KE Fellowship: Facilitating sustainable reforestation in tropical agricultural landscapes as a nature-based solution - HARP

Lead Research Organisation: University of Oxford
Department Name: Biology

Abstract

Reforestation has been identified as a potentially powerful Nature-based solution (NbS) to climate mitigation and adaptation challenges, whilst supporting biodiversity and other sustainable development goals. However, many potential risks with reforestation have also been identified, including trade-offs with food security and biodiversity. Despite these concerns, multiple actors are already pursuing reforestation strategies in tropical agricultural landscapes. In particular, actors in commodity value chains, such as cocoa and coffee, are making commitments to agroforest-based reforestation. These actors have stated that they are facing challenges in the sustainable delivery of these pledges. Here we identify a knowledge exchange (KE) gap between practitioners and scientists: how to implement successful and sustainable reforestation as an NbS in tropical agricultural landscapes.

To fill this gap, this fellowship would facilitate KE between scientists, conservation practitioners and industry, in cocoa and coffee value chains, building on relationships already established by the applicant William Thompson and the host, the Nature-based Solutions Initiative (NbSI), U. Oxford. State-of-the-art knowledge regarding agroforestry and reforestation, as well as new knowledge generated from the KE process, will be packaged under the umbrella of the High Agricultural Reforestation Potential (HARP) Toolkit. The KE process will also lead to establishing a set of best practice principles for reforestation in smallholder agriculture contexts.

We propose a dual case study of cocoa in Ghana and coffee in Vietnam, two leading commodity producing countries with high deforestation risk but also high reforestation potential. These complementary cases are selected to maximise the usability of the toolkit across geographies and commodities. Overall, we will adopt a transdisciplinary approach, whereby the framing of challenges in reforestation and the development of the toolkit will be performed jointly between stakeholders, including; chocolate companies (Lindt), certifiers (Rainforest Alliance, 4C), project developers (Plan Vivo), NGOs (IDH), farmer organisations, finance (Green Finance Institute) and scientists (NbSI, Oxford, KE fellows, NERC researchers), as well as international collaborators (ETH Zurich, Queensland). Phase 1 of the fellowship will convene an "Agroforestry and Reforestation" KE network consisting i) Overarching cross-commodity platform (semi-virtual/UK), ii) Cocoa value chain platform (Ghana w/ KNUST, IITA) and iii) Coffee value chain platform (Vietnam w/ CIAT, IDH). Phase 2 will co-design and test the HARP toolkit with stakeholders. Phase 3 will synthesise a set of best practice principles for reforestation in smallholder agricultural landscapes.

The HARP toolkit will enable planning of agroforest-based reforestation interventions at a landscape scale by a consortium of actors. The toolkit will allow for the evaluation of different agroforest and reforestation (e.g. patch enrichment, riparian buffers) configurations against user defined criteria (e.g. farmer income, carbon sequestration). Network members have already been identified as HARP Toolkit testers (IDH, Rainforest Alliance, Plan Vivo). A key impact of this fellowship, therefore, would be to translate NERC and NERC remit science to enhance the sustainability of reforestation interventions in cocoa and coffee value chains. More widely, the "best practice principles" can inform the creation of reforestation commitments by supply chain companies (e.g. Lindt), as well as policies by producing and consuming country governments (e.g. via UK Global Resources Initiative). In addition, NERC researchers and KE fellows will benefit from the KE process by building understanding of reforestation actors' scientific needs. We intend that the KE process can be sustainable and that the network will be self-maintaining after the fellowship.

Publications

10 25 50
 
Description The transdisciplinary generation of the HARP toolkit, via knowledge exchange with a network of key stakeholders in the coffee and cocoa value chains, in Ghana and Vietnam, has generated several key findings from the ongoing process.

Through engaging with smallholder cocoa and coffee farmers in Vietnam and Ghana, value chain actors including, traders, certifiers, local and national governments, NGOs and scientists, we have generated findings on issues affecting decision making relating to the adoption and promotion of agroforestry. These findings have supported our design of the HARP toolkit in terms of identifying key end users, communication formats, tool themes and data required.

Farmers report shade trees are useful for climate adaptation (drought and heatwave). The climate adaptation narrative seems to be the most effective framing used by government and corporate farm extension works to promote agroforestry. From a value chain actor perspective, manufacturer and trader supply chain initiatives generally have high ambition in terms of scale but low ambition relating to their proposed agroforestry transformation both in terms of the process and the end goal. Resulting, agroforests lack structural complexity, shade density and diversity.

These key findings have allowed us to co-generate a framework for the design of the HARP toolkit. This is an active phase, whilst engaging further with industry and farmers. This framework is being used to generate tool prototypes to be tested with end-users including certifiers and private sector sustainability managers. Three key tools are under development including 1) agroforestry for climate resilience configuration tool ;2) farm to landscape behavioural metrics and 3) policy and programmatic guidance for promoting agroforestry in commodity supply chains.

Overall our ongoing process has allowed us to achieve 3 out of 5 of our initial objectives (1,2,3a):
1: Convene an "Agroforestry and Reforestation" focused stakeholder KE network

2: Define the specific needs of value chain stakeholders relating to reforestation

3a: To design the High Agricultural Reforestation Potential (HARP) Toolkit

3b: To test and refine the HARP Toolkit

4: Co-generate a set of "Best Practice Principles for Reforestation Implementation

From the remaining 2 objectives we are in a very strong position to achieve these during the course of the project.
Exploitation Route In terms of taking findings forward, we are working on several pathways to influence private and public sector with our knowledge exchange outputs. Firstly, in terms of policy and programme principles to support the promotion of agroforestry in commodity value chains we are working on the creation of digital knowledge hub to share these in an easily accessible way for key end users. Additionally, in relation to the toolkit we have received additional funding to work closely with two supply chain companies to design and test these tools within their cocoa supply chains in West Africa. Beyond this, the findings, data sets, and collaborations built from this project have formed the basis a new funded research and development programme the Flourishing Landscapes Programme. This programme will further extend the range of tools in the HARP toolkit and seek to extend usability to farmers.
Sectors Agriculture

Food and Drink

Environment

Government

Democracy and Justice

Retail

 
Description There are several emerging impacts from the HARP project. Firstly the Environmental and Livelihood Assessment tools that were designed as part of the project have been identified by stakeholders in the coffee value chain in Vietnam as being useful for their evaluation of agroforestry and reforestation interventions in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Additionally, cocoa supply chain companies in Ghana have highlighted the evaluation of shade tree species diversity and agroforest climate resilience will be useful in guiding their company policies and sustainability interventions. Further, we have been able to develop new partnerships with key actors in nature conservation efforts in tropical agricultural landscapes (WWF Ecuador, PanNature) that will adapt and utilise the tools we are working on to engage with farmers and communities as citizen scientists. As the project is ongoing, we hope to further develop these avenues of impact as well as develop additional ones via the uptake of the HARP toolkit by key value chain partners.
First Year Of Impact 2023
Sector Agriculture, Food and Drink,Environment
Impact Types Societal

Policy & public services

 
Description Contributor to: Scaling up agroforestry as a forest landscape conservation and sustainable livelihood strategy in West Africa through innovative supply chain tools
Amount £70,000 (GBP)
Funding ID CCI-11-22-003 
Organisation University of Cambridge 
Department Cambridge Conservation Initiative
Sector Academic/University
Country United Kingdom
Start 08/2023 
End 09/2024
 
Description Global Centre on Biodiversity for Climate - Flourishing Landscapes Programme
Amount £750,000 (GBP)
Organisation Department For Environment, Food And Rural Affairs (DEFRA) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 12/2023 
End 12/2026
 
Title Cocoa Agroforestry Environmental and Livelihoods Outcomes Assessment Tool 
Description This tool was developed to assess the environmental and livelihood outcomes and trade-offs experienced by smallholder cocoa farmers adopting various forms of cocoa agroforestry. 
Type Of Material Improvements to research infrastructure 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? No  
Impact This tool has been utilised to enhance the knowledge base for several elements of the HARP toolkit. 
 
