Cryogenic-temperature Cold Storage using Micro-encapsulated Phase Change Materials in Slurries
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Birmingham
Department Name: Chemical Engineering
Abstract
Cryogenic-temperatures cold storage is the Cinderella in thermal energy storage. According to the recent DOE global energy storage database, until now there are globally 166 thermal storage projects in operation or under construction for renewable energy time-shift/capacity firming or electric bill management, with a total capacity of 3365MW. However most of these projects are molten salt heat storage for concentrated solar power (CSP) plants (2552MW in total) and chilled water or ice slurry cold storage for demand side electricity consumption management (200MW).
Only recent years the potential value of cryogenic-temperature cold storage has been widely recognised for the much elevated exergy density and the capability of cogeneration of cold and power. The related UK leading technologies those under development including cryogenic engine for transportation, liquid air energy storage, pumped thermal electricity storage etc, in which cryogenic temperature cold storage is a key to improve the performance. Moreover, with efficient and cost-effective cryogenic-temperature cold storage, the operation of traditional cryogenic systems can be more flexible as an effective mean of demand side management (consumes more off-peak electricity and less peak electricity instead of constant load operation to save electric bills). In a long term it will contribute to the creation of 'cold economy'.
This project will develop Micro-encapsulated Phase Change Materials in Slurries (MPCMSs) as novel approaches of cryogenic-temperature cold storage. Slurries are excellent cold storage candidates as they can be transported by pumps (good fluidity), just like the molten salts in CSP plants. On the other hand with phase change materials (PCMs) encapsulated in the micro-size particles not only the equivalent heat capacity can be significantly improved, but also the temperature-dependent heat capacity can be designed easily by adding different capsules with appreciate freezing point core PCMs to minimize the exergy loss in charging/discharging processes.
The key challenge of this approach is the wide working temperature range of MPCMSs from room temperature to cryogenic temperature. Therefore this project will utilize the applicants' developed skills and sophisticated research facilities in Micromanipulation lab (within School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham) and new launched Birmingham Centre for Cryogenic Energy Storage (BCCES) to formulate, characterize, and demonstrate the application of MPCMSs for cryogenic-temperature cold storage. Through this project we will gain the skills of MPCMSs fabrication depending on the applications as well as the capability of optimal design of related cold storage devices.
Only recent years the potential value of cryogenic-temperature cold storage has been widely recognised for the much elevated exergy density and the capability of cogeneration of cold and power. The related UK leading technologies those under development including cryogenic engine for transportation, liquid air energy storage, pumped thermal electricity storage etc, in which cryogenic temperature cold storage is a key to improve the performance. Moreover, with efficient and cost-effective cryogenic-temperature cold storage, the operation of traditional cryogenic systems can be more flexible as an effective mean of demand side management (consumes more off-peak electricity and less peak electricity instead of constant load operation to save electric bills). In a long term it will contribute to the creation of 'cold economy'.
This project will develop Micro-encapsulated Phase Change Materials in Slurries (MPCMSs) as novel approaches of cryogenic-temperature cold storage. Slurries are excellent cold storage candidates as they can be transported by pumps (good fluidity), just like the molten salts in CSP plants. On the other hand with phase change materials (PCMs) encapsulated in the micro-size particles not only the equivalent heat capacity can be significantly improved, but also the temperature-dependent heat capacity can be designed easily by adding different capsules with appreciate freezing point core PCMs to minimize the exergy loss in charging/discharging processes.
The key challenge of this approach is the wide working temperature range of MPCMSs from room temperature to cryogenic temperature. Therefore this project will utilize the applicants' developed skills and sophisticated research facilities in Micromanipulation lab (within School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham) and new launched Birmingham Centre for Cryogenic Energy Storage (BCCES) to formulate, characterize, and demonstrate the application of MPCMSs for cryogenic-temperature cold storage. Through this project we will gain the skills of MPCMSs fabrication depending on the applications as well as the capability of optimal design of related cold storage devices.
Planned Impact
The impact of the research will be wide and varied. It is highly relevant to various sectors including: (i) Academics - This project will contribute to the creation of a new element of thermal energy storage that stores cold at cryogenic temperatures. It will dedicate significantly to the development of related disciplines such as cryogenic fluids formulation/fabrication, and the design and analysis of cold storage devices etc. (ii) Industry - With no doubt the success of this project will directly contribute the performance improvements of some developing technologies such as cryogenic engine, liquid air energy storage and pumped thermal electricity storage. It will have long-term influence on the cryogenic industry by enabling more flexible operations. (iii) Government - This project is a prompt response on the recent governmental 'the eight great technologies' investment which aims at accelerating UK unique technology development. Furthermore the potential of more flexible operation of large scale cryogenic systems will enforce the policy makers to consider the role and revenue mechanism of large scale energy storage and demand side management in Electricity Market Reform.
