Social settlement dynamics and environmental processes in pre-colonial Nigeria: growing the Igbo-Ukwu cultural landscape (SosDen)
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Cambridge
Department Name: McDonald Institute Archaeological Res.
Abstract
SosDen examines the intersection of human-environmental interactions at the c. 9th-13th CE Igbo-Ukwu cultural landscape with the aim of understanding how human-environment interactions have contributed to the development of early urban landscapes in West Africa by i) reconstructing the environmental context of settlement development; ii) reconstructing the spatial and temporal sequences of settlement and industrial activities in the landscape; iii) undertaking diverse material science analyses of recovered ceramics, plant remains, soil and sediment samples in collaboration with scholars at the McDonald Institute, University of Cambridge. To pursue these aims, the research will draw on the ER's (Experienced Researcher) specialisms in palynology and ceramic analysis; and Cambridge's extensive archives and leading expertise in material sciences, bioarchaeology, and geoarchaeology. Study of archival holdings, including Thurstan Shaw's unpublished notes, diagrams, photos, correspondence, held by Cambridge University Library, will contribute to the spatial mapping of the site and reconstruction of its changing configuration and composition over time. Analyses of samples from the applicant's recent fieldwork will combine training in elemental, macro-soil analysis (pXRF) and soil micromorphological analyses at Cambridge. For the first time, these analyses will generate new data to characterize local environmental conditions through time; define relations between resource availability and technology; chart the footprint of human activities and environmental change, and define the spatio-temporal context of a relatively known civilisation. At the end of SosDen, existing relationships between the Universities of Cambridge and Nigeria will be expanded and capacity building for the ER and his home institution will be enhanced. This will be beneficial to the ER's research, promote knowledge transfer and strengthen the ER's European research network.
| Title | Digital and facsimile production |
| Description | The artistic and creative product of this collaboration consists of meticulously crafted, high-fidelity facsimiles of selected Igbo-Ukwu artifacts, produced using advanced 3D scanning and digital fabrication techniques. The objects are 3D printed in steel and patinated. These physical reproductions capture the intricate details, textures, and forms of the original objects, allowing for their accurate representation and public display in Nigeria. Alongside the facsimiles, high-resolution digital models serve as both archival resources and interactive tools for research, education, and exhibition design. Together, these creative outputs not only restore access to important cultural heritage but also offer innovative ways for communities and audiences to engage with the artistry and technological sophistication of the original Igbo-Ukwu works. |
| Type Of Art | Artefact (including digital) |
| Year Produced | 2025 |
| Impact | The development of these high-quality facsimiles and digital models has had notable impacts by restoring local access to significant Igbo-Ukwu heritage, allowing communities in Igbo-Ukwu and by extension Nigeria to reconnect with important cultural objects that have long been held within the national museum. The project has enhanced public engagement through exhibitions and educational programmes, fostering greater awareness and pride in Igbo-Ukwu's artistic and historical achievements. Additionally, the work has contributed to capacity building by training local professionals in advanced digital documentation and preservation techniques, laying the groundwork for future heritage projects. More broadly, the project advances global conversations on restitution by demonstrating how technology can support meaningful, locally driven forms of cultural return and sustainable heritage management. |
| URL | https://factumfoundation.org/our-projects/digitisation/the-igbo-ukwu-bronzes/ |
| Description | 1. What were the most significant achievements from the award? i. The award provided the Experienced Researcher (ER) a platform for establishing new collaborations in Africa (University of Nigeria Nsukka, National Commission for Museums and Monuments and the Igbo-Ukwu community) and Europe (University of Reading and Factum Foundation). ii. The award has provided new methodologies for addressing questions on the origins of social complextity at Igbo-Ukwu and the polity's ultimate demsise, which is hinged on understanding the nature of the environment within which this prosperous society evolved. It has expanded research by incorporating archaeobotany, ceramic analysis, geoarchaeology, and radiocarbon dating, providing new insights into the technology, land use, ecology and plant exploitation of the region's past inhabitants. iii. The project has provided a platform for a young Nigerian academic to undertake new research towards the award of an MPhil on the mineralogical analysis of the ceramics emanating from our excavations. iv. The Experienced Researcher (ER) has also had the opportunity to undergo training in archaeological soil micromorphology, archaeobotany and, later in the year, ceramic petrography and geochemistry. v. It provided the ER with opportunities to attend conferences within and outside Europe, network with colleagues and create the context for him to work towards a publication in a conference proceedings vi. It gave the ER opportunities to present his research and information about the Igbo-Ukwu community on a global stage through various public engagement activities both in the UK and in Nigeria. |
