Discrete Element Modelling of Critical State Soil Mechanics
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Nottingham
Department Name: Faculty of Engineering
Abstract
Soil is a complex material comprising solid particles and voids. When a soil is sheared with full drainage, for a given stress level, a loose soil contracts and a dense soil dilates to the same ultimate density. For a given density, if the soil is sheared at this constant density, then the same ultimate effective stress condition is reached, no matter what the initial stress conditions are. In fact, if shear stress, mean effective stress (mean total stress minus pore pressure) and the voids ratio (volume of voids/volume of solids) are plotted on three mutually orthogonal axes, then there is a unique CRITICAL STATE LINE in this space, which a soil state, when sheared, will tend towards. The concept of the Critical State has been around for over half a century and forms the basis for all soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering.
The micro mechanical origin of the Critical State Line has never been explored. Tradtionally, the CSL has been accepted as being parallel to the one-dimensional normal compression line - this is the line in voids ratio - log stress space for a sample compressed in a piston with no lateral strain. Recently, McDowell has published a model (McDowell and de Bono, 2013) which shows that the one-dimensional normal compression line is linear in log(voids ratio)-log(stress) space and the slope is a function of the size effect on particle strength as particles break and become statistcally stronger, and a fractal distribution of particle sizes evolves. This was done using the Discrete Element Method (DEM), which can model a soil particle as a ball, a clumped group of balls, or a group of bonded balls (an "agglomerate") which can then fracture. The contact forces between the particles are related to their relative displacements. These forces are used via Newton's 2nd law to calculate accelerations, which are integrated twice to give displacements and hence new contact forces. Until recently, the problem with using agglomerates of bonded balls to represent particles was that the modelled particles were too porous. This meant that the internal voids become external voids when the particles break. This made it difficult to model the compaction of soil properly. In addition, it has been shown that agglomerates need to have at least 500 balls in them to be representative of real particles, and this is too onerous in terms of computational time. McDowell and de Bono (2013) overcame this problem by modelling the compression of soil using non-porous solid particles, which break when the forces distributed around them reach critical values and each broken particle is then replaced by smaller fragments. They replicated the process of one-dimensional normal compression, in three dimensions, for the first time, without using agglomerates. The slope of the predicted normal compression line was correct, as was the resulting particle size distribution which evolved.
The fact that the normal compression of soil can now be modelled correctly by replacing spheres under high stress with smaller fragments, means that it should be possible to model the whole of Critical State Soil Mechanics. A knowledge of the micro mechanics of Critical State Soil Mechanics will enable researchers and practising engineers to develop more accurate constitutive models which incorporate soil particle crushing. The geotechnical industry will benefit in the long term from these improved models in design and analysis, and ultimately will be able to use DEM to analyse boundary value problems. This will, in the long term, lead to better design, improved safety and better and more economic infrastructure. The mining and powder technology industries will also benefit from using this model to simulate processes such as mineral crushing and powder compaction.
The micro mechanical origin of the Critical State Line has never been explored. Tradtionally, the CSL has been accepted as being parallel to the one-dimensional normal compression line - this is the line in voids ratio - log stress space for a sample compressed in a piston with no lateral strain. Recently, McDowell has published a model (McDowell and de Bono, 2013) which shows that the one-dimensional normal compression line is linear in log(voids ratio)-log(stress) space and the slope is a function of the size effect on particle strength as particles break and become statistcally stronger, and a fractal distribution of particle sizes evolves. This was done using the Discrete Element Method (DEM), which can model a soil particle as a ball, a clumped group of balls, or a group of bonded balls (an "agglomerate") which can then fracture. The contact forces between the particles are related to their relative displacements. These forces are used via Newton's 2nd law to calculate accelerations, which are integrated twice to give displacements and hence new contact forces. Until recently, the problem with using agglomerates of bonded balls to represent particles was that the modelled particles were too porous. This meant that the internal voids become external voids when the particles break. This made it difficult to model the compaction of soil properly. In addition, it has been shown that agglomerates need to have at least 500 balls in them to be representative of real particles, and this is too onerous in terms of computational time. McDowell and de Bono (2013) overcame this problem by modelling the compression of soil using non-porous solid particles, which break when the forces distributed around them reach critical values and each broken particle is then replaced by smaller fragments. They replicated the process of one-dimensional normal compression, in three dimensions, for the first time, without using agglomerates. The slope of the predicted normal compression line was correct, as was the resulting particle size distribution which evolved.
