Prevention & Control of Infectious Diseases: Understanding the basis of host resistance

Lead Research Organisation: University of Edinburgh
Department Name: The Roslin Institute

Abstract

Abstracts are not currently available in GtR for all funded research. This is normally because the abstract was not required at the time of proposal submission, but may be because it included sensitive information such as personal details.

Technical Summary

This programme will reduce the burden of infectious diseases of farmed animals and zoonoses by dissecting host genetic contributions to resistance, resilience and transmission.

Planned Impact

unavailable

Publications

10 25 50

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Ichikawa K (2024) Innovations in poultry reproduction using cryopreserved avian germ cells. in Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene

 
Description EU H2020 collaborative project ECO-READY- Achieving Ecological Resilient Dynamisms for the European food system through consumer-driven policies, socio-ecological challenges, biodiversity, data-driven policy, sustainable futures
Amount € 14,948,450 (EUR)
Funding ID 101084201 - ECO-READY 
Organisation European Commission 
Sector Public
Country European Union (EU)
Start 12/2022 
End 11/2025
 
Description New social phenotypes from automated computer vision systems for reducing harmful social interactions and disease transmission in pigs through selective breeding
Amount £54,900 (GBP)
Funding ID BBSRC IAA PIII108 
Organisation Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 03/2023 
End 10/2023
 
Description TRAnsforming the DEbate about livestock systems transformation (TRADE)
Amount £677,397 (GBP)
Funding ID BB/W018152/1 
Organisation Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 05/2022 
End 05/2025
 
Description roslin foundation phd studentships-rf2023/001
Amount £560,000 (GBP)
Organisation The Roslin Foundation 
Sector Charity/Non Profit
Country United Kingdom
Start 09/2023 
End 09/2027
 
Title Single cell sequencing 
Description Highly reliable single cell or nucleus sequencing using 10X Genomics or Parse Biosciences Platform, available to researchers at the University of Edinburgh and externally through a Genomics Facility established at the Roslin Institute. 
Type Of Material Technology assay or reagent 
Year Produced 2022 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact Since we established the Genomics Facility at the Roslin Institute, we have enabled approximately 20 different research groups to uptake transformative single cell sequencing technologies in their research, including a range of model and non model species (to date: human, mouse, pig, chicken, sheep, cattle, Atlantic salmon, oyster, shrimp, dog, zebrafish, medaka, among others). 
URL https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/facilities-resources/genomics-platform
 
Description Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics & Health 
Organisation Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Country United States 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution We recently renewed $10M investment from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to sustain the Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics & Health to 2027. CTLGH involves collaboration between The Roslin Institute, ILRI and SRUC and aims to drive genetic gain in poultry and cattle indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa. It involves contributions from researchers funded by this programme and adds significant value to its objectives.
Collaborator Contribution Collaborative research.
Impact Significant progress is being made in dissecting the genomic architecture of production and health traits in farmed animals indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the basis of adaptation to different environments. This will inform the design of breeding strategies that aim to bring lasting genetic improvements.
Start Year 2015
 
Description Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics & Health 
Organisation International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
Country Kenya 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution We recently renewed $10M investment from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to sustain the Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics & Health to 2027. CTLGH involves collaboration between The Roslin Institute, ILRI and SRUC and aims to drive genetic gain in poultry and cattle indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa. It involves contributions from researchers funded by this programme and adds significant value to its objectives.
Collaborator Contribution Collaborative research.
Impact Significant progress is being made in dissecting the genomic architecture of production and health traits in farmed animals indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the basis of adaptation to different environments. This will inform the design of breeding strategies that aim to bring lasting genetic improvements.
Start Year 2015
 
Description Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics & Health 
Organisation Scotland's Rural College
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution We recently renewed $10M investment from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to sustain the Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics & Health to 2027. CTLGH involves collaboration between The Roslin Institute, ILRI and SRUC and aims to drive genetic gain in poultry and cattle indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa. It involves contributions from researchers funded by this programme and adds significant value to its objectives.
Collaborator Contribution Collaborative research.
Impact Significant progress is being made in dissecting the genomic architecture of production and health traits in farmed animals indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the basis of adaptation to different environments. This will inform the design of breeding strategies that aim to bring lasting genetic improvements.
Start Year 2015
 
Description Development and evaluation of sterile ticks for control of vector-borne diseases. 
Organisation Oxitec Ltd
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Private 
PI Contribution We are working with Oxitec to genetically alter Rhipicephalus ticks that transmit Theileria, the causative agent of East Coast Fever in cattle in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim is to render ticks sterile, such that when introduced into populations it causes reproductive failure and collapse of tick numbers.
Collaborator Contribution Oxitec contribute their expertise in genetic modification of insects and staff will be located in laboratories close to the Institute. They provide significant funding for studies that interact modified ticks with cattle at a high level of biosecurity.
Impact Ongoing.
Start Year 2023
 
