Nanozymes for natural enzyme replacement and cofactor recycling in dha production

Natural enzymes, though potent biocatalysts essential in many industries, face limitations such as high production costs, narrow functional conditions, protease susceptibility, and storage difficulties. To address these challenges, nanozymes have emerged as artificial alternatives leveraging nanotechnological advances. Nanozymes exhibit unique physicochemical properties, enabling a controlled design and new functionalities. They intend to mimic and enhance natural enzymes, providing higher stability, tuneable activity, lower manufacturing costs, and ease of modification. A notable application of nanozymes resides in finding more sustainable chemical procedures. Current decarbonization strategies involve carbon capture and utilization, promoting carbon circularity through CO2 up-conversion and recycling. Low value chemicals from CO2 capture, like methanol, can be upcycled into higher-value products. Traditional catalysts often fall short due to insufficient selectivity, incompatibility with reaction conditions, or high costs. Nanozymes offer a more energy efficient and environmentally friendly alternative for CO2 upcycling, leveraging synthetic control and affordability over currently used inorganic or biological catalysts. However, challenges in industrial applications include scaling up their synthesis, optimizing activity and selectivity, addressing environmental concerns, and integrating nanozymes into reactors.