Greening of retreating glaciers: storage versus export of autochthonous organic matter
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Sheffield
Department Name: Geography
Abstract
Life exists whatever there is water and glaciers are no exception. Indeed glaciers are vast reservoirs of biological cells and debris. The debris can cover ca 1-10% of the surface of glaciers worldwide, and it is composed of inorganic and organic particles that are darker than the surrounding white icy surface and thus absorb the solar radiation better than the ice. The absorption of the solar radiation by the debris promotes melting of the ice which in turn promotes increased levels of microbial activity via the creation of unique and ideal life-habitats. The habitats are colonised by a diverse range of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria and microscopic plants. In a recent NERC small grant, we measured the microbial activity associated with the debris at the surface of glaciers in Greenland, Svalbard and the Alps and we found that it was comparable to that found in very rich ecosystems from warmer regions. In fact, microbial activity in one gram of debris was roughly the same as in one gram of soil from the Mediterranean. The colonisation of the debris by microbes subsequently leads to further darkening of the ice surface. This is because we also found that the amount of photosynthesis (i.e., the process in which carbon dioxide is converted by plants to biomass, releasing oxygen) is much higher than the amount of respiration (i.e., the process in which oxygen is consumed and organic matter is biologically converted back to carbon dioxide). The consequence of higher photosynthesis than respiration is that the surface of glaciers is a self-sustained ecosystem in which organic matter can be accumulated. The result is even more enhanced absorption of solar radiation, promoting further melt and providing yet more water for microorganisms, which are then dispersed to other parts of the ice surface. This dispersal transfers the microbes, organic matter and debris to adjacent ecosystems, including those of the forefield and subglacial environments with the potential to sustaining life in other ecosystems. We hypothesise that glaciers become increasingly biological as they decay, and that glacier melting is, in part, a biologically-mediated process that initiates ecological succession long before the ice has disappeared. This project aims to quantify these biological effects on glacier mass balance, and to determine fluxes and quality of organic matter exported to downstream environments during deglaciation, by examining the surfaces of Arctic valley glaciers that are retreating markedly in response to summer melt. In doing so, we aim to produce the first quantification and characterisation of bio-physical effects on ice mass wastage during deglaciation.
Organisations
People |
ORCID iD |
Andrew Hodson (Principal Investigator) |
Publications
Telling J
(2017)
Measuring rates of gross photosynthesis and net community production in cryoconite holes: a comparison of field methods
in Annals of Glaciology
Telling J
(2012)
Microbial nitrogen cycling on the Greenland Ice Sheet
in Biogeosciences
Telling J
(2012)
Controls on the autochthonous production and respiration of organic matter in cryoconite holes on high Arctic glaciers
in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
Telling J
(2011)
Nitrogen fixation on Arctic glaciers, Svalbard
in Journal of Geophysical Research
Sanz-Ablanedo E.
(2012)
Studying glacial melt processes using sub-centimeter DEM extraction and digital close-range photogrammetry
in International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives
Sanz-Ablanedo E
(2012)
STUDYING GLACIAL MELT PROCESSES USING SUB-CENTIMETER DEM EXTRACTION AND DIGITAL CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY
in The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
Rutter N
(2011)
Hydrology and hydrochemistry of a deglaciating high-Arctic catchment, Svalbard
in Journal of Hydrology
Irvine-Fynn T
(2017)
Rapid quantification of cryoconite: granule geometry and in situ supraglacial extents, using examples from Svalbard and Greenland
in Journal of Glaciology
Irvine-Fynn T
(2017)
Biogeochemistry and dissolved oxygen dynamics at a subglacial upwelling, Midtre Lovénbreen, Svalbard
in Annals of Glaciology
Irvine-Fynn T
(2017)
In situ quantification of supraglacial cryoconite morphodynamics using time-lapse imaging: an example from Svalbard
in Journal of Glaciology
Irvine-Fynn T
(2012)
Microbial cell budgets of an A rctic glacier surface quantified using flow cytometry
in Environmental Microbiology
Irvine-Fynn T
(2017)
Measuring glacier surface roughness using plot-scale, close-range digital photogrammetry
in Journal of Glaciology
Irvine-Fynn T
(2011)
Recent High-Arctic glacial sediment redistribution: A process perspective using airborne lidar
in Geomorphology
Irvine-Fynn T
(2011)
POLYTHERMAL GLACIER HYDROLOGY: A REVIEW
in Reviews of Geophysics
Irvine-Fynn T
(2012)
Examination of a physically based, high-resolution, distributed Arctic temperature-index melt model, on Midtre Lovénbreen, Svalbard
in Hydrological Processes
Hodson A
(2017)
A blue-ice ecosystem on the margins of the East Antarctic ice sheet
in Journal of Glaciology
Hodson A
(2017)
The cryoconite ecosystem on the Greenland ice sheet
in Annals of Glaciology
Gokul JK
(2016)
Taxon interactions control the distributions of cryoconite bacteria colonizing a High Arctic ice cap.
in Molecular ecology
Cook J
(2017)
The mass-area relationship within cryoconite holes and its implications for primary production
in Annals of Glaciology