The impact of extreme weather in December to February 2014 on meta-population processes in European shags

Lead Research Organisation: NERC CEH (Up to 30.11.2019)
Department Name: Watt

Abstract

Many climate models predict increased frequency of extreme weather events. Understanding the impacts of extreme weather on wild populations is therefore a critical aim in population, evolutionary and conservation ecology. Short-term impacts include high mortality, lost body condition and eruptive movements, potentially leading to longer-term effects such as poor breeding, missing cohorts and increased dispersal or migration. At the meta-population scale, weather-induced mortality in one location may cause downstream impacts elsewhere, especially in partially migratory systems where some individuals winter away from their breeding location while others remain resident. Spatial heterogeneity in weather-induced mortality and associated movements could then substantially reshape meta-population range and structure. Such demographic mechanisms and dynamics are particularly challenging to understand in long-lived, migratory species with protracted pre-breeding life-history stages that are hard to observe, and where locations of winter impacts and subsequent reproduction are separated. Yet such species may be particularly vulnerable to extreme weather since they recover slowly from high mortality events due to delayed maturity and slow reproductive rates. Understanding the impacts of extreme weather on long-lived mobile species is critically important since many are of high conservation concern. To fulfil the needs of policy makers, it is imperative that such impacts are understood and incorporated into population models used to inform currently ongoing policy decisions.

The UK's recent severe winter weather has created an urgent and valuable opportunity to quantify the demographic effects of this severe perturbation, using a partially migratory meta-population of European shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis that is already the focus of a long-term, year-round demographic study led by the applicants. Shags are long-lived, partially migratory coastal seabirds that experience high mortality during extreme winter weather. The north-east UK meta-population has declined by 50% during the last 20 years, and we have received numerous reports of dead shags and absences from typical winter locations following recent storms, meaning that a severe perturbation to the meta-population has doubtless occurred. Due to our recent work, we possess comprehensive data on meta-population demography (breeding success, survival, dispersal, migration) and distribution both before the recent severe weather and also throughout the storms to date. We therefore have a unique and extremely powerful baseline dataset. What is now urgently required is targeted data collection during the 2014 breeding season and post-breeding migration to quantify the degree to which cross-season demographic responses to perturbation are driven by spatial heterogeneity in survival, breeding success, dispersal or migration. We will answer three specific questions a) How did the spatial pattern of weather-induced mortality affect meta-population structure?; b) What are the downstream effects on breeding success of surviving individuals?; c) What are the downstream effects on dispersal and migration? Since shags are protected under EU law and potentially at risk from marine renewables developments, there is also a specific urgent need to provide updated evidence to inform currently ongoing policy decisions. Meta-population size, distribution and demography have doubtless been majorly reshaped, meaning that existing knowledge and population models are obsolete. Our fourth project objective is therefore to undertake immediate data analysis and provide the updated population models that are imminently required to inform effective marine spatial planning.

Planned Impact

The UK's seabird populations are protected by EU legislation and are widely appreciated by the general public, yet many species have declined sharply over the last two decades. Much research has focussed on the effects of mean temperature, typically at annual or decadal scales. However, there is increasing evidence that populations are also affected by climate variability and associated severe weather events. Such effects need to be explicitly quantified since many climate models predict that the frequency and degree of severe weather will increase in the future. Our proposed project will make an important contribution to understanding the full demographic and hence population dynamic consequences of a severe weather-induced perturbation. . This research will impact the wider scientific community by providing insight into the short- and long-term effects on seabird population dynamics. By focussing on the meta-population scale, we are contributing to NERC's commitment to large scale research. Knowledge arising from this project will also benefit a range of other stakeholders:

1. Marine regulators (Marine Scotland and Department of Energy & Climate Change) and the Statutory Nature Conservation Bodies (Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Scottish Natural Heritage, Natural England, Natural Resources Wales) require better understanding of variation in European shag population dynamics arising from climate and weather in order to decide effective marine spatial planning policy. The consenting process for marine developments is significantly faster when regulators and their scientific advisers are confident in the evidence base regarding key protected species such as shags. Key policy makers are currently aware that existing knowledge and population models for shags have been rendered obsolete by recent weather-induced mortality, potentially substantially delaying commercial consents unless updated evidence can be rapidly provided.
2. The marine renewable industry will clearly also benefit from improved population models in achieving the goal of receiving timely consent for developments.
3. NGOs: organisations such as RSPB, National Trust and National Trust for Scotland will benefit from a greater understanding of the effects of extreme weather on the seabird populations that they are tasked with protecting
4. General public: extreme events resonate much more powerfully with the general public than temperature trends, and seabirds are a charismatic group of animals that attract enormous public interest and concern. We will take advantage of the opportunity the project affords to engage with both adults and children regarding the science needed to provide effective seabird conservation and the challenges and complexities of understanding how a changing climate is affecting the marine environment.
5. Tourism: seabirds contribute millions of pounds to the UK economy through the provision of wildlife experiences to tourists (e.g. Farne Islands, Isle of May), and tour operators are concerned about seabird declines and the role of climate and weather in these changes. This project will contribute to our understanding of these key events and provide tour operators with the most complete information available so they can plan for the future.

