Meaning for the Brain and Meaning for the Person
Lead Research Organisation:
University of London
Department Name: Inst of Philosophy
Abstract
Humans make many things that carry meaning: an encyclopaedia entry on Ghandi, a toy model of the battle of Waterloo. Both are about things in the world. They represent Ghandi and Waterloo. Their meaning comes from us, their users, from what we take them to mean. It derives from human thought and understanding.
Our thoughts also have meaning. They are mental representations, representations that are about things in the outside world. How do they get their meaning? We can't say it comes from how people interpret them, because that just pushes back the question - how do those interpretations get their meaning? Thoughts must have underived meaning. Understanding how that can be so is one of the deepest questions about the mind.
This project will use case studies emerging from science to uncover the nature of meaning in the brain. Psychology tells us that mental representations are the result of a series of stages of internal information processing. Powerful new methods in cognitive neuroscience reveal information processing in the brain in unprecedented detail. They show how the brain performs complicated calculations on neural representations, which are states with meaning. That gives us a powerful insight into how those meanings arise.
But philosophers see a big problem here. There is an important distinction between representations at the "personal level" and representations at "subpersonal levels". The science mostly tells us about subpersonal representations, like the intricate calculations of light and shadow performed by the visual system on the way to recognising a three dimensional object. You couldn't tell me about those representations. They are not representations for you, the person. In contrast, personal level representations are meaningful for the person: conscious thoughts, beliefs, desires, conscious decisions. The deep problem of meaning is to understand the nature of personal level representations.
The philosophical problem with starting with the subpersonal is that theories of meaning based on the best case studies from neuroscience don't seem to be applicable to personal level mental representations. So the theories are rejected. This project takes a new tack. Maybe we need different theories for different cases: different theories for different kinds of subpersonal meaning and, crucially, a different theory of the meaning of personal level states like our conscious thoughts.
Once we take that tack the obvious question is: what is going on differently at the personal level? But then we run into trouble with the psychologists, because many think that nothing important is going on at the personal level - that it has little to do, because so much behaviour is driven subpersonally and automatically, and that what it does, it does badly, blundering through with a host of approximations, heuristics and biases. The science presents a kind of paradox: why is the personal level so error prone when subpersonal processes can perform highly intricate calculations optimally?
A growing body of data suggest that this is a serious oversimplification, because the personal level has a different job to do, which is difficult and important. Personal level representations undergo different kinds of computations - computations tailored to their special functions. We will analyse that body of results to understand what is being done differently at the personal level. But we are looking at the data through a new lens - with a focus on understanding how meaning arises, and arises differently from the subpersonal case.
This will be the first systematic investigation of how information is processed differently at the personal level in a way that makes a difference to how meaning is constituted. Drawing the contrast with meaning for the brain, we will lay the foundations for understanding meaning for the person.
Our thoughts also have meaning. They are mental representations, representations that are about things in the outside world. How do they get their meaning? We can't say it comes from how people interpret them, because that just pushes back the question - how do those interpretations get their meaning? Thoughts must have underived meaning. Understanding how that can be so is one of the deepest questions about the mind.
This project will use case studies emerging from science to uncover the nature of meaning in the brain. Psychology tells us that mental representations are the result of a series of stages of internal information processing. Powerful new methods in cognitive neuroscience reveal information processing in the brain in unprecedented detail. They show how the brain performs complicated calculations on neural representations, which are states with meaning. That gives us a powerful insight into how those meanings arise.
But philosophers see a big problem here. There is an important distinction between representations at the "personal level" and representations at "subpersonal levels". The science mostly tells us about subpersonal representations, like the intricate calculations of light and shadow performed by the visual system on the way to recognising a three dimensional object. You couldn't tell me about those representations. They are not representations for you, the person. In contrast, personal level representations are meaningful for the person: conscious thoughts, beliefs, desires, conscious decisions. The deep problem of meaning is to understand the nature of personal level representations.
The philosophical problem with starting with the subpersonal is that theories of meaning based on the best case studies from neuroscience don't seem to be applicable to personal level mental representations. So the theories are rejected. This project takes a new tack. Maybe we need different theories for different cases: different theories for different kinds of subpersonal meaning and, crucially, a different theory of the meaning of personal level states like our conscious thoughts.