| Exploitation Route | 2. To what extent were the award objectives met? If you can, briefly explain why any key objectives were not met. The project has two research objectives: RO1. To reconstruct the environmental context of settlement development RO2. To reconstruct the spatial and temporal sequences of settlement and industrial activities in the landscape Data from the interdisciplinary research has provided insight into the chronology, domestic life of the Igbo-Ukwu people and how they interacted with their landscape. It has also thrown some light on possible plants that might have been exploited by the ancient inhabitants of the community in the past. Basically, fragments of oil palm endocarps were present in large quantity in every floated sample across the archaeological sequence which suggest a continuous exploitation over a long period perhaps for food or fuel. And due to the abundance of its representation, we could assume that a form of arboriculture was in place dating to the 5th century CE or earlier. Geochemical analysis of excavated sediments has thrown light on how the domestic space in early Igbo-Ukwu was utilised. The identification of faecal biomarkers from pit features has provided definitive evidence of their use, resolving the long-standing question about the function of these widespread but previously enigmatic features on the landscape. 3. How might the findings be taken forward and by whom? The ER isnow working on an independent research grant application of his own which if awarded will allow him to lead a significant research project to accelerate his career trajectory as an independent researcher, build leadership abilities and convenor experience. The award has provided a foundation for addressing bigger research questions relating to provenance studies and food production. |
| Sectors | Environment Culture Heritage Museums and Collections |
| Description | 1. Details of emerging economic and societal impact arising from the award that you are reporting on (including how it has evolved) i. Societal & Cultural impact: Following the public engagement activities in 2023 and 2024 as reported under collaborations and partnerships, the award has had a significant societal impact, particularly in expanding knowledge of Igbo-Ukwu and its broader implications for understanding Igbo cultural heritage. By deepening archaeological research in this historically significant site, the project contributes to a greater appreciation of the past, not only within academic circles but also among local communities. A key aspect of this initiative is its role in increasing local awareness of national heritage. By engaging with communities around Igbo-Ukwu, the project fosters a deeper connection between people and their history, instilling a sense of pride and ownership over their cultural legacy. This awareness is crucial in ensuring that archaeological heritage is not only studied but also valued and preserved for future generations. Moreover, the project serves as a bridge between academia and local communities, fostering interaction and dialogue that go beyond traditional research settings. By involving community members in discussions about their heritage, it ensures that the knowledge gained from the research does not remain confined to academic publications but is also accessible and meaningful to the people whose history it represents. This collaborative approach strengthens cultural identity and promotes heritage conservation, as increased local engagement often leads to better preservation efforts. Ultimately, this research goes beyond expanding scholarly knowledge, it contributes to a broader societal effort to understand, appreciate, and safeguard the legacies of Igbo culture for both present and future generations. The planned Cambridge Festival coming up on Mar 29, 2025 will also make a great impact on the Cambridge community. ii. Economic impact: The award has the potential for significant economic impact, particularly in areas related to heritage tourism, local employment, and capacity building. One of the most immediate economic benefits is the potential for heritage tourism development. By expanding knowledge of Igbo-Ukwu and increasing awareness of its archaeological significance, the project has attracted interest from both domestic and international visitors. The repatriation of the facsimiles to the local community will attract and provide easy access to visitors within the southeast region who may not have the pleasure of travelling about 500km to Lagos in the southwest to view the objects. This will certainly boost the local economy, creating opportunities for businesses such as hotels, restaurants, transportation services, and cultural crafts. Additionally, over the years of our excavation and research activities in Igbo-Ukwu, we have targeted supporting local employment and skill development. Engaging community members in fieldwork, site preservation, and other project-related activities providing temporary job opportunities while also equipping individuals with valuable skills in heritage management, conservation, and research assistance. These skills can be applied beyond the project, increasing long-term employability in heritage-related sectors. 2. A summary of how the findings from your award are impacting the public, private or third/voluntary sectors, and elsewhere The findings from this award are having a far-reaching impact across different sectors including academic and heritage communities. In the public sector, the project is contributing to a greater understanding of Igbo-Ukwu's historical and cultural significance, helping to shape discussions on heritage conservation and policy. By generating new archaeological insights, it provides valuable data that can inform government agencies, such as the National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM), in their efforts to protect and promote cultural heritage. Our digital and facsimile repatriation project caught the attention and admiration of the Director General of NCMM. In turn, we believe that our project has inspired broader national strategies for heritage management by highlighting the need for preservation, documentation, and public engagement. By engaging directly with local communities, the project fosters a sense of ownership and pride in heritage, ensuring that archaeological knowledge is not only shared in academic spaces but also reaches those whose history it represents. In turn, this grassroots engagement helps to protect historical sites from neglect and destruction, as communities become active participants in their preservation. More broadly, the research is helping to bridge the gap between academia and the wider public. Our Facebook page (https://web.facebook.com/Igbo-Ukwu-Archaeology-103738698361645) with over 2800 followers provide a good social media platform to harness the 'wisdom of the crowd' by engaging a diverse and broad spectrum of people. Through public lectures, outreach programs, and academic publications, the findings are being disseminated to the public, ensuring that knowledge gained from this work extends beyond the research team. By connecting archaeological discoveries with real-world applications, the project is fostering greater appreciation for Igbo cultural heritage, while also supporting long-term efforts in conservation, education, and economic development. We also hope that after the completion of our website page (www.Igboukwuarchive.com), the project will make more far-reaching impact. 