Publications

10 25 50

publication icon
Daunt, F. (2017) Marine climate change impacts - a decadal review: Seabirds in MCCIP Science Review 2017

 
Description Key insights into the effects of extreme weather events on demography
Exploitation Route Discovery Science grant commenced in October 2017
Sectors Education

Environment

 
Description Talks and presentations to academic and non-academic audiences
First Year Of Impact 2017
Sector Education,Environment
Impact Types Cultural

 
Description MCCIP Science Review
Geographic Reach National 
Policy Influence Type Contribution to a national consultation/review
Impact MCCIP Science Reviews are used by government departments for the latest information on the effects of climate change on UK's environment
URL http://www.mccip.org.uk/media/2020/17_seabirds_2020.pdf
 
Description NERC Discovery Science
Amount £641,268 (GBP)
Funding ID NE/R000859/1 
Organisation Natural Environment Research Council 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 09/2018 
End 05/2020
 
Title Data from: Additive genetic and environmental variation interact to shape the dynamics of seasonal migration in a wild bird population 
Description Dissecting joint micro-evolutionary and plastic responses to environmental perturbations requires quantifying interacting components of genetic and environmental variation underlying expression of key traits. This ambition is particularly challenging for phenotypically discrete traits where multiscale decompositions are required to reveal non-linear transformations of underlying genetic and environmental variation into phenotypic variation, and when effects must be estimated from incomplete field observations. We devised a joint multistate capture-recapture and quantitative genetic animal model and fitted this model to full-annual-cycle resighting data from partially-migratory European shags (Gulosus aristotelis) to estimate key components of genetic, environmental and phenotypic variance in the ecologically critical discrete trait of seasonal migration versus residence. We demonstrate non-negligible additive genetic variance in latent liability for migration, resulting in detectable micro-evolutionary responses following two episodes of strong survival selection. Further, liability-scale additive genetic effects interacted with substantial permanent individual and temporary environmental effects to generate complex non-additive effects on expressed phenotypes, causing substantial intrinsic gene-by-environment interaction variance on the phenotypic scale. Our analyses therefore reveal how temporal dynamics of partial seasonal migration arise from combinations of instantaneous micro-evolution and within-individual phenotypic consistency, and highlight how intrinsic phenotypic plasticity could expose genetic variation underlying discrete traits to complex forms of selection. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.pk0p2ngtg
 
Title Dataset, posterior summaries and posterior samples for quantifying fluctuating selection on seasonal migration versus residence in European shags 
Description This dataset is associated with the manuscript Episodes of opposing survival and reproductive selection cause strong fluctuating selection on seasonal migration versus residence. Quantifying temporal variation in sex-specific selection on key ecologically relevant traits, and quantifying how such variation arises through synergistic or opposing components of survival and reproductive selection, is central to understanding eco-evolutionary dynamics but rarely achieved. Seasonal migration versus residence is one key trait that directly shapes spatio-seasonal population dynamics in spatially- and temporally-varying environments, but temporal dynamics of sex-specific selection have not been fully quantified. We fitted multi-event capture-recapture models to year-round ring resightings and breeding success data from partially-migratory European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) to quantify temporal variation in annual sex-specific selection on seasonal migration versus residence arising through adult survival, reproduction, and the combination of both (i.e. annual fitness). We demonstrate episodes of strong, and strongly fluctuating, selection through annual fitness that were broadly synchronised across females and males. These overall fluctuations arose because strong reproductive selection against migration in several years contrasted with strong survival selection against residence in years with extreme climatic events. These results indicate how substantial phenotypic and genetic variation in migration versus residence could be maintained, and highlight that biologically important fluctuations in selection may not be detected unless both survival selection and reproductive selection are appropriately quantified and combined. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2021 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL http://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.6wwpzgmxw
 
Description 4th Marine Scotland ScotMER Symposium 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Presentation of tools to quantify sensitivity of seabirds to offshore threats
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020
URL https://www.gov.scot/publications/marine-energy-research-symposium-programme---december-2020/
 
Description Argyll Bird Club 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Presentation on long-term study of seabirds on Isle of May
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
 
Description BES Annual Meeting, Belfast 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Paper and Poster presentatios on effects of extreme weather events on seabird demography at large international conference
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/events/annual-meeting-2019/
 
Description BES Scottish Policy Group 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact Postgraduate training workshop on the role of research in policy
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/policy/policy-networks/scottish-policy/
 
Description BOU Conference "Climate Change and Birds: Solutions to the Crisis" 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Presentation of climate change impacts on seabirds underpinned by long-term study on Isle of May
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020
URL https://bou.org.uk/conferences-and-meetings/
 
Description Blog 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact British Ornithologist's Union BLOG on outcomes of research into long-term changes in seabird diet in relation to environmental change
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL https://www.bou.org.uk/blog-howells-shag-diet/
 
Description Conference talk, British Ecological Society, Dec 2016 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Undergraduate students
Results and Impact Conference talk entitled "Overwinter migration strategy affects seabird survival during extreme winter weather"
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
URL http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/events/annual-event-2016/
 
Description Conference talk, The Seabird Group, Sep 2016 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Conference talk entitled "Does extreme weather affect individual level migration strategy and survival?"
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
URL http://www.seabirdgroup.org.uk/
 
Description East Lothian Nature Study Group 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Presentation on seabird research to local naturalist group
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020
 
Description Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association Focus Meeting 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Stronger links between research activity and stakeholder groups
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://ecsa.international/event/2019/ecsa-focus-meeting-forth-and-tay-estuaries-and-adjacent-coastl...
 
Description Extreme weather effects on foraging, migration and demography 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Christmas Lecture, University of Glasgow's Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health & Comparative Medicine
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
URL https://www.gla.ac.uk/researchinstitutes/bahcm/about/events/instituteseminars/
 
Description Interview for national news 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact BBC news interview on outcomes of MERP study relating long-term changes in seabird diet to environmental change
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-42008476
 
Description Invited talk to North Northumberland Bird Club 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Talk to learned society on drivers of change in North Sea seabirds
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Invited talk to Scottish Ringers Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Talk to learned society on drivers of change in North Sea seabirds
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description MSc ecture, University of St Andrews 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact MSc lecture on drivers of change in North Sea seabirds
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description NERC Unearthed Event November 2017 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact 'Be a Puffin Scientist'

UnEarthed was a free interactive showcase of NERC science at Dynamic Earth, Edinburgh on 17-19 November. Over 6000 members of the public experienced the range of environmental research undertaken by NERC scientists. CEH led a stall on their research on seabird ecology. Children's activities included measuring and weighing seabirds, using a telescope to read seabird rings and examining a range of plastics that have been found in seabird stomachs and nests.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL http://www.nerc.ac.uk/latest/events/archive/unearthed/
 
Description News article (website) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Greater Manchester news story - long-term changes in seabird diet in relation to environmental change
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL http://aboutmanchester.co.uk/ocean-warming-signals-diet-change-for-european-shags/
 
Description Northumberland & Tyne Bird Club 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Presentation on long-term study of seabirds on Isle of May
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
 
Description Plenary at 15th Seabird Group Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Plenary lecture on insights into seabird population ecology from 50 years of research on the Isle of May
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
URL https://www.corkseabirdconference.com/
 
Description Presentation to Chief Scientific Adviser, Scottish Government 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Important knowledge exchange to Scottish Government's Chief Scientist
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Presentation to Moray Bird Club 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? Yes
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Positive feedback from audience recognising the importance of the work

Further invitations at other regional lecture series
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2014
URL http://www.birdsinmorayandnairn.org/moray-bird-club/news-and-events/
 
Description Press release 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact Very recent activity so too early to say.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2014
URL http://snh.presscentre.com/News-Releases/New-report-shows-encouraging-signs-for-seabirds-in-Scotland...
 
Description Public Science Event: 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact Curiosity Live is a celebration of research happening across Scotland, with exhibits from scientists tailored to the general public, especially children. Our exhibit is on seabird research and drivers of change in seabird populations including climate change and microplastics.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://www.glasgowsciencecentre.org/whats-on/curiosity-live
 
Description Royal Society of Edinburgh - A celebration of Women in Science 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Contribution to RSE's "Meet the Scientist" programme - a series of engaging public talks on current research, issues, conservation projects and other marine-related themes, celebrating the accomplishments of Women in Science.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020
URL https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/a-celebration-of-women-in-science-featuring-professor-sarah-wanless-t...
 