Once we take that tack the obvious question is: what is going on differently at the personal level? But then we run into trouble with the psychologists, because many think that nothing important is going on at the personal level - that it has little to do, because so much behaviour is driven subpersonally and automatically, and that what it does, it does badly, blundering through with a host of approximations, heuristics and biases. The science presents a kind of paradox: why is the personal level so error prone when subpersonal processes can perform highly intricate calculations optimally?
A growing body of data suggest that this is a serious oversimplification, because the personal level has a different job to do, which is difficult and important. Personal level representations undergo different kinds of computations - computations tailored to their special functions. We will analyse that body of results to understand what is being done differently at the personal level. But we are looking at the data through a new lens - with a focus on understanding how meaning arises, and arises differently from the subpersonal case.
This will be the first systematic investigation of how information is processed differently at the personal level in a way that makes a difference to how meaning is constituted. Drawing the contrast with meaning for the brain, we will lay the foundations for understanding meaning for the person.
Planned Impact
The project's topic is an excellent opportunity to demonstrate to the public how important the humanities are if we are to understand the deluge of often confusing scientific findings about the mind. The public imagination has seized on ideas like 'nudge', neuroeconomics and Kahneman's 'Thinking Fast and Slow'. Philosophy contextualises those results and shows how they are relevant to decision-making as we ordinarily understand it.
The project's findings will provide philosophy and related disciplines with a clearer understanding of the role of conscious beliefs, desires and intentions in decision and action. In turn, psychology and cognitive neuroscience translate these advances into clinical and practical applications. An important clinical application is in treating addiction, compulsions and behavioural disorders. The project will build on a variety of activities at King's involving clinicians in this area, in which philosophers have played a central role. Practical applications include public policy (e.g. 'nudging' behaviour) and commercial applications in designing marketing and monitoring its effectiveness, both areas where academics in the psychology and neuroscience of decision making are actively involved in translational impacts.
The project is designed to maximise these impacts through a rich programme of interaction with researchers in psychology, cognitive neuroscience and wider cognitive science. The PI will engage in lab visits, theme-focused discussions, presentations at lab meetings and conferences, and the project conference. The interdisciplinary grouping at the Institute of Philosophy will be a focus, as will be the Department of Psychology at King's, currently growing to deliver the new undergraduate degree programme (from 2015), to which Philosophy will contribute.
To maximise our wider public impact, we will create the format for an interactive public event that both demonstrates some of the psychological effects and encourages a live audience to discuss their significance with researchers from philosophy and the sciences. Experiencing some of the key experimental paradigms for oneself brings them alive and makes the issues pressing. We will design a package that will be delivered at a high profile event at King's and will be adapted and used at other fora, for example at festivals or the ICA Thursday lunchtime talk.
These events will offer a powerful form of advocacy for the relevance of the humanities, reconnecting scientific findings with our everyday knowledge about the human mind, and showing (rather than saying) that philosophy has a key role to play in the process of knowledge discovery.
The event format will be highly suited to a new public engagement space being developed at King's, Science Gallery London, which is due to open on the Guy's campus opposite the Shard in 2016. The director Dr Daniel Glaser has agreed to act as a consultant to the project to develop its multimedia event format, which will be considered for inclusion in one of Science Gallery London's themed temporary exhibitions. It is potentially highly suited to the 'Addictive' theme with which the gallery will open.
The project will also make use of the PI's interdisciplinary network of researchers, consolidated and expanded by the project. The project conference is aimed at setting an academic research agenda, and we will also capitalise on it to raise public awareness of our research. We will work with the speakers coming in for the conference to record a series of six podcasts on the conference theme. The podcasts will be professionally produced by David Edmonds, a BBC radio producer and co-creator of the much-loved Philosophy Bites website. They will be hosted on the project website and promoted as Mind Bites, taking advantage of Philosophy Bites' very strong existing presence on the web (21 million downloads to date). We will use this experience as the basis to pitch for further media coverage.
The project's findings will provide philosophy and related disciplines with a clearer understanding of the role of conscious beliefs, desires and intentions in decision and action. In turn, psychology and cognitive neuroscience translate these advances into clinical and practical applications. An important clinical application is in treating addiction, compulsions and behavioural disorders. The project will build on a variety of activities at King's involving clinicians in this area, in which philosophers have played a central role. Practical applications include public policy (e.g. 'nudging' behaviour) and commercial applications in designing marketing and monitoring its effectiveness, both areas where academics in the psychology and neuroscience of decision making are actively involved in translational impacts.