The fact that the normal compression of soil can now be modelled correctly by replacing spheres under high stress with smaller fragments, means that it should be possible to model the whole of Critical State Soil Mechanics. A knowledge of the micro mechanics of Critical State Soil Mechanics will enable researchers and practising engineers to develop more accurate constitutive models which incorporate soil particle crushing. The geotechnical industry will benefit in the long term from these improved models in design and analysis, and ultimately will be able to use DEM to analyse boundary value problems. This will, in the long term, lead to better design, improved safety and better and more economic infrastructure. The mining and powder technology industries will also benefit from using this model to simulate processes such as mineral crushing and powder compaction.
Planned Impact
The end result of the proposed work will be that those in the soil mechanics, geotechnical engineering, and powder and granular mechanics communities, will, for the first time, have a micro mechanical understanding of Critical State Soil Mechanics, and hence the micro parameters which affect macroscopic behaviour. By understanding the micro mechanical parameters which govern constitutive behaviour, it will be possible to develop better predictive models for soil behaviour and also to model some boundary value problems in DEM directly. This will, in the long term, lead to better design, improved safety and better and more economic infrastructure. This is a fundamental proposal which aims to explain the Critical State Soil Mechanics framework that is central to all of soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering and so the impact is global and of very high significance. Almost every model in geotechnical engineering has Critical State Soil Mechanics at its core, but with no micro mechanical basis. It is anticipated that this proposal will result in a new text book which teaches Critical State Soil Mechanics from a micro mechanical perspective, and thus will be useful to any civil engineering undergraduate, practising engineer and those researching the behaviour of granular materials in civil engineering, mining, powder processing and the pharmaceutical industry.
Organisations
Publications
De Bono J
(2016)
Particle breakage criteria in discrete-element modelling
in Géotechnique
De Bono J
(2015)
An insight into the yielding and normal compression of sand with irregularly-shaped particles using DEM
in Powder Technology
De Bono J
(2017)
Micro mechanics of drained and undrained shearing of compacted and overconsolidated crushable sand
in Géotechnique
De Bono J
(2016)
Investigating the effects of particle shape on normal compression and overconsolidation using DEM
in Granular Matter
De Bono J
(2018)
On the micro mechanics of yielding and hardening of crushable granular soils
in Computers and Geotechnics
De Bono J
(2020)
On the packing and crushing of granular materials
in International Journal of Solids and Structures
De Bono J
(2018)
Validation of the log e- log s normal compression law using particle strength data
in Géotechnique
De Bono J
(2018)
Micro mechanics of the critical state line at high stresses
in Computers and Geotechnics
De Bono J
(2020)
The effects of particle shape on the yielding behaviour of crushable sand
in Soils and Foundations
De Bono J
(2016)
The fractal micro mechanics of normal compression
in Computers and Geotechnics
Description | That the critical state behaviour of sand can be explained from a micro mechanical perspective by showing the role of particle crushing. The work has also shown that the distribution of particle sizes controls the packing of the material and that the crushing process enables the soil to achieve an Apollonian packing. In addition the study has shown the important role of particle shape on the state boundary surface and has explained the role of the smallest particles in governing the permeability of the soil. |
Exploitation Route | Developing new constitutive models that correctly take into account the changing particle size distribution. |
Sectors | Aerospace Defence and Marine Construction Energy Environment Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology Transport |