Title Coffee Agroforestry Environmental and Economic Outcomes Assessment Tool 
Description This questionnaire was developed to assess the environmental and socioeconomic outcomes and trade-offs experienced by smallholder coffee farmers adopting various forms of coffee agroforestry. 
Type Of Material Improvements to research infrastructure 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? No  
Impact This tool has been identified by our partner organization Tay Nguyen University as a key option for use in their evaluation of large-scale coffee industry sustainability programs in the Central Highlands of Vietnam 
 
Title Cocoa Agroforestry Environmental and Livelihood Outcomes 2023 
Description This data set comprises: - HH questionnaire responses (30) - Biophysical plot data from cocoa farms (18) - Mciroclaimte data from cocoa farms (18) 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? No  
Impact This data set is being used to analyse environmental and livelihood outcomes, supporting the development of the HARP toolkit. 
 
Title Coffee Agroforestry Environmental and Livelihood Outcomes 2023 
Description A data set comprising: - HH questionnaire repsones (100 farmers) - Biophysical coffee plot data (70 plots) - Microclimate data (12 plots) 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? No  
Impact This data set has been utilized to evaluate the tradeoffs and synergies between environmental and livelihood outcomes driven by agroforestry adoption in Vietnamese coffee farmers. 
 
Description Oxford - IKIAM partnership 
Organisation Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM
Country Ecuador 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution tbc
Collaborator Contribution tbx
Impact tbc
Start Year 2023
 
Description Oxford - Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology 
Organisation Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST)
Country Ghana 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution In collaboration with KNUST, we have designed and built microclimate monitoring stations, and collected data on agroforest ecology and farmer livelihoods. As part of the next stage of the HARP project, we have developed a new programme of transdisciplinary socio-ecological research called the Flourishing Landscapes Programme, which builds on the mid-term findings of the HARP project, partnerships developed and data sets accessed. We have played a role in designing the research programme and securing funding to support the partnership over 3 years.
Collaborator Contribution KNUST have provided technical inputs on the design of research tools, including biophysical and socio-economic survey protocols.
Impact 1. Cocoa biophysical and livelihood assessment tool 2. Cocoa biophysical and livelihoods data set 3. Engagement with cocoa value chain stakheolders and local and nationall government organisations 3. Funding for new research programme
Start Year 2021
 
Description Oxford - PanNature 
Organisation PanNature
Country Viet Nam 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution In the initial stages of the HARP project, we worked with PanNAture to identify key stakeholdes in the coffee value chain to work together with . As part of the next stage of the HARP project, we have developed a new programme of transdisciplinary socio-ecological research called the Floursihing Landcapes Programme, which builds on the mid-term findings of the HARP project, partnerships developed and data sets generated. We have played a role in designing the research programme and securing funding to support the partnership over 3 years.
Collaborator Contribution PanNature have contributed to the identification of key stakeholders to engage in the HARP toolkit development process. As part of the next stage of the HARP tool kit they have identified potential commutes and coffee farmer cooperatives to engage with.
Impact 1. Research Programme: Flourishing LAndsdcapes Programme
Start Year 2022
 
Description Oxford Cambridge Collaboration Tree Tenure Project 
Organisation University of Cambridge
Department Cambridge Conservation Initiative
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution xyz
Collaborator Contribution abc
Impact abc
Start Year 2023
 
