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Reframing the Networks and Visualities of Imperial War Photography: Felice Beato in Asia

Lead Research Organisation: QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST
Department Name: School of Hist, Anthrop, Philos and Politics

Abstract

Reframing the Networks and Visualities of Imperial War Photography: Felice Beato in Asia

This fellowship at the Freer|Sackler will be used to develop path-breaking digital techniques for the analysis and display of historical photography.

In collaboration with the National Army Museum in London, this project will build on the applicant's research into the historical photography of Britain's imperial wars in Asia in the nineteenth century, as photographed by the Italo-British photographic pioneer Felice Beato (1832-1909). Famous for his photographs of the Indian Rebellion in 1858 and of the Second Opium War in China in 1860, Beato photographed other imperial conflicts in Asia and beyond, including the Third Anglo-Burmese War, and America's short-lived invasion of Korea in 1871. He had close links to British commanders and to individual soldiers, and was one of the first semi-official war photographers.

Beato is known for his willingness to photograph the dead bodies of (non-Western) soldiers, and for his manipulation of the battle scenes he documented, but his influence on contemporaries is unclear. The applicant will develop innovative digital techniques to reconstruct the social networks of Felice Beato and his war photography in order to understand how these photographs were produced and viewed, and how they helped to shape the visual world of empire in the nineteenth century. The applicant will use creative digital techniques to interpret and exhibit Beato's photographs in unexpected ways, identifying stories of anti-colonial resistance, and using design approaches to reveal events and interpretations half-hidden behind the photograph's dominant narrative.

Through this fellowship, the applicant will be able to work collaboratively with the Freer|Sackler and other Smithsonian institutions to develop these digital techniques and to disseminate them widely among curators and historians.
 
Title Bridges to China online exhibition (Briony Widdis, Emma Reisz and project partners) 
Description Online exhibition sharing Chinese community heritage in Belfast 
Type Of Art Artistic/Creative Exhibition 
Year Produced 2026 
Impact Changed attitudes 
URL https://go.qub.ac.uk/bridgestochina
 
Title Bridges to China short film set - AvilaMedia (with Briony Widdis and Emma Reisz) 
Description Set of short films documenting the Bridges to China project and reflections on it 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2026 
Impact Changed attitudes 
URL https://go.qub.ac.uk/bridgestochina
 
Title Historic Houses Global Crossroads - Chinese collections at Mount Stewart 
Description Short film about the Chinese collections at Mount Stewart and their significance for the local community 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2025 
Impact Changed understanding of the global significance of historic houses. 
URL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8biObEJRFQ
 
Description The Italo-British photographer Felice Beato (1832-1909) is familiar to specialists, but Beato has been largely overlooked by historians of the British empire as a pivotal figure in shaping Britain's mid-Victorian imperial culture. His work has also been generally neglected by military historians as a primary source for investigating Britain's imperial wars.

This project explored Beato's contribution to the visual vocabulary through which Victorian Britons perceived and imagined their empire, and the relationship between Beato's imperial vision and that of British imperial administrators and soldiers. The research looked at Beato's social networks (including links to British military officers, administrators, and cultural elite) to explore the development of nineteenth-century imperial visual cultures and visualities.

Central to my research on Beato was the way that photography establishes and cements visual tropes and themes in the minds of viewers, and so influences their visual experience. Early imperial war photography had such a striking impact on visualities that contemporaries identified a 'golden harvest' of visual material from India, China and elsewhere, reaped through the cheap and reproducible medium of photography, and the displacement of older visual arts and of their visual frames of reference. My research into the visuality of imperial war combines scholarly and public history, and central to my work identified new approaches to communicating and exploring historical visualities.

The project resulted in a research article for the leading museum journal, Curator, giving museum curators a new way to think about nineteenth-century photography through the concept of the photoanthropocene. This article argued that photography was the primary way in which the transformation of the natural world by human intervention was documented in the nineteenth century, and traced how global imperialism and commercial activity, as documented in the work of photographers like Felice Beato, contributed to that transformation.

With this fellowship, I will be able to take the path-breaking digital techniques I am developing to understand imperial war photography and explore how they might be used more widely by curators and scholars to create new ways of researching and exhibiting historical photograhy. Objective 1, the application of social network analysis to historical photography, promises to be significant not only for this project and for the wider project on social network analysis at the Freer|Sackler to which I have been invited to contribute (see attached letter of support), but also for museums generally. The use of longitudinal social network analysis is in its infancy (e.g. Journal of Historical Network Research, est. 2017) but social network analysis has the potential to make a major contribution to our understanding of how social networks and associated power structures shape prevailing visual cultures and visualities.
Exploitation Route The outcomes of this research are particularly relevant to historians, art historians and the museum sector. Historians and art historians can make use of the research into Felice Beato and into imperial war photography, and particularly can make use of the new online catalogue of the work of Felice Beato.

