SolaNetWork

Lead Research Organisation: University of Ulster
Department Name: Sch of Built Environment

Abstract

More than 80% of Africa's electricity is fossil fuel generated leading to climate change effects which disproportionately affect the sub-Saharan region. Around 588 million people in sub-Saharan Africa live without access to electricity and consequently struggle to escape poverty owing to a lack of basic services such as lighting, motive power, and access to media and communications. The importance of providing modern energy to rural areas is a high priority. Electrical grid expansion is possible but suffers high up-front costs to government and individual households.
The SolaNetwork project builds upon the successful demonstration of 'entry level' energy access technology developed in the progenitor SolaFin2Go project that addressed the challenge of providing standalone solar systems to make available affordable clean electricity and hot water for off-grid households in rural sub-Saharan Africa. SolaNetwork will scale-up deployments of Solafin2go technologies interconnected to form virtual and physical node-to-node networks. The project will develop, and trial in the field, a unified monitoring and control system which will provide real-time business intelligence and deliver customer interfaces to enable a Distributed Energy Service Company (DESCO). A not-for-profit DESCO will operate and maintain the stand-alone units and grid network; manage and administer electricity trading between community prosumers; and deliver targeted training to promote off-grid solutions and develop local capacity in the sector.
Whole community energy security will be delivered by a suite of interconnected solar technologies forming a four-tiered approach: 1-A core community solar power, battery bank, and communications hub will provide electricity, hot water and internet access to support essential public services and facilitate battery trading. 2-A wired-micro-grid of interconnected home and business prosumers will support the nearby core community hub. 3-A cable-free-grid based on a battery trading will serve prosumers who are remote from the community hub. 4-A wireless communications network will connect the wired and cable-free prosumers to the core community hub and facilitate energy management at individual user level and whole community scale to ensure security of supply for all.
The proposed SolaNetwork physical and virtual infrastructure will consist of Distributed Energy Generators complete with integrated sensors, controls and two-way communications enabling formation of a node-to-node and node-to-hub DC power distribution network consisting of both wired-micro-grid and cable-free-grid battery trading elements. Operations will be managed by a DESCO formed of community representative and project stakeholders who will also organise training and employment of local technicians to ensure operational sustainability. The aim is to demonstrate an 'organic bottom-up' approach focused on achieving outcomes in 3 key areas: 1) Technology Scaling and Networking; 2) Service Delivery and Finance; and 3) Training and Gender Empowerment.
Project activities will specifically include a number of positive actions that will target female engagement within the project. Directed consultations with female villagers through householder information forums will be used to disseminate project information and implications for the householder and community. Using a 'Balancing Benefits' tool for gender mainstreaming and inclusion, the team will ensure equitable relationships between men and women and a more socially enabling environment.
The SolaNetwork project is a partnership comprising two academic institutions and 4 industrial/commercial partners and one NGO with diverse and complementary interests in renewables and energy, telecommunications, infrastructure, finance and international development. The project will partner with the local community and other stakeholders to embed knowledge and skills and ensure a legacy of long-term sustainable success.

Planned Impact

This project will bring together UK and African academics and industry partners to develop the SolaNetwork, addressing 3 fundamental elements of the energy trilemma: cost, emissions and security of supply in SSA. The partners will seek to maximise the impact of this research with the academic community, government and industry, including working with local SMEs that can produce the various services and components, thereby building local capacity and economic sustainability. The project will have a direct impact on:

Market: The global market for solar-home-systems (SHS) is estimated at 150M households and has grown 23% annually over the last 6 years. Over 65% of the SSA population live beyond the economic range of national grid expansion and represent a market of 480M people or about 100M households, growing at an annual rate of 2.3%. Taking a mid-range SDG7 cost of $1000 per household amounts to $125 billion of spending in SSA during the next decade. In Botswana (where the project is focused), there is an estimated $47M market. The project targets 50% exploitation of this ($24M) over the next 5-7 years and 0.5% exploitation of the wider SSA market ($625M) in the next 5-10 years. Developing the SolaNetwork and business models will be attractive to investors which will lead to more investment and deployment of the technology, thereby generating more growth and sales. This will have further impact in product development, design, manufacturing and IP generation.