Description Oxford ETH Zurich Collaboration 
Organisation ETH Zurich
Country Switzerland 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution I provide input to a complementary research project (Sustain-Cocoa) led by Prof. Rachael Garrett at the Environmental Policy Lab, ETH Zurich. The inputs include activities that are mutually beneficial to the objectives of the KE Fellowship. This includes building multi-facetted partnerships with key cocoa sector stakeholders in the private, public and NGO sectors. These activities involve contributing to project information briefs, negotiating partnerships with these actors, designing research projects, promoting participation in both projects via face to face meetings with cocoa sector stakeholders.
Collaborator Contribution Collaborators from the Environmental Policy Lab at ETH Zurich provide input on research design and cocoa sector engagement, contribute to the design of project information briefs, support the development of industry partnerships.
Impact This multi-disciplinary partnership (political ecology, econometrics, ecology) has already started to produce early outputs that will contribute to the delivery of both the KE Fellowship and the Sustain-Cocoa project. Joint field work in Ghana in November and December 2022 resulted in multiple partnership opportunities being generated with industry, government and NGOs. Knowledge co-generated during this fieldwork will inform Phase 1 of the KE Fellowship where key challenges relating to agroforestry adoption in the cocoa sector are being characterised. The participatory nature of this research already provided a forum for smallholder farmers to engage with cocoa sector actors to exchange on key issues relating to agroforestry adoption providing direct societal impacts.
Start Year 2022
 
Description Cocoa field day Kumasi 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact A mixed group (16 attendees) of cocoa industry, conservation practitioners, researchers, HARP project collaborators, cocoa farmers attended a one day cocoa farm field visit near Kumasi. The field visit was intended to enable exchange between different actors in the cocoa sector on issues of sustainability. The HARP project was presented to the group. The event resulted in follow up engagement with a cocoa manufacturer, which has lead to additional collaboration on benchmarking existing tools to evaluate cocoa agroforestry systems. This directly supports the HARP project in mapping stakeholder needs relating to agroforestry tools and supports this cocoa manufacturer in their sustainability intervention design.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
 
Description Forum on Cocoa and Landscape Governance research in West Africa 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact The HARP team (via William Thompson) were founding members of this network (initiated by ECI, Oxford), with the following mission statement `'We are an inclusive network of scholars aiming to help better coordinate research and learning about the governance of cocoa in West Africa, and the broader landscapes in which it is embedded. We are committed to promoting, encouraging and giving visibility to different perspectives and different ways of knowing. This includes recruiting scholars and other actors from the Global South to join the network and complement and contribute to this important field. We also aim to promote direct representation of small-scale cocoa farming producers and larger communities in the cocoa producing countries. This is crucial given the multitude of external forest policy and governance initiatives aiming to regulate cocoa production that originate from the Global North. There is an urgent need for greater representation of small-scale cocoa producers and communities, to ensure their voice and concerns are heard."
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Governing Agroecological Transitions - The case of Ghanaian Cocoa 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact The public lecture series "Agroecology and the Transition to Sustainable Food Systems" held by the World Food System Centre highlighted the principles of biodiversity, animal health, social values, participation, and land and natural resource use governance to a wide international audience of interested actors from public, private and academic sectors. This presentation covered climate resilience and private governance in the cocoa sector. This introduced the HARP toolkit to a wider audience. there was follow-up contact from SWiss companies working in the carbon and agricultural space, to explore collaboration.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
URL https://worldfoodsystem.ethz.ch/news/wfsc-news/2022/10/agroecology-public-lectures-2022.html
 
