viruses is sensible because almost the entire immune response is directed towards the outside of the virus coat, which by the standards of pathogens are reasonably simple structures encoded by just a small number of genes. If we can understand how variation in these genes results in antigenic variation it might be possible to predict antigenic similarities of these viruses from their genetic variation alone, which would greatly simplify and expedite studies of antigenic variation. In this proposal, we will develop computer programs that can predict antigenic characteristics from genetic variation in the genes coding for viral coat proteins. To do this, we will develop models of how an immune system might respond to different viral strains. Once we have a great deal of simulated data we can use them to 'train' computer programs to predict the antigenic characteristics of new strains.
Technical Summary
An important goal of both epidemiological and viral evolutionary studies is to predict the antigenic similarity of different viral genotypes. The ability to easily determine antigenic similarity would greatly facilitate the empirical study of the evolution of antigenic novelty, informing us about when and how fast we can expect viruses to exhibit antigenic change. In this proposal I lay out a research program that aims to provide tools that will enable prediction of the antigenic similarity of different strains of FMDV from their capsid gene sequences alone. In stage 1 we will develop simplified 'in silico' models of immune reactions that simulate a polyclonal antibody response to different viral strains as represented by complete amino acid sequences of their capsid proteins. This immune model will exploit the substantial amount that is known about the structure and distribution of epitopes across the FMDV capsid, and will use as input existing capsid genotypes and additional strains predicted to derive from them. This immune model will enable the reactivity of the polyclonal response to one viral strain to be measured against another, thereby allowing pairwise antigenic similarity of different viral strains to be predicted. In stage 2 we will use these simulated data sets containing full-length capsid genes, and matrices containing estimates of their antigenic similarity to develop bioinformatic algorithms that will be able to predict the antigenic similarity of new pairs of capsid sequences for which antigenic data is lacking. We propose to try two different approaches: artificial neural networks, and kernel based machine learning methods. The performance of these algorithms can be assessed using simulated data, and pre-existing empirical data.
Organisations
- University of Glasgow (Lead Research Organisation)
- Botswana Vaccine Institute (Botswana) (Collaboration)
- FGBI Federal Centre for Animal Health (Collaboration)
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) (Collaboration)
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute (IZSLER) (Collaboration)
- National Agri-Food Quality and Health Service (SENASA) (Collaboration)
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (Collaboration)
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (Collaboration)
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute (Collaboration)
- Department of Livestock Development (Collaboration)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture USDA (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW (Collaboration)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (Collaboration)
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases (NCFAD) (Collaboration)
- Medical Research Council (MRC) (Collaboration)
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (Panaftosa) (Collaboration)
- The Pirbright Institute (Project Partner)
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (Project Partner)
- University of Oxford (Project Partner)
- Data61 (Project Partner)
People |
ORCID iD |
Daniel Haydon (Principal Investigator) |
Publications
Maree, F F
(2008)
Predicting antigenic sites on the FMDV capsid from cross-reactivity data
in Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, 2008, Erice, Italy
Haydon, D T
(2008)
Can in vitro methods reliably replace existing vaccine challenge tests?
in Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, 2008, Erice, Italy
Matthews L
(2009)
Exploiting strain diversity to expose transmission heterogeneities and predict the impact of targeting supershedding.
in Epidemics
Stift M
(2010)
Inheritance in tetraploid yeast revisited: segregation patterns and statistical power under different inheritance models.
in Journal of evolutionary biology
Reeve R
(2010)
Sequence-based prediction for vaccine strain selection and identification of antigenic variability in foot-and-mouth disease virus.
in PLoS computational biology
Reeve R
(2011)
Reducing animal experimentation in foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency tests.
in Vaccine
Lyimo IN
(2012)
The fitness of African malaria vectors in the presence and limitation of host behaviour.
in Malaria journal
Harvey WT
(2016)
Identification of Low- and High-Impact Hemagglutinin Amino Acid Substitutions That Drive Antigenic Drift of Influenza A(H1N1) Viruses.
in PLoS pathogens
Mather AE
(2016)
Detection of Rare Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles by Active and Passive Surveillance Approaches.
