Modelling compound (combined fluvial, pluvial) and coastal flood inundation on large spatial scales

Flooding in coastal areas potentially arises from four main sources: (1) storm surges plus tides; (2) local or remotely (swell) generated waves; (3) river discharge (fluvial); and (4) direct surface runoff (pluvial). The latter two sources mainly arise from heavy precipitation (but can also arise from snow melt). The adverse consequences of a flood can be disproportionately large when these different sources occur concurrently, or in close succession, a phenomenon that is known as 'compound flooding'. However, most existing risk assessments and numerical modelling studies do not account for this possibility, in that they only consider the main drivers of flooding separately.