Museums can make use of the new digital practices developed through this award, such as the new approach to using online tools to create a catalogue raisonee, new approaches to 3d visualisation of lost structures using historical photography, and new approaches to analysing the historical social networks associated with objects in museum collections.
Sectors Culture

Heritage

Museums and Collections

URL https://reframingimperialwar.org
 
Description This research has had two primary non-academic impacts. One of the project partners, the National Army Museum (NAM), possesses an excellent and understudied collection of photography by Felice Beato, documenting the experiences of British Army soldiers during Britain's imperial wars. Based on the research done during this project, NAM is now working with project PI to develop a proposal for an exhibition of Beato's photography to be held at the National Army Museum in 2026. Secondly, the project has contributed to the development of a follow-on impact project led by the PI exploring how imperial objects inside and outside museums are meaningful to the public, the MMMV project https://mmmv.org . In partnership with the Irish Museum Association, this project is having a significant impact on museum decolonisation in Ireland, both North and South. This impact project draws on the insights into the decolonisation of imperial photographic collections which the PI developed during this project. In partnership with the community arts organisation ArtsEkta, the MMMV project is also contributing to the development of best practice in the community sector in Northern Ireland around using museum objects and personal collections to make sense of the legacies and afterlives of empire.
First Year Of Impact 2023
Sector Communities and Social Services/Policy,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections
Impact Types Cultural

Societal

 
Description Bridges to China Project Launch 1 March 2026 - Briony Widdis, Emma Reisz and partners
Geographic Reach National 
Policy Influence Type Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
Impact Better practice in community heritage and object based storytelling
URL https://go.qub.ac.uk/bridgestochina
 
Description Bridges to China: Six Co-Production Workshops 2025-26 - Briony Widdis, Emma Reisz and partners
Geographic Reach Local/Municipal/Regional 
Policy Influence Type Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
Impact Improved practice in community heritage.
URL https://collections.nationalmuseumsni.org/pro506093
 
Description Workshop on decolonisation hosted jointly with the Irish Museums Association, Dublin, October 2023
Geographic Reach Europe 
Policy Influence Type Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
Impact Attendees reported that their participation in the workshop had increased their confidence in addressing issues of museum decolonisation in their museum.
URL https://mmmv.org
 
Description Workshop on museum decolonisation hosted jointly with the Irish Museums Association in Derry, 3 Sep 2024
Geographic Reach Europe 
Policy Influence Type Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
Impact Feedback from museum participants indicates that the programme has improved confidence in addressing museum decolonisation and capacity to work in this area.
URL https://irishmuseums.org/events/menii-memories-menii-voices-workshop-1#!event-register/2024/9/3/meni...
 
Description BeHere Creative Communities Community Innovation Practitioner award (Lisa Rea Currie, Emma Reisz and Jenny Ferguson)
Amount £74,879 (GBP)
Organisation Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 08/2025 
End 08/2026
 
Description Global Fellow 2025-26 - Dr Na Li, National University of Singapore, hosted by Dr Emma Reisz and Dr Briony Widdis
Amount £4,000 (GBP)
Organisation Queen's University Belfast 
Department School of History, Anthropology, Philosophy and Politics
Sector Academic/University
Country United Kingdom
Start 03/2026 
End 05/2026
 
Description Historic Houses, Global Crossroads: Revisioning Two Northern Ireland Historic Houses and Estates
Amount £1,255,847 (GBP)
Funding ID AH/Z506436/1 
Organisation Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 08/2024 
End 08/2027
 
Description IAA - 'Bridges to China' - Briony Widdis & Emma Reisz
Amount £14,994 (GBP)
Organisation Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 04/2025 
End 04/2026
 
Description IAA - Economic and Social Research Council - Leading Impact - Emma Reisz & Briony Widdis
Amount £14,938 (GBP)
Organisation Queen's University Belfast 
Sector Academic/University
Country United Kingdom
Start 08/2023 
End 09/2024
 
Description MENII Memories, MENII Voices (MMMV). Awarded though the Arts and Humanities Research Council IAA scheme, Leading Impact programme - Emma Reisz & Briony Widdis
Amount £8,319 (GBP)
Organisation Queen's University Belfast 
Sector Academic/University
Country United Kingdom
Start 01/2023 
End 12/2023
 
Title Beato photographic database 
Description Digital catalogue of Beato photography. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2019 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact Facilitates research into Felice Beato. 
URL http://reframingimperialwar.net
 
Title NMNI Chinese collection - Bridges to China selection (NMNI with Briony Widdis, Emma Reisz, Aglaia De Angeli and project partners) 
Description Updated collection information. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2026 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact Better understanding of connections between China and Northern Ireland 
URL https://collections.nationalmuseumsni.org/pro506093
 
Description AvilaMedia as Bridges to China Partner 
Organisation AvilaMedia
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution Expertise in community heritage.
Collaborator Contribution Community Interest Company with expertise in grassroots, community-led media.
Impact Community heritage resource - https://go.qub.ac.uk/bridgestochina Community heritage video set - https://www.cwa-ni.org/precious-stories/
Start Year 2025
 