Description HARP - Nestle Vietnam 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact THe HARP toolkit was presented to NEstle Vietnam. The HARP team exchanged about Nestle's plans in this space and the possibility of further collaborative activities.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description HARP Toolkit - Scaling Up engagement with ABInBev Foundation 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Supporters
Results and Impact We presented the HARP toolkit to ABiNBev Foundation, as well as potential plans for scaling this up in brewing value chains.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description HARP Toolkit ideation with Merdia, Accra 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact We conducted the HARP toolkit ideation activity with Meridia in Accra to explore their needs in relation to the toolkit. The activity was attended by the Ghana Country manager of Meridia.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description HARP toolkit exchange with Lombard Odier 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact We presented the HARP toolkit project to Lomabr Odier.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description HARP toolkit ideation with Beyond Beans, Kumasi 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact We held the HARP Toolkit ideation activity with cocoa supply chain actors Beyond Beans at their offices in Kumasi, Ghana. This was attended by their Ghana programme manager and sustainability team. We explored the sustainability teams needs in relation to the HARP toolkit and the design of their agroforestry and forest restoration programmes in the Ghanaian cocoa landscapes.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description HARP toolkit knowledge generation strategy design with industry (Beyond Beans and Meridia) 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact This joint engagement was held to co-design our knowledge generation plan for the HARP toolkit in relation to the cocoa supply chain of Ghana. Attendees were from the sustainability teams of two key stakeholder organizations Beyond BEans and Meridia. Participants joined online from the Netherlands, UK and Ghana.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description HARP- PUR Projet Vietnam 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Third sector organisations
Results and Impact THe HARP team presented the toolkit to the PUR Project Vietnam team. They explored the possibility of joint collection of data to inform their own activities.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description IDH VIetnam project presentation 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Third sector organisations
Results and Impact XYZ
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Ideation for HARP Toolkit extension - RSPB 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact We presented progress so far on the HARP toolkit and explored additional tools that could be added that would be of relevance to RPSB. We agreed to pursue additional funding for this.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Impact and Innovation Presentation Oxford 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Impact and Innovation talk at Oxford Biology Department. There were approximately 30 people in person and 30 people online from academia, policy and conservation practice. The purpose of the talk was to give an overview of the HARP project and identify pathways to impact in the ecology and conservation sectors. Following this talk, contact with a new potential research collaborator was established in relation to the coffee and biodiversity component of the HARP toolkit.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description JDE Douw Egberts HARP Presentation 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact Presentation and discussion regarding the design of the HARP toolkit with leading coffee traders and processors at their UK headquarters. Several potential areas for follow up were identified, including the funding of data colelction and the sharing of knowledge on biodiversity insetting.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Planning for scaling up to new geographies with WWF Ecuador 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact We held a series of engagements with WWF Ecuador and IKIAM university to design a process for the generation of new citizens science tools for monitoring biodiversity, building on the work initiated by the HARP toolkit.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023,2024
 
Description Presentation and discussion with cocoa farmers co-operative in Ahsanti, Ghana 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact We held a presentation and discussion with members of a cocoa farming co-operative in the Ashanti Region, Ghana to introduce and explore the potential of the HARP toolkit.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Presentation of HARP toolkit to CIAT-Bioversity 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The HARP team presented the toolkit to this CGIAR organization with the aim of fostering synergistic data collection and design activities, in the cocoa and coffee agroforestry space.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Presentation to Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact A presentation was given to the Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science at Oxford. Around 30 people attended from a mixture of academic, practitioner and NGO backgrounds.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Scaling up in Vietnam with PanNature 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact This engagement involved the initiation of the co-creation phase for developing additional tools under the policy theme. This was attended by PanNatures head and policy lead.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022,2023,2024
 
Description Series of meetings with World Cocoa Foundation regarding HARP toolkit design 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact WCF were engaged for their input on the design and testing of the HARP toolkit. This series of meetings led to plans to co-develop part of the toolkit and seek WCF industry members to test the toolkit.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Talk to Future of Food Programme 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Talk on the development of HARP toolkit to Future of Food Programme,
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description Western Highlands Agriculture & Forestry Science Institute (WASI) Series of Meetings 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The HARP team engaged with WASI over a series of meetings to get input into the design of data collection relating to coffee agroforestry systems in Vietnam. Both teams were able to exchange expertise in terms of the monitoring of key outcomes from agroforestry adoption.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description World Food System Centre - Food Day Talk 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact I gave a talk covering research in sustainability in the cocoa sector. The talk communicated challenges relating to sustainability in the cocoa sector to diverse audience of around 60 people including industry, government, NGOs, research and the general public. The talk also introduced the next stages of the HARP project. The talk initiated multiple discussions with attendees about these challenges. In addition, follow up contacts were made by attendees regarding engaging with these challenges.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021