3. Challenges overcome to achieve impact The journey toward making a meaningful impact through this research has not been without its challenges. However, through perseverance, collaboration, and innovative problem-solving, significant obstacles have been overcome to ensure that the findings benefit both academic and non-academic audiences. One of the primary challenges was limited local awareness and engagement with heritage conservation. Many members of the Igbo-Ukwu community, like in other parts of Nigeria, had little direct involvement in archaeological research or an understanding of its broader significance. This raised suspicions and made accessing sites difficult. Overcoming this required active community engagement, including discussions, outreach programs, and sensitisation efforts aimed at fostering a sense of ownership and pride in the historical significance of their heritage. Through these efforts, local participation increased, ensuring that research findings were not only academic but also practically relevant to the people whose history was being studied. Another major hurdle was logistical and infrastructural constraints. Conducting research in Igbo-Ukwu and other archaeological sites often meant dealing with inadequate research facilities and constraints in laboratory analysis. The establishment of an archaeobotany lab ta the University of Nigeria was a key step in overcoming this challenge, providing a dedicated space for analysis and enhancing research capacity. Additionally, through strategic collaborations with both local and international institutions, access to advanced archaeological scientific methods was made possible, allowing for a more comprehensive study of the site's past. Also, achieving some of the set-out research objectives of the project required acquiring new skills in the various fields of the archaeological sciences. This delayed research output due to the timeframe required to master these skills. However, training is almost completed and results will begin to emanate especially with new collaborations and involvement in the project. In addition, many research findings are often confined to academic publications and conferences, limiting their broader impact. To address this, efforts were made to disseminate findings through public lectures, educational materials, and engagement with stakeholders. This approach ensured that the research was not only academically rigorous but also accessible and useful to the wider public. By tackling these challenges head-on, the project has successfully created a lasting impact on heritage awareness, community engagement, and academic research in Igbo-Ukwu, paving the way for future studies and conservation efforts. 4. Significant impact within academia, for example the nucleation of a new research area. The award has had a profound academic impact, particularly in broadening the scope of archaeological research in Nigeria and West Africa. One of its most significant contributions has been the nucleation of a new research area, particularly in the integration of environmental archaeology with Igbo-Ukwu studies. Traditionally, research on Igbo-Ukwu has focused on its rich material culture, especially the famous bronze artifacts and elite burials. However, this project has expanded the discourse by incorporating archaeobotany, ceramic analysis, geoarchaeology, and radiocarbon dating, providing new insights into the technology, land use, ecology and plant exploitation of the region's past inhabitants. This shift has not only deepened scholarly understanding of human-environment interactions in Igbo-Ukwu but has also opened up new research questions related to provenance studies and food production in ancient Igboland. The project has also contributed to methodological advancements by promoting the use of pollen analysis, geochemical analysis, and other scientific approaches in Nigerian archaeology. By establishing an archaeobotany laboratory, the award has created a foundation for future scholars to explore paleoenvironmental reconstructions in West Africa, an area that has historically been underrepresented in global discussions on environmental archaeology. Moreover, the research has fostered collaborations between local and international institutions, strengthening academic networks and encouraging interdisciplinary approaches. This has provided new training opportunities for students and early-career researchers, equipping them with skills in laboratory analysis, fieldwork techniques, and heritage conservation. For example, the Igbo-Ukwu ceramics are currently been studied for an MPhil programme by a young Nigerian academic at the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. This is part of the contribution of the project to encouraging young Nigerian academics to build a career in the field of archaeological science. As a result, the project is not only contributing to scholarship but also shaping the next generation of archaeologists in Nigeria and beyond. By pioneering these new directions, the research is setting a precedent for future studies in Igbo-Ukwu, Igboland, and West African archaeology, ensuring that the field continues to evolve and expand in its scope and methodologies. |
| First Year Of Impact | 2023 |
| Sector | Education,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections |
| Impact Types | Cultural Societal Economic |
| Description | Cambridge University Public Engagement Starter Grant |