Description Editing for Classical Swine Fever resistance in pigs 
Organisation Genus plc
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Private 
PI Contribution Editing of a candidate gene for resistance to Classical Swine Fever in pigs (target confidential). This was supported partly by a £30k award from the BBSRC Impact Accelerator Account to the Institute and University of Edinburgh in 2023.
Collaborator Contribution Confidential.
Impact Ongoing.
Start Year 2020
 
Description Evaluation of edits for Classical Swine Fever Resistance in pigs 
Organisation Animal and Plant Health Agency
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Public 
PI Contribution Provision of genome-edited pig cells to APHA.
Collaborator Contribution Testing the impact of specific mutations on resistance to Classical Swine Fever Virus.
Impact Ongoing.
Start Year 2023
 
Description Genome editing trout for resistance to infectious pancreatic necrosis 
Organisation Hendrix Genetics
Country Netherlands 
Sector Private 
PI Contribution Editing of NAE1 in rainbow trout to determine if this confers resistance to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus.
Collaborator Contribution Hendrix provided the funding for this project (confidential). This was supplemented by £30k from the BBSRC Impact Accelerator Award to the Institute and University of Edinburgh in 2023. Editing and challenge performed via a contract with the Centre for Aquaculture Technologies in Canada.
Impact Ongoing.
Start Year 2020
 
Description Genome-scale mutagenesis to identify host genes required for African Swine Fever Virus replication 
Organisation Genus plc
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Private 
PI Contribution We plan a genome-wide sgRNA:Cas9 mutagenesis screen to identify host genes required for replication of African Swine Fever Virus in pig macrophages.
Collaborator Contribution Confidential.
Impact Ongoing.
Start Year 2023
 
Description Genome-scale mutagenesis to identify host genes required for influenza virus replication 
Organisation Cobb Vantress
Country United States 
Sector Private 
PI Contribution Genome-wide sgRNA:Cas9 screen for avian genes required for replication of influenza A virus.
Collaborator Contribution Provision of funding (confidential).
Impact Ongoing.
Start Year 2020
 
Description Genomic selection for resistance to viral aquatic diseases. 
Organisation Worldfish
Country Malaysia 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution We have partnered with WorldFish, a CGIAR organisation, to study the genomic architecture of resistance of aquatic species to viral diseases. A major recent achievement was the identification of a major quantitative trait locus underlying resistance of Nile tilapia to tilapia lake virus, which can devastate aquaculture systems in low- and middle-income countries (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34262170/). We are working with WorldFish to further understand the basis of resistance and to inform selective breeding strategies to instil resistance into farmed tilapia populations.
Collaborator Contribution Funding and access to resources and expertise.
Impact Ongoing. Once implemented, TilV resistant tilapia are likely to achieve significant societal and economic benefits, particularly for low- and middle-income countries.
Start Year 2020
 
Description Identification of candidate genes associated with resistance to African Swine Fever Virus. 
Organisation Friedrich Loeffler Institute
Country Germany 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution We collaborated with FLI to conduct a genome-wide mutagenesis screen for pig genes influencing replication of African Swine Fever Virus (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37604847/). We have sought to protect aspects of the Intellectual Property.
Collaborator Contribution Collaborative research (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37604847/).
Impact We are exploring options to fund the generation of edited pigs to establish the role of candidate genes in ASFV resistance.
Start Year 2021
 
Description Option to licence Intellectual Property related to a genome edit that confers resistance to African Swine Fever Virus 
Organisation Genus plc
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Private 
PI Contribution This relates to a joint discovery made in this theme of the programme in 2023: Pannhorst K, Carlson J, Hölper JE, Grey F, Baillie JK, Höper D, Wöhnke E, Franzke K, Karger A, Fuchs W, Mettenleiter TC. 2023. The non-classical major histocompatibility complex II protein SLA-DM is crucial for African swine fever virus replication. Sci Rep. 13:10342. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36788-9.
Collaborator Contribution Confidential.
Impact Ongoing.
Start Year 2022
 
Description Understanding resistance to viral diseases in fish. 
Organisation Zoetis
Country United States 
Sector Private 
PI Contribution With an iCASE studentship funded by the BBSRC we have partnered with Zoetis to understand genetic and immunological factors contributing to the resistance of fish to viral diseases.
Collaborator Contribution Funding and in-kind support. The project is envisaged to include a placement by the doctoral student with Zoetis.
Impact Ongoing.
Start Year 2023
 