Description Scottish Power Renewables Offshore Wind and Ornithology Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact Stakeholder Symposium presenting research on effects of offshore wind farms on seabirds to industry and regulators
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://www.scottishpowerrenewables.com/pages/offshore_wind.aspx
 
Description Seminar 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Overwinter migration strategy influences individual level survival of seabirds during severe winter weather
S Burthe & F Daunt, British Ornithologists' Union Annual Conference, March 2018
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description Seminar 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact North Sea fish-seabird dynamics
F Daunt, U Edinburgh, Oct 2017, undergraduate lecture
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
 
Description Seminar 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Demographic consequences of individual variation in foraging and migration in seabirds
F Daunt, U St Andrews, Dec 2017, visiting seminar
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description Seminar 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact Long term study of North Sea seabird populations
F Daunt, U Edinburgh, Oct 2017, undergraduate lecture
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
 
Description Seminar 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Carry over effects of reproduction drive phenology and productivity in an iterperous breeder
R Howells & F Daunt, British Ecology Society annual meeting, December 2017
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
 
Description Seminar, CNRS, Sep 2016 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Seminar at CNRS, Chize, entitled "Demographic consequences of migration strategy in the European shag"
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
 
Description Seminar; University College Cork 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Visiting seminar "Demographic consequences of individual variation in foraging and migration", University College Cork, 29 August 2018
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description Stobo Community Group 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Presentation on seabird research to local naturalist group
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Talk at British Ecological Society Annual Meeting, Edinburgh, Dec 2015 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Talk at the BES Annual Meeting in Edinburgh, Dec 2015, entitled "Overwinter migration strategy affects seabird survival during extreme winter weather" presenting work from this grant.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
URL http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/events/current_future_meetings/past-bes-annual-meetings/2015...
 
Description Talk to Edinburgh Rotary Club 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Talk to society on drivers of change in North Sea seabirds
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Talk, International Association for Landscape Ecology Annual Meeting 2015 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Talk at the International Association for Landscape Ecology Annual Meeting on "Seascape Ecology" in Edinburgh in October 2015, entitled "Integrating economies and conservation in UK seascapes: the role of seabird research" in which results from this research were presented.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
URL http://iale.org.uk/conference2015
 
Description Talk, World Seabird Conference 2015 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Talk entitled "Overwinter migration strategy affects seabird survival during extreme winter weather" delivered at the World SEabird Conference in Cape Town in October 2015
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
URL http://www.worldseabirdconference.com/
 
Description Talk, World Seabird Conference, Oct 2015 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Talk at World Seabird Conference in Cape Town in Oct 2015, entitled "Movements and population dynamics of partial migrants", presenting research from this grant.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
URL http://www.worldseabirdconference.com/
 
Description Talk, World Seabird Conference, October 2015 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact This was a talk entitled "Spatial mis-match between winter mortality and subsequent breeding population declines" delivered at the World Seabird Conference in Cape Town in October 2015
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
URL http://www.worldseabirdconference.com/
 
Description The effects of climate change on North Sea seabirds 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Online seminar to a part of Scottish Seabird Centre talk series
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
URL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Em-t9TAc2iY
 
Description Undergraduate lecture, Edinburgh Napier University 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Undergraduate students
Results and Impact Undergraduate lecture on drivers of change in North Sea seabirds
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Undergraduate lecture, Edinburgh University, October 2018 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Undergraduate students
Results and Impact Undergraduate lecture "North Sea seabird-fish dynamics"
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description Undergraduate lecture, University of Edinburgh 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Undergraduate students
Results and Impact Undergraduate lecture on drivers of change in North Sea seabirds
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Undergraduate lecture, University of Edinburgh, Nov 2016 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Undergraduate students
Results and Impact Undergraduate lecture to 4th Year Honours Ecology students entitled "Long term study of North Sea seabird populations"
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
 
Description Undergraduate lecture, University of Edinburgh, Oct 2015 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Undergraduate students
Results and Impact Lecture delivered to Honours students in 'Ecology' at the University of Edinburgh in Octo 2015, entitled "Long term study of North Sea seabird populations" in which results from this grant were presented
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
 
Description University website newstory 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact University of Liverpool website newstory - long-term changes in seabird diet in relation to environmental change
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL https://news.liverpool.ac.uk/2017/11/17/ocean-warming-signals-diet-change-for-european-shags/
 
Description Website newstory 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology website news story - long-term changes in seabird diet in relation to environmental change
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL https://www.ceh.ac.uk/news-and-media/news/warmer-water-signals-change-scotland%E2%80%99s-shags