| Amount | £1,955 (GBP) |
| Organisation | University of Cambridge |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 05/2023 |
| End | 12/2023 |
| Description | Cambridge-Africa ALBORADA Research Fund |
| Amount | £19,989 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | G127153 |
| Organisation | Cambridge-Africa Alborada Trust |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 01/2024 |
| End | 06/2025 |
| Description | Biomolecular Tooth Analysis by LAP-MALDI MS |
| Organisation | University of Reading |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | As the provider of the Igbo-Ukwu tooth samples, my primary contribution to this collaboration involves facilitating access to carefully excavated and well-documented archaeological materials from a site of significant historical importance. My research team and I are responsible for the selection, contextual analysis, and secure transfer of the specimens, ensuring that they are accompanied by detailed archaeological records, including stratigraphic information, associated material culture, and preliminary interpretations.We contribute essential expertise in the archaeological and cultural context of Igbo-Ukwu, helping to inform the interpretation of the biomolecular results within a broader historical and environmental framework. Additionally, we support the collaborative analysis and dissemination of findings through joint publications, presentations, and scholarly discussions, ensuring the research remains grounded in the archaeological significance of the site while contributing to wider conversations in biomolecular archaeology and heritage preservation. |
| Collaborator Contribution | In this collaboration, my partners contribute specialised expertise, advanced technology, and analytical support critical to the success of the project. The TooMS research team provides access to cutting-edge biomolecular analysis through LAP-MALDI MS (Laser-Assisted Paper Spray Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry), a non-destructive technique that allows for the identification of species, estimation of age, and determination of sex from ancient teeth without causing harm to the specimens. They are responsible for conducting the laboratory analysis, interpreting the molecular data, and integrating these findings into broader bioarchaeological insights. In addition, my partners contribute protocol development and data sharing frameworks that ensure the process is transparent and scientifically robust. They also collaborate on the dissemination of results through joint publications, conference presentations, and knowledge exchange, helping to contextualize the findings within both regional and global archaeological narratives.Through their expertise in biomolecular archaeology, proteomics, and heritage science, these partners play a vital role in unlocking new information from the Igbo-Ukwu assemblage, while preserving the physical integrity of the rare and valuable materials excavated from the site. |
| Impact | This collaboration is ongoing, but several important outputs or expected outcomes. These include the successful selection and provision of well-contextualized archaeological tooth samples from Igbo-Ukwu for advanced biomolecular analysis, as well as the establishment of protocols for the non-destructive application of LAP-MALDI MS (TooMS) technology on fragile archaeological materials. No results have emerged yet but expected results will generate new bioarchaeological insights into the species identification, age, and sex of individuals associated with the site, contributing to a deeper understanding of the population history and mortuary practices at Igbo-Ukwu. The project has also strengthened international research partnerships and knowledge exchange between Nigerian archaeologists and specialists in biomolecular and proteomic sciences. This collaboration has created opportunities for future publications, conference presentations, and capacity-building initiatives focused on the integration of biomolecular methods into West African archaeology. This is a multi-disciplinary collaboration that brings together expertise from several fields: Archaeology Bioarchaeology, Biomolecular Science/Proteomics, paleoinformatics, prehistory, palaeoanthropology, anatomy and forensic medicine. Together, these disciplines are helping to unlock new information from the Igbo-Ukwu materials while prioritizing the preservation of the site's unique and irreplaceable archaeological heritage. |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Igbo-Ukwu Digital and Facsimile Repatriation Project |
| Organisation | British Museum |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | In this collaboration, my contribution centres on providing archaeological expertise on Igbo-Ukwu, ensuring that both the digital reproductions and physical facsimiles of the artefacts are accurately contextualized within their cultural and historical frameworks. I play a key role in engaging with local stakeholders, including community leaders, cultural institutions, and the wider public, to ensure that the repatriation process is meaningful, respectful, and aligned with community interests. I also support the project through research and documentation, contributing to the development of interpretive materials and scholarly outputs that reflect the significance of Igbo-Ukwu's heritage. In addition, I facilitate local logistics, including securing permissions, coordinating in-country activities, and organizing educational programs and public engagement initiatives around the returned materials. A further aspect of my role involves contributing to capacity-building efforts by supporting the training of students and heritage professionals in Nigeria in areas such as artefact documentation, digital archiving, and heritage management. Through these combined efforts, I aim to help foster a sustainable and ethically grounded model of repatriation that not only restores access to important cultural materials but also strengthens local stewardship and promotes ongoing research and public appreciation of Igbo-Ukwu's remarkable archaeological legacy. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Factum Foundation brings its world-leading expertise in high-resolution digital preservation to the Igbo-Ukwu Repatriation Project. Using advanced technologies such as 3D scanning, photogrammetry, and photorealistic recording, Factum Foundation is responsible for creating precise digital replicas of the original Igbo-Ukwu artefacts. These digital files form the basis for the production of highly accurate physical facsimiles, enabling the return of faithful representations of the artefacts to the local community in Nigeria from where they were excavated over sixty years ago. Beyond the technical work, Factum Foundation is committed to capacity building through knowledge transfer, providing training opportunities for local specialists in digital recording, data management, and facsimile production, while also promoting ethical practices in the digitization and restitution of cultural heritage. The University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) contributes academic leadership, research expertise, and community engagement to the project. Through its team of archaeologists, heritage professionals, and students, UNN provides critical historical, archaeological, and cultural context to support accurate interpretation and presentation of the Igbo-Ukwu materials. The university also plays a vital role in facilitating local stakeholder involvement, organizing public outreach, and integrating the project into educational programs that promote heritage awareness and capacity building within Nigeria. Additionally, UNN supports the documentation and scholarly dissemination of the project's outcomes, ensuring that the research benefits both local and international audiences. The National Museum in Lagos, under the management of the National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM) in Nigeria, serves as the official custodian of the Igbo-Ukwu bronzes within the project. The museum provides institutional oversight and ensures that the repatriated facsimiles and digital materials are conserved, displayed, and interpreted in ways that align with national heritage policies and community expectations. They also play a significant role in the repatriation process by ensuring that all international laws are obeyed in the transfer of the projects from the UK to Nigeria and then to the local community. The National Museum facilitates access to its facilities for the exhibition of the returned works and supports public education and programming centred on Igbo-Ukwu's archaeological legacy. As a key partner, the museum helps to safeguard the long-term sustainability of the project through its local museum in Igbo-Ukwu by embedding its outcomes within Nigeria's heritage infrastructure. The role of the British Museum are mainly advisory on the selection of the objects to be digitised and replicated. |
| Impact | This collaboration has produced a range of significant outputs or outcomes. Among these are the creation of high-resolution digital records of selected Igbo-Ukwu artefacts through advanced 3D scanning and photogrammetry techniques, ensuring their long-term preservation and accessibility for research, education, and exhibition. These digital files have formed the basis for the production of highly accurate physical facsimiles through 3D printing in stainless steel and then electroplating in bronze, allowing for the return of faithful reproductions to Nigeria, where they will support local display, community engagement, and educational initiatives. A key outcome of the partnership has been the provision of training and capacity building for museum staff and members of the Igbo-Ukwu community, particularly in digital documentation, data management, and conservation methods, helping to strengthen local expertise in heritage preservation. The collaboration has also facilitated meaningful community engagement through public programs, consultations, and outreach activities aimed at reconnecting local communities with the Igbo-Ukwu heritage and enhancing public understanding of the site's historical significance. In Cambridge, the facsimiles will be displayed at the Cambridge Festival at the end of March 2025. Furthermore, the project has contributed to the development of new exhibitions in Nigeria. Upon arrival in Nigeria in May 2025, the facsimiles will be exhibited at the National Museum in Lagos before transferral to Igbo-Ukwu for further display. These engagements will incorporate both the digital and physical reproductions of the artefacts to provide wider public access to this important cultural heritage. In addition, the project has supported ongoing academic research, with the production of scholarly conference presentations that address themes such as Igbo-Ukwu's archaeology, artefact repatriation, and heritage management, ensuring that the knowledge generated is shared both locally and internationally. For example, I was invited to a round table at The Challenge of Conversation Conference, held at the University of Cambridge on 11-12 June, 2024 during which a paper was presented titled "Digitisation, Replication and Repatriation as Conservation Measures of Igbo-Ukwu Bronzes of Eastern Nigeria". Also, on 30-31 October 2024 we were invited to present at a workshop in Nigeria titled "Rethinking Exhibition Practices for African Museums and Africa-Focused Exhibitions". Our repatriation project was presented by my collaborator from the University of Nigeria in a session titled "Strategies for Hands-on Co-Creation Experiences with Local African Communities". The paper presented was titled "Digitalization of Igbo-Ukwu artefacts: A pathway for public engagement and heritage preservation". This is a truly multidisciplinary collaboration, drawing on expertise from archaeology, heritage conservation, digital technology and preservation, museology, community engagement, and material culture studies. Archaeological research has provided critical historical and cultural context, while specialists in digital technologies have applied advanced methods of scanning, modelling, and facsimile production. Heritage professionals and museum curators have ensured the appropriate care, display, and interpretation of the materials, while community engagement specialists have worked to involve local stakeholders and promote inclusive heritage practices. Together, these diverse areas of expertise have come together to support the shared goal of reconnecting the Igbo-Ukwu artefacts with their communities of origin, both digitally and physically, and fostering sustainable, locally grounded heritage management. |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Igbo-Ukwu Digital and Facsimile Repatriation Project |