The academic impact will be achieved by article publications and conferences/events. We will keep publishing our findings in a timely manner in top peer-reviewed journals and conferences. We will also report our outcomes to other relevant programmes such as Grand Challenge energy storage programme to attract attentions in this new area and the ultimate goal is to establish a society for cold storage research to develop even other approaches. In addition we will be involved in developing a new master program in 'cryogenic energy storage' at the University of Birmingham by contributing in the aspect of cold storage. The industrial and governmental impacts will be achieved by direct industrial interaction and knowledge transfer. Dearman Engine Company as a potential user of the proposed technology is directly involved in the project. We will continue communicating results and engaging with potential industrial partners such as Highview Power Storage, Isentropic Ltd etc. Our outcomes will also be disseminated through various knowledge transfer networks as well as application-oriented magazines to maximize the impact.
The outcomes from the proposed work will be patentable, for which the existing exploitation mechanisms of the University of Birmingham will be used. Patents will be considered prior to any publications. We will also accumulate our expertise and secure high TRL funds (e.g. Horizon 2020 or Innovate UK) to carry out large scale demonstration (i.e. pilot-scale demonstration in a host institution owned liquid air energy storage test bed (350kW/1.5MWh)) at the late stage of the project.
The academic impact will be achieved by article publications and conferences/events. We will keep publishing our findings in a timely manner in top peer-reviewed journals and conferences. We will also report our outcomes to other relevant programmes such as Grand Challenge energy storage programme to attract attentions in this new area and the ultimate goal is to establish a society for cold storage research to develop even other approaches. In addition we will be involved in developing a new master program in 'cryogenic energy storage' at the University of Birmingham by contributing in the aspect of cold storage. The industrial and governmental impacts will be achieved by direct industrial interaction and knowledge transfer. Dearman Engine Company as a potential user of the proposed technology is directly involved in the project. We will continue communicating results and engaging with potential industrial partners such as Highview Power Storage, Isentropic Ltd etc. Our outcomes will also be disseminated through various knowledge transfer networks as well as application-oriented magazines to maximize the impact.
The outcomes from the proposed work will be patentable, for which the existing exploitation mechanisms of the University of Birmingham will be used. Patents will be considered prior to any publications. We will also accumulate our expertise and secure high TRL funds (e.g. Horizon 2020 or Innovate UK) to carry out large scale demonstration (i.e. pilot-scale demonstration in a host institution owned liquid air energy storage test bed (350kW/1.5MWh)) at the late stage of the project.
Organisations
Publications
Akhmetov B
(2019)
Numerical study of integrated latent heat thermal energy storage devices using nanoparticle-enhanced phase change materials
in Solar Energy
Barbour E
(2016)
A review of pumped hydro energy storage development in significant international electricity markets
in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Borri E
(2022)
Phase Change Slurries for Cooling and Storage: An Overview of Research Trends and Gaps
in Energies
Borri E
(2020)
Experimental and numerical characterization of sub-zero phase change materials for cold thermal energy storage
in Applied Energy
Cong L
(2019)
Effects of an Air Curtain on the Temperature Distribution in Refrigerated Vehicles Under a Hot Climate Condition
in Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications
Ding Y
(2022)
Storing Energy
Ding Y
(2016)
Storing Energy
Ding Y
(2015)
Solar Energy Storage
Description | We had successfully developed a route and recipe for the formulation of microcapsules containing cryogenic temperature phase change materials, which can survive for thermal cycling at -140C. This opens a new gate for the development and application of cryogenic heat transfer fluid by dispersing different PCM capsules to obtain 'coded' heat capacity at specific temperatures, which is critical to the cryogenic industry. We also develop a non-destructive analysis method of the microcapsules which can be used for many applications in other sectors. |
Exploitation Route | research publications |
Sectors | Chemicals Energy |
Description | The research initiated our collaboration with Calgavin on cryogenic heat transfer intensification using their hiTRAN® Thermal Systems; it further led to our collaboration with Kaolin Energy, to co-develop a fast cooling technology for milk processing. The research work of this project has also contributed to an EPSRC-funded project GREEN-ICEs (EP/T022701/1) which also uses phase change slurry as a heat transfer fluid and a cold storage medium. The research outcomes from this project, together with another project ACCESS (EP/N021142/1), have contributed significantly to the creation of a research and innovation staff exchange platform (CO-COOL) in collaboration with 17 academic and industrial partners globally. |
First Year Of Impact | 2020 |
Sector | Energy |
Impact Types | Economic |
Description | The Royal Society Briefing Note for COP26 - CLIMATE CHANGE : SCIENCE AND SOLUTIONS: Low-carbon heating and cooling: overcoming one of world's most important net zero challenges |
Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
Description | (CO-COOL) - Collaborative development of renewable/thermally driven and storage-integrated cooling technologies |
Amount | € 892,400 (EUR) |
Funding ID | 101007976 |
Organisation | European Commission |
Sector | Public |
Country | European Union (EU) |
Start | 05/2021 |
End | 05/2025 |
Description | (iclimabuilt) - Functional and advanced insulating and energy harvesting/storage materials across climate adaptive building envelopes |
Amount | € 16,431,778 (EUR) |
Funding ID | 952886 |
Organisation | European Commission |
Sector | Public |
Country | European Union (EU) |
Start | 03/2021 |
End | 02/2025 |
Description | A multi-scale, high-resolution, tri-beam facility for fast machining and 3D characterisation |
Amount | £1,970,212 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/T031379/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2020 |
End | 09/2025 |
Description | Competition: March 2018 sector competition: Open |
Amount | £594,178 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 14467 |
Organisation | Innovate UK |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 12/2018 |
End | 11/2021 |
Description | Flow and heat transfer of air under supercritical conditions |
Amount | £67,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Air Products |
Sector | Private |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 05/2015 |
End | 06/2018 |
Description | Flow boiling heat transfer behavior of microencapsulated phase change materials slurry and its application on battery pack thermal management |
Amount | £6,500 (GBP) |
Organisation | University of Birmingham |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 07/2019 |
End | 07/2021 |
Description | GREEN-ICEs: Generation of REfrigerated ENergy Integrated with Cold Energy storage |
Amount | £1,204,098 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/T022701/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 08/2020 |
End | 08/2024 |
Description | Industrial project |
Amount | £52,808 (GBP) |
Organisation | Guangzhou HY Energy Technology Limited Corp |
Sector | Private |
Country | China |
Start | 03/2018 |
End | 03/2020 |
Description | Supergen Storage Network Plus 2019 |
Amount | £1,012,009 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/S032622/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 08/2019 |
End | 09/2024 |
Description | The University of Birmingham and Aggregated Micro Power Holdings PLC |
Amount | £153,086 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 511767 |
Organisation | Innovate UK |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2020 |
End | 03/2022 |
Description | UK-China Workshop on Renewable Energy and Latent Heat Storage Integration for Buildings |
Amount | £24,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 2019-RLWK11-10724 |
Organisation | British Council |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2020 |
End | 12/2021 |
Description | nano-Structured PCM Composites for Compact Space Heating: n-CoSH |
Amount | £924,591 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/P003435/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 11/2016 |
End | 04/2021 |
Company Name | Kelvin Thermotech Ltd |
Description | |
Year Established | 2019 |
Impact | Just started, to be updated next year |
Description | Advisory Board member of 'UK Thermal Energy Challenge Network' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | 50 participants each time to discuss the research needs and commercial opportunities of thermal energy technology. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016,2017,2018 |
Description | BBC TV World News interview |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | It was about global cooling challenges |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | China-UK Workshop on Renewable Energy Systems in Zero Carbon Villages |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | I was the mentor of this event |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Energy Sub-Alliance in University Alliance of the Silk Road (ESA-UASR) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Invited as a Plenary Speaker to deliver a lecture entitled 'Microencapsulation of phase change materials for cold energy storage applications'. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | IEA Task 36 - Carnot Batteries |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Study participants or study members |
Results and Impact | This is an international Energy Agent activities, I led of the Sub-tasks, leading to a report to be submitted this month. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019,2020,2021,2022,2023 |
URL | https://www.eces-a36.org/ |
Description | International Summer School Lecture - Shandong University, China |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | guest lecture entitled: Phase change based Thermal Energy Storage and applications |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | International Summer School Lectures - Tianjin University, China |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Development and applications of phase transition based thermal energy storage and conversion technologies |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Joint UK-China prospective workshop on Building Energy Efficiency |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | I was a mentor of this event held in Xi'an China |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | MSc module - Sustainable Cooling and the Cold Chain |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Give a guest lecture entitled: Overview of technologies for sustainable cooling and the cold chain |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |