Non-Enzymatic Sensing of Creatinine for Early Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease

In recent years, there has been a dramatic advancement of biochemical markers for kidney healthcare. Creatinine is a useful metabolite for the evaluation of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Creatinine concentrations in urine <3 and >20 mM may indicate CKD. CKD can be detected earlier before the disease has progressed to further stages using a creatinine sensing platform. Early detection and monitoring can provide lifesaving intervention, and as such there is a need to develop rapid, cheap and highly selective electrochemical non-enzymatic creatinine sensors to overcome some of the limitations of state-of-the-art enzymatic creatinine biosensors or the long-established colorimetric Jaffe reaction method. Low cost, non-enzymatic sensing platforms were developed as part of the PhD.