The project is designed to maximise these impacts through a rich programme of interaction with researchers in psychology, cognitive neuroscience and wider cognitive science. The PI will engage in lab visits, theme-focused discussions, presentations at lab meetings and conferences, and the project conference. The interdisciplinary grouping at the Institute of Philosophy will be a focus, as will be the Department of Psychology at King's, currently growing to deliver the new undergraduate degree programme (from 2015), to which Philosophy will contribute.
To maximise our wider public impact, we will create the format for an interactive public event that both demonstrates some of the psychological effects and encourages a live audience to discuss their significance with researchers from philosophy and the sciences. Experiencing some of the key experimental paradigms for oneself brings them alive and makes the issues pressing. We will design a package that will be delivered at a high profile event at King's and will be adapted and used at other fora, for example at festivals or the ICA Thursday lunchtime talk.
These events will offer a powerful form of advocacy for the relevance of the humanities, reconnecting scientific findings with our everyday knowledge about the human mind, and showing (rather than saying) that philosophy has a key role to play in the process of knowledge discovery.
The event format will be highly suited to a new public engagement space being developed at King's, Science Gallery London, which is due to open on the Guy's campus opposite the Shard in 2016. The director Dr Daniel Glaser has agreed to act as a consultant to the project to develop its multimedia event format, which will be considered for inclusion in one of Science Gallery London's themed temporary exhibitions. It is potentially highly suited to the 'Addictive' theme with which the gallery will open.
The project will also make use of the PI's interdisciplinary network of researchers, consolidated and expanded by the project. The project conference is aimed at setting an academic research agenda, and we will also capitalise on it to raise public awareness of our research. We will work with the speakers coming in for the conference to record a series of six podcasts on the conference theme. The podcasts will be professionally produced by David Edmonds, a BBC radio producer and co-creator of the much-loved Philosophy Bites website. They will be hosted on the project website and promoted as Mind Bites, taking advantage of Philosophy Bites' very strong existing presence on the web (21 million downloads to date). We will use this experience as the basis to pitch for further media coverage.
People |
ORCID iD |
Nicholas Shea (Principal Investigator / Fellow) |
Publications
Hertz U
(2017)
Neural computations underpinning the strategic management of influence in advice giving.
in Nature communications
Shea
(2020)
Representation in Cognitive Science
Shea
(2018)
Representation in Cognitive Science
Shea N
(2016)
Dual-process theories and consciousness: the case for 'Type Zero' cognition.
in Neuroscience of consciousness
Shea N
(2018)
Content in Simple Signalling Systems.
in The British journal for the philosophy of science
Travers E
(2018)
Learning rapidly about the relevance of visual cues requires conscious awareness.
in Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)
Description | We can use naturalistic tools from the sciences -- information, function, correspondence, isomorphism -- to understand the kind of information that is processed in the brain, or 'subpersonal' representational content. This result is to be published in a book manuscript under contract with Oxford University Press. Research carried out during the project also showed that it is possible to identify important functional differences at the personal level, especially differences between conscious and non-conscious representations -- functional differences that plausibly affect the way mental content is determined. (Theoretical paper and empirical paper.) |
Exploitation Route | The project tackles an important foundational question in the cognitive sciences. As such, its results are likely to be taken forward and put to use by other disciplines in the cognitive sciences. |
Sectors | Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software) Education Government Democracy and Justice Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
URL | https://www.nicholasshea.co.uk |
Description | In addition to the direct public policy role identified in the section on 'Influence on Policy ...' above, the project has clearly found a very keen interest amongst the general public to learn more about and discuss the project's research themes. The four public engagement events have already engaged with over 2000 members of the public in person (with one event still to come). Furthermore, those events have amassed a further 50,000 downloads / views through video and audio of the events posted online. The podcast seminar series has proved highly successful, already amassing over 500,000 downloads across six episodes. In short, project questions like 'What's the Use of Consciousness?' have tapped a nerve, providing a fertile ground for rewarding public engagement with philosophical and scientific research. |
First Year Of Impact | 2016 |
Impact Types | Cultural Societal |
Description | Royal Society STEM classification working group |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Membership of a guideline committee |
Description | British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme |
Amount | £225,970 (GBP) |
Organisation | The British Academy |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 11/2016 |
End | 10/2019 |
Description | Collaborative Award in Humanities and Social Sciences |
Amount | £2,581,950 (GBP) |
Organisation | Wellcome Trust |