| Organisation | The Factum Foundation for Digital Technology in Conservation |
| Country | Spain |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | In this collaboration, my contribution centres on providing archaeological expertise on Igbo-Ukwu, ensuring that both the digital reproductions and physical facsimiles of the artefacts are accurately contextualized within their cultural and historical frameworks. I play a key role in engaging with local stakeholders, including community leaders, cultural institutions, and the wider public, to ensure that the repatriation process is meaningful, respectful, and aligned with community interests. I also support the project through research and documentation, contributing to the development of interpretive materials and scholarly outputs that reflect the significance of Igbo-Ukwu's heritage. In addition, I facilitate local logistics, including securing permissions, coordinating in-country activities, and organizing educational programs and public engagement initiatives around the returned materials. A further aspect of my role involves contributing to capacity-building efforts by supporting the training of students and heritage professionals in Nigeria in areas such as artefact documentation, digital archiving, and heritage management. Through these combined efforts, I aim to help foster a sustainable and ethically grounded model of repatriation that not only restores access to important cultural materials but also strengthens local stewardship and promotes ongoing research and public appreciation of Igbo-Ukwu's remarkable archaeological legacy. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Factum Foundation brings its world-leading expertise in high-resolution digital preservation to the Igbo-Ukwu Repatriation Project. Using advanced technologies such as 3D scanning, photogrammetry, and photorealistic recording, Factum Foundation is responsible for creating precise digital replicas of the original Igbo-Ukwu artefacts. These digital files form the basis for the production of highly accurate physical facsimiles, enabling the return of faithful representations of the artefacts to the local community in Nigeria from where they were excavated over sixty years ago. Beyond the technical work, Factum Foundation is committed to capacity building through knowledge transfer, providing training opportunities for local specialists in digital recording, data management, and facsimile production, while also promoting ethical practices in the digitization and restitution of cultural heritage. The University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) contributes academic leadership, research expertise, and community engagement to the project. Through its team of archaeologists, heritage professionals, and students, UNN provides critical historical, archaeological, and cultural context to support accurate interpretation and presentation of the Igbo-Ukwu materials. The university also plays a vital role in facilitating local stakeholder involvement, organizing public outreach, and integrating the project into educational programs that promote heritage awareness and capacity building within Nigeria. Additionally, UNN supports the documentation and scholarly dissemination of the project's outcomes, ensuring that the research benefits both local and international audiences. The National Museum in Lagos, under the management of the National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM) in Nigeria, serves as the official custodian of the Igbo-Ukwu bronzes within the project. The museum provides institutional oversight and ensures that the repatriated facsimiles and digital materials are conserved, displayed, and interpreted in ways that align with national heritage policies and community expectations. They also play a significant role in the repatriation process by ensuring that all international laws are obeyed in the transfer of the projects from the UK to Nigeria and then to the local community. The National Museum facilitates access to its facilities for the exhibition of the returned works and supports public education and programming centred on Igbo-Ukwu's archaeological legacy. As a key partner, the museum helps to safeguard the long-term sustainability of the project through its local museum in Igbo-Ukwu by embedding its outcomes within Nigeria's heritage infrastructure. The role of the British Museum are mainly advisory on the selection of the objects to be digitised and replicated. |
| Impact | This collaboration has produced a range of significant outputs or outcomes. Among these are the creation of high-resolution digital records of selected Igbo-Ukwu artefacts through advanced 3D scanning and photogrammetry techniques, ensuring their long-term preservation and accessibility for research, education, and exhibition. These digital files have formed the basis for the production of highly accurate physical facsimiles through 3D printing in stainless steel and then electroplating in bronze, allowing for the return of faithful reproductions to Nigeria, where they will support local display, community engagement, and educational initiatives. A key outcome of the partnership has been the provision of training and capacity building for museum staff and members of the Igbo-Ukwu community, particularly in digital documentation, data management, and conservation methods, helping to strengthen local expertise in heritage preservation. The collaboration has also facilitated meaningful community engagement through public programs, consultations, and outreach activities aimed at reconnecting local communities with the Igbo-Ukwu heritage and enhancing public understanding of the site's historical significance. In Cambridge, the facsimiles will be displayed at the Cambridge Festival at the end of March 2025. Furthermore, the project has contributed to the development of new exhibitions in Nigeria. Upon arrival in Nigeria in May 2025, the facsimiles will be exhibited at the National Museum in Lagos before transferral to Igbo-Ukwu for further display. These engagements will incorporate both the digital and physical reproductions of the artefacts to provide wider public access to this important cultural heritage. In addition, the project has supported ongoing academic research, with the production of scholarly conference presentations that address themes such as Igbo-Ukwu's archaeology, artefact repatriation, and heritage management, ensuring that the knowledge generated is shared both locally and internationally. For example, I was invited to a round table at The Challenge of Conversation Conference, held at the University of Cambridge on 11-12 June, 2024 during which a paper was presented titled "Digitisation, Replication and Repatriation as Conservation Measures of Igbo-Ukwu Bronzes of Eastern Nigeria". Also, on 30-31 October 2024 we were invited to present at a workshop in Nigeria titled "Rethinking Exhibition Practices for African Museums and Africa-Focused Exhibitions". Our repatriation project was presented by my collaborator from the University of Nigeria in a session titled "Strategies for Hands-on Co-Creation Experiences with Local African Communities". The paper presented was titled "Digitalization of Igbo-Ukwu artefacts: A pathway for public engagement and heritage preservation". This is a truly multidisciplinary collaboration, drawing on expertise from archaeology, heritage conservation, digital technology and preservation, museology, community engagement, and material culture studies. Archaeological research has provided critical historical and cultural context, while specialists in digital technologies have applied advanced methods of scanning, modelling, and facsimile production. Heritage professionals and museum curators have ensured the appropriate care, display, and interpretation of the materials, while community engagement specialists have worked to involve local stakeholders and promote inclusive heritage practices. Together, these diverse areas of expertise have come together to support the shared goal of reconnecting the Igbo-Ukwu artefacts with their communities of origin, both digitally and physically, and fostering sustainable, locally grounded heritage management. |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Igbo-Ukwu Digital and Facsimile Repatriation Project |
| Organisation | University of Nigeria |
| Country | Nigeria |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | In this collaboration, my contribution centres on providing archaeological expertise on Igbo-Ukwu, ensuring that both the digital reproductions and physical facsimiles of the artefacts are accurately contextualized within their cultural and historical frameworks. I play a key role in engaging with local stakeholders, including community leaders, cultural institutions, and the wider public, to ensure that the repatriation process is meaningful, respectful, and aligned with community interests. I also support the project through research and documentation, contributing to the development of interpretive materials and scholarly outputs that reflect the significance of Igbo-Ukwu's heritage. In addition, I facilitate local logistics, including securing permissions, coordinating in-country activities, and organizing educational programs and public engagement initiatives around the returned materials. A further aspect of my role involves contributing to capacity-building efforts by supporting the training of students and heritage professionals in Nigeria in areas such as artefact documentation, digital archiving, and heritage management. Through these combined efforts, I aim to help foster a sustainable and ethically grounded model of repatriation that not only restores access to important cultural materials but also strengthens local stewardship and promotes ongoing research and public appreciation of Igbo-Ukwu's remarkable archaeological legacy. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Factum Foundation brings its world-leading expertise in high-resolution digital preservation to the Igbo-Ukwu Repatriation Project. Using advanced technologies such as 3D scanning, photogrammetry, and photorealistic recording, Factum Foundation is responsible for creating precise digital replicas of the original Igbo-Ukwu artefacts. These digital files form the basis for the production of highly accurate physical facsimiles, enabling the return of faithful representations of the artefacts to the local community in Nigeria from where they were excavated over sixty years ago. Beyond the technical work, Factum Foundation is committed to capacity building through knowledge transfer, providing training opportunities for local specialists in digital recording, data management, and facsimile production, while also promoting ethical practices in the digitization and restitution of cultural heritage. The University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) contributes academic leadership, research expertise, and community engagement to the project. Through its team of archaeologists, heritage professionals, and students, UNN provides critical historical, archaeological, and cultural context to support accurate interpretation and presentation of the Igbo-Ukwu materials. The university also plays a vital role in facilitating local stakeholder involvement, organizing public outreach, and integrating the project into educational programs that promote heritage awareness and capacity building within Nigeria. Additionally, UNN supports the documentation and scholarly dissemination of the project's outcomes, ensuring that the research benefits both local and international audiences. The National Museum in Lagos, under the management of the National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM) in Nigeria, serves as the official custodian of the Igbo-Ukwu bronzes within the project. The museum provides institutional oversight and ensures that the repatriated facsimiles and digital materials are conserved, displayed, and interpreted in ways that align with national heritage policies and community expectations. They also play a significant role in the repatriation process by ensuring that all international laws are obeyed in the transfer of the projects from the UK to Nigeria and then to the local community. The National Museum facilitates access to its facilities for the exhibition of the returned works and supports public education and programming centred on Igbo-Ukwu's archaeological legacy. As a key partner, the museum helps to safeguard the long-term sustainability of the project through its local museum in Igbo-Ukwu by embedding its outcomes within Nigeria's heritage infrastructure. The role of the British Museum are mainly advisory on the selection of the objects to be digitised and replicated. |