in PloS one
Description | This grant supported research that resulted in the development of an entirely novel form of mapping the antigenic phenotype of viruses to their genotype. This has also resulted in important new collaborations on influenza with researchers at the MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill (John McCauley) and foot and mouth disease research at the ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute in Pretoria. |
Exploitation Route | This work has already been used in two CIDLID grants that are just completing, studying endemic foot-and-mouth disease in East Africa, and will now be used in a new BBSRC/DBT project in India starting in Nov 2014. Although the original research was commissioned with foot and mouth disease virus as the focus, the methodology has already been applied to Influenza research and stimulated a number of joint grant applications (not funded) and a studentship (funded). |
Sectors | Agriculture, Food and Drink,Healthcare |
Description | The findings have so far only been used as a research tool but have now been developed into a tool for in silico prediction of vaccine matching for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and influenza A and discussions are currently taking place with the World Reference Laboratory for FMD about investigating the replacement of ex vivo tests. |
Sector | Agriculture, Food and Drink |
Description | Reports on flu strain survival for the WHO's biannual human seasonal influenza vaccine selection meetings |
Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
Description | Combating Infectious Diseases of Livestock for International Development A: Animal Systems, Health and Wellbeing |
Amount | £799,351 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/H009302/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 08/2010 |
End | 07/2014 |
Description | Combating Infectious Diseases of Livestock for International Development A: Animal Systems, Health and Wellbeing |
Amount | £792,691 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/H009175/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 05/2011 |
End | 05/2015 |
Description | Doctoral Training Programme |
Amount | £80,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 1097258 |
Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 10/2011 |
End | 03/2015 |
Description | Impact Accelerator Award |
Amount | £150,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2016 |
End | 03/2017 |
Title | Characterisation of viral antigenic sites |
Description | We have developed an analytical tool to identify antigenic sites on closely-related viruses from ex vivo assays, sequence and structural data. It uses a simple mechanistic model of antibody binding and virus neutralisation combined with phylogenetic information to identify the branches in the phylogeny where antigenic changes occurred, and then which amino acids changes were responsible for them. |
Type Of Material | Data analysis technique |
Year Produced | 2009 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | The tool is still in further development, but has been used to identify antigenic sites on the foot-and-mouth disease capsid, and the haemagglutinin protein of influenza A. It is now being used to identify suitable vaccine candidates in silico. |
Description | Cross reactivity of African strains of foot and mouth disease |
Organisation | Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute |
Country | South Africa |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | The collaboration linked modelling and statistical expertise in Glasgow with data and expertise on SAT serotypes of foot and mouth disease virus in Onderstepoort. |
Collaborator Contribution | Sequence data, and data on the cross reactivity of field strains and vaccine strains of the virus. |
Impact | Reeve, R., Blignaut, B., Esterhuysen, J.J., Opperman, P., Matthews, L., Fry, E.E., de Beer, T.A.P., Theron, J., Rieder, E., Vosloo, W., O'Neill, H.G., Haydon, D.T. and Maree, F.F. (2010) Sequence-based prediction for vaccine strain selection and identification of antigenic variability in foot-and-mouth disease virus. PLoS Computational Biology 6, e1001027. |
Start Year | 2008 |
Description | Mapping the antigenic phenotype-genotype link in Influenza |
Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
Department | MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | The project gave rise to a collaboration between the modelling team in Glasgow, and the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at Mill Hill. |
Collaborator Contribution | Data, expertise, and opportunities to test our models using reverse genetics in the lab and that resulted in the acquisition of an MRC studentship |
Impact | Acquisition of an MRC studentship |
Start Year | 2011 |
Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
Organisation | Botswana Vaccine Institute |
Country | Botswana |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
Start Year | 2006 |
Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
Organisation | Department of Livestock Development |
Country | Thailand |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
Start Year | 2006 |
Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
Organisation | FGBI Federal Centre for Animal Health |
Country | Russian Federation |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
Start Year | 2006 |
Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
Organisation | French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) |
Country | France |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
Start Year | 2006 |
Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
Organisation | Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute |
Country | China |
Sector | Learned Society |
PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
Start Year | 2006 |
Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
Organisation | Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute (IZSLER) |
Country | Italy |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
Start Year | 2006 |
Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