Department | Wellcome Trust Bloomsbury Centre |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2017 |
End | 12/2021 |
Description | European Research Council Consolidator Grant |
Amount | € 1,955,270 (EUR) |
Funding ID | ERC-2015-CoG - 681422_MetCogCon |
Organisation | European Research Council (ERC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | Belgium |
Start | 08/2016 |
End | 08/2021 |
Description | Action-based brain AHRC Network Grant |
Organisation | University of Reading |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I am involved in the AHRC-funded network on 'The action-based brain', hosted by James Stazicker (Philosophy) and Andrew Glennerster (Psychology) at the University of Reading. The network is due to run from March 2016 to March 2017. |
Collaborator Contribution | James Stazicker (Philosophy) and Andrew Glennerster (Psychology) at the University of Reading successfully applied for an AHRC network grant to support the network. |
Impact | None |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | Institute of Philosophy |
Organisation | University of London |
Department | School of Advanced Study |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | This is a collaboration with Professor Chris Frith at the Institute of Philosophy (IP). The PI has been involved in (a) planning and drafting a jointly-authored theoretical paper on the project theme; (b) planning psychological experiments relating to the project theme. The present fellowship has funded a six month postdoctoral fellow to carry out those appointments. Dr Eoin Travers was appointed to the post and began work on 4th January 2016, carrying out experiments under the supervision of Professor Frith. |
Collaborator Contribution | 1. Collaborative and academic support in planning experiments relevant to the project theme (e.g. presenting the planned experiments to the wider personnel of the IP at the IP weekly lab meeting, and getting feedback). 2. Provision of laboratory facilities for testing. 3. Ethical approval for testing, granted by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Advanced Study, University of London. 4. Administrative support for planning the project conference, scheduled for 20-21 May 2016; publicity. 5. Booking of a venue at Senate House for the project conference. |
Impact | The theoretical work carried out in this collaboration has been published in a journal article: Shea N, Frith C, (2016). Dual-process theories and consciousness: the case for 'Type Zero' cognition. Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2016 (1). The empirical research carried out in this collaboration is reported in a journal article: Travers, E., Frith, C. D. and Shea, N. (2018) 'Learning Rapidly about the Relevance of Visual Cues Requires Conscious Awareness', Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. The collaboration is multi-disciplinary, involving philosophy, experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. |
Start Year | 2015 |
Description | 'Mind Bites' podcast series (six episodes) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | The PI collaborated with David Edmonds and Nigel Warburton from 'Philosophy Bites' to make a six-episode podcast series. Each podcast featured an interview of about 20 minutes with a philosopher or scientist whose work speaks directly to the research themes of the project. The collection of six different perspectives represents and easy and accessible way for members of the public to learn about the project's research questions. The six episodes have between them already amassed over 500,000 downloads. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016,2017 |
URL | http://www.nicholasshea.co.uk/mindbites-podcasts/ |
Description | BBC Radio Programme |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | The PI successfully pitched for a radio programme on the project themes. Due to be recorded during w/c 20 March 2017, the programme will be an episode of the BBC World Service series, 'The Why Factor' called 'Why are we creatures of habit?'. The PI will be interviewed amongst others speaking to the distinction between conscious / deliberate and unconscious / automatic decision making. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Graduate Workshop - Representation in the Brain |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | One-week intensive graduate workshop on the book manuscript, Representation in the Brain (working title). Going through the draft, chapter-by-chapter, with 8 graduate students. The AHRC grant provided competitive graduate bursaries for selected attendees, including accommodation for those travelling from outside London. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://www.nicholasshea.co.uk/graduate-workshop-representation-brain/ |
Description | Intelligence Squared Debate: Daniel Dennett on the Evolution of the Mind, Consciousness and AI |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Nicholas Shea (PI) took part in a high profile public debate with philosopher Daniel Dennett, organised by Intelligence Squared. The debate on 'The Evolution of the Mind, Consciousness and AI' covered several of themes related to the project's research. The event sold out to a packed audience of over 950. The video of the debate has been viewed 2000 times in the first week after posting, and the podcast has received 49000 downloads. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://www.intelligencesquared.com/events/daniel-dennett-on-the-evolution-of-the-mind-consciousness-... |