Society: The whole community will benefit by encouraging private investments in solar energy access. This will result in increased solar value chain enterprises being created which will benefit the community at large. Increased job opportunities will result from the demand for solar products (installers, electricians and manufacturers/suppliers). New jobs will also be created through local project partners involved in new activities and supporting roles (such as the DESCO). Local community structures will develop through accelerating the transition to modern energy services in remote and rural areas, while also offering the co-benefits of healthy living, improvement of living standards, contributing to climate change, as well as positive effects on income growth and distributive equity in communities. At its core the project has a set of activities focused on supporting gender equality in the community. Community members who ordinarily would not have had the opportunity to access solar energy will now be accommodated through the project inclusion and 'Leave no one behind' methodologies and positive actions that target female engagement such as Women's Fireside Chats and training. Women of all socio economic groups will be engaged in localized village empowerment sessions to cover practical topics that women face in the energy sector.

Environment: The project will have a positive impact of the environment derived from an improvement in energy usage and efficiency; increased share of renewable energy; reduced dependency on imported fossil fuels, ongoing depletion of local (wood) fuel sources and predictable, reliable security of energy supply Industry: Various industrial sectors, in the UK and Africa could benefit from this research; they include SMEs' with interests in solar technologies and energy-finance management.

Policy Makers: Demonstrating the potential for a 'bottom up' approach to solar grid deployment combined with innovative virtual network, payment and customer management platform will be of significant interest to policy makers address the challenges of electrification in rural Africa, offering an alternative to electrical grid extension or standalone localised energy
generation.

Academic. The proposed project will benefit the academic community through three distinct mechanisms: interdisciplinary collaboration between the investigating team; contribution to new knowledge in different areas; outreach activities to the wider academic community.
 
Description - Identified a significant new direction to customize our prosumer units
- Field data collection and site evaluation impacted by Covid19
- Travel to Botswana impacted by Covid 19
- Experienced delays on component orders sourced from Europe
Exploitation Route Realised research outcomes shall be accessible through academic journals, conferences and other publicly accessible channels.
Sectors Communities and Social Services/Policy

Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software)

Energy

Environment

 
Description The project has realised direct social, educational, economic, and environmental impacts in Jamataka village by: providing lighting, mobile phone charging, televised media access, and a ready supply of hot water for one of the teacher households; enabling staff and school children to use computers, printers and a photocopier; and reducing fuel costs, CO2 emissions, and air pollution associated with petrol generators and firewood. An exciting follow-on project commencing in June 2019 augmented the ongoing field trial by testing innovative prosumer energy trading and service delivery models to develop a regional technology showcase for off-grid energy access infrastructure approaches Impact on end-user energy use: In 2018, the CST team's innovative integration of PV and electrical storage with the solar thermal SolaCatcher marked a significant advancement. This technology brought about a more comprehensive energy solution for the residents of Jamataka, Botswana, surpassing the capabilities of conventional solar technologies. Jamataka, a rural village characterized by socio-economic diversity, faced constraints in electricity and hot water access due to a combination of scarcity and affordability issues. Prior to the introduction of SolaFin2Go prototypes, the local primary school relied solely on natural light, passive ventilation, and occasional use of a 4kW petrol generator to power a photocopier Impact on healthcare and education: The provision of reliable and cost-effective electricity and hot water in Jamataka has brought about an immediate and profound improvement in the residents' quality of life, access to essential services such as healthcare and education, and their livelihoods. This transformation also carries significant commercial implications for the solar supply chain, as well as for professionals engaged in its deployment, policy regulation, and operational management. The initiatives led by the CST team and the implementation of SolaFin2Go technology have catalyzed behavioural changes in energy usage among end users and enhanced community access. The local school experienced a groundbreaking moment during Africa Code Week in October 2018, utilising solar energy to power laptops and establish connectivity to the internet through the technology's communication network. Before the installation, the school lacked internet access, and powering laptops relied on the 4kW petrol generator, posing safety risks and logistical challenges related to fueling. Impact on local government decisions (Botswana): The provision of clean and affordable modern energy access, a key component of Sustainable Development Goal 7, has led to immediate and transformative improvements in quality of life, access to essential services, and livelihoods. The SolaFin2Go project received robust support from the Botswanan Minister of Basic Education, the Botswana Government, and the local Tonota Sub District Council in Francistown, Botswana. This broad support network facilitated the team's activities and contributed to the local council's successful advocacy for government funding in 2019, secured through the Revised National Policy on Education. This funding enabled the installation of a substantially larger standalone PV system on the school campus, a project completed in 2020. Jamakata has transformed into an innovation hub through this collaborative project. Impact on health, social and gender inclusion The ongoing work of the SolaNetwork project with Jamataka has led to the establishment of the village's first DESCO (Distributed Energy Service Company). The project has encouraged village participation in the operations and management of the solar infrastructure, with subsequent influence in the creation and content of a development strategy and training programme. A village-wide survey (2020) with project partners has helped the team identify DESCO champions who were trained on a social- and gender-inclusive basis. The impact is still ongoing through creating villager awareness, understanding/learning and participation.
First Year Of Impact 2018
Sector Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Energy,Environment
Impact Types Societal

Economic

 
Title SolaFin2Go Electrical and Thermal behaviour time histories 
Description Collated spreadsheets of logged data showing 1) Electrical performance (voltages, currents, charge states, and charger operating modes) for two household solar PV + battery systems and one larger system powering a school office. 2) Thermal performance (temperatures and flow rates) for two SolaCatcher integrated collector-storage solar water heating systems. 3) Solar irradiance data in horizontal plane and three tilted planes (E, W and N facing). All systems located at a field trial site in rural Botswana (Jamataka Village) where they were in regular use by the local community. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2019 
Provided To Others? No  
Impact Data currently being formatted and analysed to enable evaluation as the basis for load/demand identification in subsequent "SolaNetwork" project. 
 
Description Project activities via @solarfin2go twitter feed and project website 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Engagement with general audience, policy makers, funding bodies, industries, researchers, manufacturers, media through tweets (total 610 tweets and 356 followers)
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018,2019,2020
URL https://twitter.com/SolarFin2Go
 
Description Shedding climate-friendly light on energy services in Africa 
Form Of Engagement Activity A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact Article written for Irish National broadcaster (RTE) as part of their Brainstorm programme. Disseminated via RTE website and on social media Linked-In.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020
URL https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2020/0203/1112803-shedding-climate-friendly-light-on-energy-services-i...
 
Description SolaNetwork introductory poster 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Poster presented at the one-day workshop "Opportunities for Energy Access: SuperSolar Supergen and Low Carbon Energy for Development Network (LCEDN)" held at Loughborough University, Loughboroug, United Kingdom, 9 May 2019 https://www.lcedn.com/events/archive/2019-05
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/78216344/SolaFin2Go_SolaNetwork_poster.pdf
 
Description SolaNetwork targets Africa with distributed solar system 
Form Of Engagement Activity A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Article introducing the project and promoting to potential stakeholders
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://www.theengineer.co.uk/solanetwork-solar-energy-system/
 
Description SolaNetwork: Integrated and affordable solar energy access solutions for socioeconomically diverse rural communities in Botswana 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Undergraduate students
Results and Impact Abstract and oral presentation made live via skype to conference auditorium at BIUST Research & Innovation Symposium in June 2019, titled "SolaNetwork: Integrated and affordable solar energy access solutions for socioeconomically diverse rural communities in Botswana". The Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST) is a partner on the SolaNetwork project, who we engaged with during the SolaFin2Go project.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/activities/biust-research-amp-innovation-symposium-2019