Description "Oysters in Edinburgh" at Edinburgh Science Festival 2024 (food, drink and science event) 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Evening event for adults at the 2024 Edinburgh Science Festival, combining talks on RI research in oyster biology/natural history, genetics, disease resistance, native oyster conservation projects, social history of oysters in Edinburgh, food (five types of oysters) and matching drinks, with small group discussions and audience Q&A. Supported by RI oyster scientists and PE team.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description A paper-based PCR simulation activity 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact A paper-based PCR simulation activity to reinforce how PCR works aimed at S6 secondary school pupils, college students and their teachers
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023,2024
 
Description DNA & the Genome | PCR Masterclass: A Question of Taste. A full-day PCR workshop 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact A full-day PCR workshop that aims to engage and inspire final and penultimate high school biology pupils, giving them the opportunity to work with real lab equipment and reagents, supported by RI academic/scientific staff and PGRs, who also discuss their own research and career paths.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description Gel Electrophoresis Wall Tank. A classroom resource to support teachers to explore how gel electrophoresis works with their pupils. 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact A classroom resource to support teachers to explore how gel electrophoresis works with their pupils.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023,2024
 
Description Invited Departmental Seminar: "All things fish: genomic perspectives from food security to evolution". 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact Invited Departmental Seminar: Trinity College Dublin (Smurfit Institute of Genetics). 12th Jan 2024. Hosted by Prof. Aoife McLysaght
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description Invited Lecture: Functional annotation of fish genomes: towards precision aquaculture breeding founded on biological understanding 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Invited online lecture -'Functional annotation of fish genomes: towards precision aquaculture breeding founded on biological understanding' at the 1st aquaculture seed industry professional forum. 30th China Beijing seed Industry Conference. 11th Sept 2023. Provided audience with overview of latest status of genomic technologies for aquaculture breeding.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Invited Webinar: 'Functional annotation of fish genomes: towards more precise breeding in aquaculture' 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Invited talk at the 2023 (Qingdao) Conference on International Cooperation for Future Production, Education, Research and Application of the Ocean Industry. Provided audience with overview of latest status of genomic technologies for aquaculture breeding.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Invited Webinar: 'Harnessing single cell transcriptomics to understand and improve salmon performance and health'. Webinar: Understanding and improving salmon performance. Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre. 21st June 2023. 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact Invited webinar: 'Harnessing single cell transcriptomics to understand and improve salmon performance and health'. Webinar: Understanding and improving salmon performance. Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre. 21st June 2023. Provided an overview of the transformative potential of single cell transcriptomic technologies to understanding and improve the welfare, health and performance of farmed salmon.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://blueeconomycrc.com.au/webinar-understanding-and-improving-salmon-performance/
 
Description Invited talk: "AQUA-FAANG: decoding genome function to enhance genotype-to-phenotype prediction in farmed finfish" EAAP Session - EuroFAANG: Genotype-to-phenotype research across Europe and beyond. 31.08.2023, Lyon, France 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact Invited talk: "AQUA-FAANG: decoding genome function to enhance genotype-to-phenotype prediction in farmed finfish" EAAP Session - EuroFAANG: Genotype-to-phenotype research across Europe and beyond. 31.08.2023, Lyon, France. Part of a session that included an industry panel session -"How European animal breeding sector can use EuroFAANG Research Infrastructure and knowledge developed so far" Opportunities and barriers for uptaking the results, with 4 panellists coming from industry.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.gene-switch.eu/uploads/1/2/6/6/126678735/agenda_-_eurofaang_eaap_2025.pdf
 
Description Lab Techniques: Gel Electrophoresis in Action. Video designed to support Higher Biology and Higher Human Biology learners to develop their knowledge and understanding of PCR. 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact This video has been designed to support Higher Biology and Higher Human Biology learners to develop their knowledge and understanding of PCR.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023,2024
 
Description Lab Techniques: PCR in Action. Video designed to support Higher Biology and Higher Human Biology learners to develop their knowledge and understanding of gel electrophoresis. 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact This video has been designed to support Higher Biology and Higher Human Biology learners to develop their knowledge and understanding of gel electrophoresis.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023,2024
 
Description Meet a Roslin Scientist - Free downloadable resources created to engage and inspire upper primary pupils, secondary pupils and teachers 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact Free downloadable resources created to engage and inspire upper primary pupils, secondary pupils and teachers, based on our collection of "Meet a Roslin Scientist" short videos and scientist profiles that explore what scientists do, who they are and how they got into science.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023,2024
 
Description Science @Home- Marvellous Mixtures. 'Science @Home' investigation (designed for families to use with young learners aged 9-14) used to explore the question "Can I separate my leafy mixture?". 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact This 'Science @Home' investigation (designed for families to use with young learners aged 9-14) is used to explore the question "Can I separate my leafy mixture?". The investigation builds confidence in using the scientific method and reveals RI research using chromatography to analyse metabolites.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023,2024
 
Description article outlining how Epigenetic markers aid understanding of cattle immunity 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact article outlining how Epigenetic markers aid understanding of cattle immunity, it also appears in efeedlink, Dairy Global
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description article outlining how Cost-efficient analysis helps breed disease-resistant fish 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact the article shows how a Genetic technique makes breeding healthy animals more accessible to small and medium-scale fish farming producers and is A cost-effective method for breeding rainbow trout to be resistant to a common bacterial infection which has been developed by scientists.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news-2023/cost-efficient-analysis-helps-breed-disease...
 