Description | Interactive public engagement at Cheltenham Science Festival |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | The 'Pathways to Impact' submitted with the grant application included a plan for an interactive activity at 'Science Gallery London', a new science museum / space due to open in London in 2016. In the event, the opening was delayed. The project team identified an alternative opportunity for an interactive installation and engagement event: we successfully pitched to be included the Cheltenham Science Festival in 2016. At the installation at Cheltenham a team of five researchers from the IP interacted individually with over 300 festival visitors. More than 50 took part in an interactive experiment, which both collected data for, and showcased the nature of the project. This provided a context for members of the public to ask and learn about the project questions. They were also asked to contribute their own views on the question 'what is consciousness for?', many of which were subsequently showcased on the project website. The festival organiser considered the installation to be a great success and have invited the IP back to the 2017 festival to give a public talk on the data collected in 2016 and the project results. The AHRC has granted a 6 month no-cost extension to allow us to capitalise on this and other opportunities to increase the reach and impact of the project research. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016,2017 |
URL | http://www.sciculture.ac.uk/event/what-does-consciousness-do-for-us/ |
Description | Interview for New Scientist Article, 'How to think about ... consciosuness' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Interviewed for an article by Catherine De Lange in New Scientist, 'How to think about ... consciousness', published in the New Scientist in print and online, 27 June 2018 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23831840-300-how-to-think-about-consciousness/ |
Description | Mental Representation Conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Two-day international interdisciplinary project conference, 'Mental Representation: Naturalistic Approaches', held at the Institute of Philosophy, 20-21 May 2016. After an open call for applications, two graduate bursaries were awarded for postgraduate students from outside London to travel to and attend the workshop. A further three graduate bursaries (registration only) were provided to London-based postgraduate students. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://philosophy.sas.ac.uk/about/news/mental-representation-%E2%80%93-naturalistic-approaches-2-day... |
Description | Mind Network |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Co-organiser of the twice-yearly meetings of the 'Mind Network', a network for philosophers in the UK with research interests in philosophy of mind and philosophy of cognitive science. Network meetings are particularly focused at integrating postdoctoral researchers and recent postgraduates into the wider philosophy of mind community beyond their home institution. Recent Mind Network meetings have taken place in Warwick, Cambridge, Sheffield and Glasgow. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015,2016,2017 |
URL | http://www.mindcogsci.net/ |
Description | New Scientist Article and Interview on Travers et al. paper |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | New Scientist ran an article on a paper produced by the project: Travers, E., Frith, C. D. and Shea, N. (2018) 'Learning Rapidly about the Relevance of Visual Cues Requires Conscious Awareness', Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. The first author, Eoin Travers, was interviewed by New Scientist. There was additional coverage on the New Scientist website and blog. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://www.newscientist.com/article/2138786-consciousness-helps-us-learn-quickly-in-a-changing-worl... |
Description | Philosophy-Psychology networking seminar |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Termly networking seminar for philosophers and psychologists across King's College London, intended to share information, building informal connections, and facilitate interdisciplinary collaborations. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015,2016 |
Description | Project website |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Setting up a project website and maintaining an associated blog. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015,2016,2017 |
URL | http://www.nicholasshea.co.uk |
Description | Public lecture at the Cheltenham Science Festival 2017 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Invited public lecture at the Cheltenham Science Festival on 'What is Consciousness For?', in part reporting back on the data gathered from attendees at the festival in our interactive public event in 2016. Sold out. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | RSA Lunchtime Seminar |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Seminar at the RSA in London, 'What is Consciousness Good For?', part of their regular Thursday lunchtime seminar series. Presented by Nicholas Shea (PI) and chaired by Barry Smith (Institute of Philosophy) The auditorium of 80 was completely full and the video of the event, posted recently, has already received over 4000 downloads. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | https://www.thersa.org/discover/videos/event-videos/2016/07/what-is-consciousness-good-for |
Description | Royal Institution Public Lecture / Discussion: What's the Use of Consciousness? |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | We pitched for and organised a public lecture / discussion at the Royal Institution on the topic of 'What's the Use of Consciousness?' The panel consisted of Cecilia Heyes (chair), Chris Frith, David Papineau and Nicholas Shea (PI). The event was sold out, with a packed audience of over 400 present and a lively discussion session. Written feedback received after the event was positive, including 'A nice atmosphere when different opinions are presented and respected'. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://www.rigb.org/whats-on/events-2016/november/public-whats-the-use-of-consciousness |