| Impact | This collaboration has produced a range of significant outputs or outcomes. Among these are the creation of high-resolution digital records of selected Igbo-Ukwu artefacts through advanced 3D scanning and photogrammetry techniques, ensuring their long-term preservation and accessibility for research, education, and exhibition. These digital files have formed the basis for the production of highly accurate physical facsimiles through 3D printing in stainless steel and then electroplating in bronze, allowing for the return of faithful reproductions to Nigeria, where they will support local display, community engagement, and educational initiatives. A key outcome of the partnership has been the provision of training and capacity building for museum staff and members of the Igbo-Ukwu community, particularly in digital documentation, data management, and conservation methods, helping to strengthen local expertise in heritage preservation. The collaboration has also facilitated meaningful community engagement through public programs, consultations, and outreach activities aimed at reconnecting local communities with the Igbo-Ukwu heritage and enhancing public understanding of the site's historical significance. In Cambridge, the facsimiles will be displayed at the Cambridge Festival at the end of March 2025. Furthermore, the project has contributed to the development of new exhibitions in Nigeria. Upon arrival in Nigeria in May 2025, the facsimiles will be exhibited at the National Museum in Lagos before transferral to Igbo-Ukwu for further display. These engagements will incorporate both the digital and physical reproductions of the artefacts to provide wider public access to this important cultural heritage. In addition, the project has supported ongoing academic research, with the production of scholarly conference presentations that address themes such as Igbo-Ukwu's archaeology, artefact repatriation, and heritage management, ensuring that the knowledge generated is shared both locally and internationally. For example, I was invited to a round table at The Challenge of Conversation Conference, held at the University of Cambridge on 11-12 June, 2024 during which a paper was presented titled "Digitisation, Replication and Repatriation as Conservation Measures of Igbo-Ukwu Bronzes of Eastern Nigeria". Also, on 30-31 October 2024 we were invited to present at a workshop in Nigeria titled "Rethinking Exhibition Practices for African Museums and Africa-Focused Exhibitions". Our repatriation project was presented by my collaborator from the University of Nigeria in a session titled "Strategies for Hands-on Co-Creation Experiences with Local African Communities". The paper presented was titled "Digitalization of Igbo-Ukwu artefacts: A pathway for public engagement and heritage preservation". This is a truly multidisciplinary collaboration, drawing on expertise from archaeology, heritage conservation, digital technology and preservation, museology, community engagement, and material culture studies. Archaeological research has provided critical historical and cultural context, while specialists in digital technologies have applied advanced methods of scanning, modelling, and facsimile production. Heritage professionals and museum curators have ensured the appropriate care, display, and interpretation of the materials, while community engagement specialists have worked to involve local stakeholders and promote inclusive heritage practices. Together, these diverse areas of expertise have come together to support the shared goal of reconnecting the Igbo-Ukwu artefacts with their communities of origin, both digitally and physically, and fostering sustainable, locally grounded heritage management. |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Archaeology and the public at Igbo-Ukwu, Eastern Nigeria |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | It was a two-day exhibition and workshop event at the local museum at Igbo-Ukwu. The target audience of the project were the students (aged: 13-16), their teachers, and non-academic community members including owners of compounds where previous excavations were conducted, youth representatives, women's groups, and community heads and chiefs. The first day of the event was targeted at secondary school students and their teachers, while the second day was mainly for members of the local community. In total, over 100 students from five secondary schools in Igbo-Ukwu were represented at the event and five teachers. Photos and bilingual text description of archaeological history of the site were printed on leaflets and panels. The leaflets were distributed to all who attended the event. The primary objective of the exhibition was to enhance awareness and appreciation of the sites' importance, thereby fostering efforts to preserve this cultural heritage for posterity. The students were led in groups to the exhibition stand in the museum according to their schools, accompanied by their teachers. Focus groups and questionnaires were used to collect data from the participants. At the end of the exhibition, the students are engaged in hands-on practical class on pottery making. This was anchored by two experts in sculptor and pottery making from the polytechnic. The objective of this exercise was to inspire a sense of pride and appreciation of the technical know-how of their ancestors and how this inspiration can engineer creative thinking for future innovations. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
| URL | https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/06/archeologist-harps-on-need-to-preserve-igbo-ukwu-archeological-s... |