Description article outlining how Gene-edited chickens take a significant step in bird flu fight plus associated news coverage 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact report shows how Alterations to key gene associated with infection offer partial protection and suggest path to flu-resistant poultry where Scientists have used gene-editing techniques to identify and change parts of chicken DNA that could limit the spread of the bird flu virus in the animals and Researchers were able to restrict - but not completely block - the virus from infecting chickens by altering a small section of their DNA. The birds showed no signs that the change in their DNA had any impact on their health or wellbeing. This also appeared in
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news-2023/gene-edited-chickens-are-significant-step-i...
 
Description article outlining how Wild red deer gene analysis informs management plans 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact article reporting that Genetic studies highlight the species' genetic diversity and population structure, with implications for conservation and wildlife management. Insights into the genetic diversity of wild red deer populations in France may inform plans to further develop how they are managed.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news-2023/wild-red-deer-gene-analysis-informs-managem...
 
Description article outlining how a Key gene blocks spillover of avian flu to humans 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact the article explains how Newly identified gene shown to prevent most strains of bird flu from causing infection in humans. Understanding the genetic make-up of currently circulating avian flu strains may offer one of the best lines of defence against widespread human transmission according to new research that has found a key human gene responsible for blocking most avian flu viruses from spilling over into people.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news-2023/key-gene-blocks-spillover-of-avian-flu-to-h...
 
Description article outlining how a Project aims to curb losses from major cattle pest 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact article outlining how Roslin experts join collaboration to mitigate impact of Asian blue tick on herds around the world noting that Scientists are working with commercial partners to tackle the world's most devastating cattle tick, which causes billions of dollars of losses to farmers worldwide and reporting that Researchers at the Roslin Institute are working with partners Oxitec to develop a method of managing the invasive Asian blue tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, which spreads diseases through biting cattle. Article also appears in Overblog, The Cattle Site, The Beef Site, The Dairy Site
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news-2023/project-aims-to-curb-losses-from-major-catt...
 
Description article outlining how a particular Pig gene is critical for African Swine Fever infection 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact article reporting how a Lab study pinpoints immunity-linked gene in pigs that is required for African Swine Fever virus to replicate. Scientists have pinpointed a gene in the DNA of pigs that is needed by a deadly virus to cause infection. Their discovery could inform the development of pigs resistant to African Swine Fever (ASF), a swift acting, severe condition that causes widespread illness and death, incurring high losses for the pork industry. Also appears in "Rurales El Pais, The Pig Site, Head Topics Switzerland, aiz.info, Pig World, Time News, Proplanta, Agriwatch, Interempresas
Scottish Farmer, VetCommunity, MRCVS Online, Texas Agriculture Daily, Fleischwirtschaft, Ontario Farmer, Agrarheute, Zooinform.ru"
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news-2023/pig-gene-is-critical-for-african-swine-feve...
 
Description article outlining that the University and ILRI renew livestock research partnership 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact article around the Renewed Memorandum of Understanding creating research alliance to transform food systems and enhance sustainable livestock production. Article also appeared in Why Africa, Ghana News Online, Research Professional News
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news-2023/university-and-ilri-renew-livestock-researc...
 
Description article reporting on a Summer school focussing on infectious disease research 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact article outlining how an international initiative helps early career scientists develop their skills in studying infectious diseases where An international summer school in Sweden has enabled early career scientists to develop valuable skills in infectious disease modelling and control.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news-2023/summer-school-focuses-on-infectious-disease...
 
Description web article outlining how a Multi-species study aids understanding of bird flu 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact news reports about a study how the Response to infection in birds from chickens to crows points to biological factors linked to disease resistance. Investigations of how various bird species respond to avian flu have enabled insights into the disease. The findings, from a study by Roslin scientists, point towards immune processes and key genes that may play a part in how various species respond to infection. Outcomes from the study may help inform development of commercial poultry that are resistant to the disease. Article also appears in vnonline, mrcvsonline, efeedlink
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news-2023/multi-species-study-aids-understanding-of-b...