Organisation | National Agri-Food Quality and Health Service (SENASA) |
Country | Argentina |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
Start Year | 2006 |
Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
Organisation | National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases (NCFAD) |
Country | Canada |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
Start Year | 2006 |
Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
Organisation | Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute |
Country | South Africa |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
Start Year | 2006 |
Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
Organisation | Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (Panaftosa) |
Country | Brazil |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
Start Year | 2006 |
Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
Organisation | Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease |
Country | India |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
Start Year | 2006 |
Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
Organisation | U.S. Department of Agriculture USDA |
Department | Agricultural Research Service |
Country | United States |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
Start Year | 2006 |
Description | OIE/FAO Laboratory Network for FMD |
Organisation | Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre |
Country | Belgium |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | The Pirbright Institute currently coordinates a global network of fourteen International Reference Laboratories for FMD. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Network of OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratories has been established with two principal goals: 1) To understand global virus distribution patterns and use these data to inform vaccine recommendations and 2) To harmonise and improve the quality of laboratory testing carried out by international and national reference laboratories. These activities require sharing and joint evaluation of surveillance information from laboratory diagnosis, serotyping, genetic characterisation and vaccine matching tests and harmonisation of standards for diagnostic procedures. |
Impact | Outputs from the network provide vital information to international organisations involved in the control of FMD (such as OIE and FAO), as well as specific regional and national programmes to control FMD |
Start Year | 2006 |
Description | Viral fitness landscapes |
Organisation | University of Glasgow |
Department | MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We are developing mathematical models to predict the fitness landscapes of viruses - to identify genomic sites/regions that are (or are not) under selective pressure - utilising next generation sequence data and operating at a number of scales - from the cell to the animal depending on the data set. The model is generic and can be applied to any virus. |
Collaborator Contribution | Sam Wilson and Suzannah Rihn (MRC Centre for Virus Research) will be supplying viral samples for sequencing from a large cell passage experiment that monitors the micro-evolution of HIV-1 utilising novel methods to limit the amount of sample processing error and viral hitchhiking. |
Impact | This collaboration has already led to a ISSF Catalyst grant (Wellcome Trust) of £10,656 to sequence the samples that be used to effectively parameterise the model. |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | Boyd Orr conferences and workshops |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Type Of Presentation | keynote/invited speaker |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | The sixteen conferences, workshops and symposia we have organised in Glasgow have resulted in lengthy discussions about the strategic direction that research should move in to have more impact, especially on policy. Several consortia for large grants have met at these meetings over the years, and they have resulted in closer communications with both our collaborators in academia and partners in NGOs, charities and amongst policy makers. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017 |
URL | http://www.gla.ac.uk/boydorr/meetingsevents/ |
Description | EuFMD Open Sessions |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | Yes |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | These open sessions are organised by the European Commission for the control of foot-and-mouth disease, part of the FAO, every two years. Talks given at these meetings over several years have stimulated discussions about new collaborations, leading to new successful grant applications, discussions with industry resulting in industrial partnerships and funding, and discussions with policy makers, resulting in being consulted by policy makers about areas of expertise. This has resulted in new collaborations, new grant applications and funding from both intergovernmental organisations and industry, and consultations with industry and policy makers. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2008,2010,2012,2014,2016 |
Description | GFRA meetings |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Talks given and discussions held at the Global Foot-and-mouth Research Alliance meetings over several years have stimulated discussions about new collaborations, leading to new successful grant applications, discussions with industry resulting in industrial partnerships and funding, and discussions with policy makers, resulting in being consulted by policy makers about areas of expertise. This has resulted in new collaborations, new grant applications and funding from both intergovernmental organisations and industry, and consultations with industry and policy makers. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011,2012,2013,2015 |
Description | WHO Modelling Influenza Conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | The meeting was organised by the WHO to discuss how to improve their ability to model and predict human seasonal influenza patterns. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |