Late Pleistocene desiccation of Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile.
Lead Research Organisation:
Aberystwyth University
Department Name: Inst of Geography and Earth Sciences
Abstract
Lake Tana, in the highlands of northern Ethiopia, is the source of the Blue Nile, one of the world's great rivers. Surprisingly, very little is known about the age and history of this lake: one estimate from the 1930's is that it was formed 10,000 years ago by a lava dam. Similarly, little is known about the climatic history of the wider region that comprises the Blue Nile headwaters, despite the fact that the Nile has long been recognized as critical to the resources of ancient and modern Egypt. New geophysical and core data, obtained by us in October 2003 and September 2004 with NERC support, show that the lake may be at least 40,000 years old. Our new data also show that the lake dried out at around 16,000 years ago, and almost certainly at apparently regular intervals during the later stages of the last Ice Age. It is possible that the lake dried because of intense droughts lasting one or two hundred years, and that the droughts were caused by disruption of Africa's monsoon climate when iceberg-laden meltwater from North America flooded the North Atlantic - the Heinrich events. In this new PalaeoTana Project, we aim to test these hypotheses by drilling a sediment core, up to 100m in length, from the northern basin of Lake Tana, in about 10m water depth, and about 2km from shore. The core will be scanned at high resolution using X-ray fluorescence, X-ray and colour imagery, geophysical and magnetic core-scanning technology, without damaging the sedimentary components. The resulting datasets will identify past desiccation events, which will be investigated in detail and interpreted by comparison to sediments of the known drying-out event at 16,000 years ago. Dating the sediments by appropriate methods including luminescence, tephrochronology, and Argon-Argon dating will allow precise estimates of the timing and duration of the drought events. The relative timing of these events in comparison with abrupt climatic events in ocean cores (especially Heinrich events), and in other continental records, will allow inferences about the global- scale mechanisms of abrupt climate change. The data can also be used to test climate models, and thus to help judge the accuracy of model-predicted abrupt climate change in the future. A long core record of past climate and environment from this part of Africa would have major significance for understanding both regional environmental change, because of the influence of the Nile on NE Africa and the eastern Mediterranean, and global climate. It will contribute to understanding how future changes in ocean temperature and circulation will affect global climate, especially in the heavily populated monsoon regions of Africa and Asia. It will also have significance for understanding the later stages of human evolution in and dispersal out of Africa, by providing a record of the environmental changes that influenced early human populations and their water, plant and hunting resources.
Organisations
Publications
Arnold G
(2021)
Advanced Hyperspectral Analysis of Sediment Core Samples from the Chew Bahir Basin, Ethiopian Rift, in the Spectral Range from 0.25 to 17 µm: Support for Climate Proxy Interpretation
in Frontiers in Earth Science
Battarbee R
(2014)
John Birks: Pioneer in quantitative palaeoecology
in The Holocene
Bittner L
(2020)
Revisiting afro-alpine Lake Garba Guracha in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia: rationale, chronology, geochemistry, and paleoenvironmental implications
in Journal of Paleolimnology
Blinkhorn J
(2018)
The structure of the Middle Stone Age of eastern Africa
in Quaternary Science Reviews
Blinkhorn J
(2021)
Explanations of variability in Middle Stone Age stone tool assemblage composition and raw material use in Eastern Africa
in Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Bronk Ramsey C
(2020)
Reanalysis of the Atmospheric Radiocarbon Calibration Record from Lake Suigetsu, Japan
in Radiocarbon
Cheddadi R
(2015)
A History of Human Impact on Moroccan Mountain Landscapes
in African Archaeological Review
Christopher Campisano
(2017)
The Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project
in Paleoanthropology
Cohen A
(2022)
Reconstructing the Environmental Context of Human Origins in Eastern Africa Through Scientific Drilling
in Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Cohen A
(2016)
The Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project: inferring the environmental context of human evolution from eastern African rift lake deposits
in Scientific Drilling
Costa K
(2014)
Isotopic reconstruction of the African Humid Period and Congo Air Boundary migration at Lake Tana, Ethiopia
in Quaternary Science Reviews
Darbyshire I
(2016)
Forest clearance and regrowth in northern Ethiopia during the last 3000 years
in The Holocene
Davies S
(2015)
Micro-XRF Studies of Sediment Cores
Eastwood W
(2018)
Comparing pollen and archaeobotanical data for Chalcolithic cereal agriculture at Çatalhöyük, Turkey
in Quaternary Science Reviews
Foerster V
(2016)
Reply to the comment on "Environmental change and human occupation of southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya during the last 20,000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews 129: 333-340"
in Quaternary Science Reviews
Foerster V
(2015)
Environmental change and human occupation of southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya during the last 20,000 years
in Quaternary Science Reviews
Gebregiorgis D
(2021)
Modern Sedimentation and Authigenic Mineral Formation in the Chew Bahir Basin, Southern Ethiopia: Implications for Interpretation of Late Quaternary Paleoclimate Records
in Frontiers in Earth Science
Gil-Romera G
(2019)
Long-term fire resilience of the Ericaceous Belt, Bale Mountains, Ethiopia.
in Biology letters
Gil-Romera G
(2016)
Bush encroachment and long-term savanna dynamics: the Mursi and the Mago National Park in southwestern Ethiopia
in Quaternary International
Grove M
(2015)
Climatic variability, plasticity, and dispersal: A case study from Lake Tana, Ethiopia.
in Journal of human evolution
Grove M
(2021)
Testing the Integrity of the Middle and Later Stone Age Cultural Taxonomic Division in Eastern Africa
in Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology
Grove M
(2020)
Neural networks differentiate between Middle and Later Stone Age lithic assemblages in eastern Africa.
in PloS one
Kaboth-Bahr S
(2021)
Paleo-ENSO influence on African environments and early modern humans.
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Lamb H
(2016)
The Hominin sites and Palaeolakes Drilling Project: testing hypotheses of climate-driven human evolution and dispersal at Chew Bahir, Ethiopia
in Quaternary International
Lamb H
(2007)
Late Pleistocene desiccation of Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile
in Quaternary Science Reviews
Lamb H
(2016)
Vegetation response to rainfall variation and human impact in central Kenya during the past 1100 years
in The Holocene
Lamb H
(2016)
Unusual mid-Holocene abundance of Ulmus in western Ireland-human impact in the absence of a pathogen?
in The Holocene
Lamb HF
(2018)
150,000-year palaeoclimate record from northern Ethiopia supports early, multiple dispersals of modern humans from Africa.
in Scientific reports
Lamb HF
(2018)
Author Correction: 150,000-year palaeoclimate record from northern Ethiopia supports early, multiple dispersals of modern humans from Africa.
in Scientific reports
Lane C
(2016)
Toward a late Quaternary tephrostratigraphic framework for connecting East African palaeoenvironmental archives
in Quaternary International
Loakes K
(2018)
Late Quaternary climate change in the north-eastern highlands of Ethiopia: A high resolution 15,600 year diatom and pigment record from Lake Hayk
in Quaternary Science Reviews
Loomis S
(2015)
Northeast African temperature variability since the Late Pleistocene
in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
Lupien R
(2022)
Orbital controls on eastern African hydroclimate in the Pleistocene
in Scientific Reports
Marshall M
(2011)
Late Pleistocene and Holocene drought events at Lake Tana, the source of the Blue Nile
in Global and Planetary Change
Marshall M
(2009)
Climatic change in northern Ethiopia during the past 17,000 years: A diatom and stable isotope record from Lake Ashenge
in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
Martin Trauth
(2018)
Abrupt or Gradual? Change Point Analysis of the Late Pleistocene-Holocene Chew Bahir Record from Southern Ethiopia
in Quaternary Research
Martin-Jones C
(2017)
Glass compositions and tempo of post-17 ka eruptions from the Afar Triangle recorded in sediments from lakes Ashenge and Hayk, Ethiopia
in Quaternary Geochronology
Martin-Jones C
(2017)
Reprint of Glass compositions and tempo of post-17 ka eruptions from the Afar Triangle recorded in sediments from lakes Ashenge and Hayk, Ethiopia
in Quaternary Geochronology
Martin-Jones C
(2016)
Developing a Holocene tephrostratigraphy of Ethiopia
in Quaternary International
Martin-Jones C
(2017)
Recurrent explosive eruptions from a high-risk Main Ethiopian Rift volcano throughout the Holocene
in Geology
Prave A
(2016)
Geology and geochronology of the Tana Basin, Ethiopia: LIP volcanism, super eruptions and Eocene-Oligocene environmental change
in Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Raper E
(2015)
Ecological conditions of ponds situated on blast furnace slag deposits located in South Gare Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), Teesside, UK.
in Environmental geochemistry and health
Roberts H
(2018)
Generating long chronologies for lacustrine sediments using luminescence dating: a 250,000 year record from Lake Tana, Ethiopia
in Quaternary Science Reviews
Roberts H
(2021)
Using multiple chronometers to establish a long, directly-dated lacustrine record: Constraining >600,000 years of environmental change at Chew Bahir, Ethiopia
in Quaternary Science Reviews
Description | That the last interglacial climate of NE Africa (ca 130 -90 thousand yrs ago) was moist, thereby favouring the expansion of early human populations within and beyond Africa. |
Exploitation Route | Key to understanding climate influence on human dispersal 'Out of Africa'. Modelling past climates, validating climate models.Since the Nile is essential to water resources, agriculture, and hydropower, the knowledge that its headwaters (Lake Tana) have dried several times in the 150,000 years has a bearing on management of these resources for future climate change. The river is also of importance in terms of security and regional power. |
Sectors | Agriculture, Food and Drink,Energy,Environment,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections,Security and Diplomacy |