Description NMNI as Bridges to China partner 
Organisation National Museums Northern Ireland
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Historical expertise on Chinese material culture. Expertise in heritage co-production with diverse communities.
Collaborator Contribution Expertise in public engagement and in museum decolonisation.
Impact Collaborative project proposals.
Start Year 2024
 
Description National Army Museum 
Organisation National Army Museum
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution We worked closely with the National Army Museum to understand their photographic holdings more closely.
Collaborator Contribution NAM contributed to the project by providing us with access to their collections and to their research materials. We worked closely together to extend the digitisation of their materials.
Impact Reframing Imperial War digital catalogue
Start Year 2018
 
Description QUB Centre for Public History as Creative Communities partner 
Organisation Queen's University Belfast
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Developed an offshoot project 'BeHere' as a collaboration between HHGC and the Centre for Public History at QUB.
Collaborator Contribution Facilitation for the offshoot project.
Impact BeHere grant from AHRC Creative Communities CIP programme; BeHere project delivery
Start Year 2025
 
Description Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art (formerly Freer|Sackler) 
Organisation Smithsonian Institution
Department Freer|Sackler
Country United States 
Sector Public 
PI Contribution Research into photographic collection held at the Freer|Sackler.
Collaborator Contribution Support for research in Washington D.C., and access to facilities at the Freer|Sackler.
Impact Reframing Imperial War digital catalogue
Start Year 2019
 
Title RIW: Omeka S theme 
Description Reframing Imperial War is an Omeka S theme with second-level navigation, developed for the Reframing Imperial War project and available for general use and modification. 
Type Of Technology Software 
Year Produced 2020 
Open Source License? Yes  
Impact Use in the Reframing Imperial War website 
URL https://github.com/reframing-imperial-war/riw
 
Description 'Historic Houses, Global Crossroads: Collections in Transition' panel at Irish Museums Association, Tralee, 5 March 2025, McMahon, Reisz & Widdis 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Panel presentation to a professional audience at Irish Museums Association.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2025
URL https://irishmuseums.org/annual-conference/2025-irish-museums-association-annual-conference/programm...
 
Description A decentered lens: colonial photography and the right to the real: 12 May 2023, Reisz 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact Contribution to Northern Bridge DTP training for PGRs focusing on the decolonisation of historical photography.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Beyond Extractivism: The Ethics of Engaged Research with Communities - workshop 6 Nov 2025, organised by Emma Reisz and Olwen Purdue 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact As researchers and universities seek to contribute to their communities and wider society, there is growing emphasis on collaborative, participatory approaches that make research relevant, responsible, and useful. Yet economic and structural inequalities challenge the ethics of such engagement, particularly when working with communities around their culture and history. Approaches such as community-based research (CBR) encourage researchers to reflect on how to ensure that research serves the interests of the communities involved by building reciprocal relationships and democratising knowledge production. Decolonising methodologies, developed by Linda Tuhiwai Smith and others, also seek to rethink the role of the researcher, not as an extractor of data, but as a partner in shared inquiry and social transformation.

Such approaches are often undervalued within academic research structures. Ethical review processes may assume a conventional "researcher-participant" relationship, while institutional frameworks for evaluating research (such as the REF in the UK) can create pressures to prioritise short-term, measurable impacts over truly equitable and ethical partnerships.

This round table discussion at the Centre for Public History explored ethical and non-extractive research practices in public engagement, with a focus on the GLAM (Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums) sector, communities and public history. The panel brought together experts in community engagement, the cultural sector, and engaged research to reflect on how researchers can avoid replicating extractivist models-where knowledge is taken without reciprocal benefit or accountability.

The purposes of the event were to:
- highlight extractivism in engaged research relationships and how this curtails the public benefit of research
- support researchers and engagement partners to reflect on their own practice
- promote further conversations and research into effective engaged practice
- promote better engaged research practice in future
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2025
URL https://go.qub.ac.uk/beyondextractivism
 
Description Bridges to China community heritage programme, 2025-26 (Briony Widdis and Emma Reisz) 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Participants shared personal objects, memories, and reflections. As well as co-production, these workshops also formed a space for discussion between community members, curators, and researchers, broadening public understanding of Northern Ireland's Chinese heritage.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2025,2026
URL https://go.qub.ac.uk/bridgestochina
 
Description Bridges to China launch event 1 March 2026 (Briony Widdis and Emma Reisz) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact The event included presentations, a panel discussion, object-based storytelling, and the screening of the project short film.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2026
URL https://go.qub.ac.uk/btclaunch
 
Description Organised workshop with Chinese Welfare Association at Mount Stewart, 29 July 2025, McMahon, Reisz, Widdis et al. 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact An intensive workshop with 20 members of Belfast's Chinese community studying items in the National Trust collection at Mount Stewart. The workshop:
- changed participant attitudes to heritage and to links between China and Northern Ireland
- changed partner organisation attitudes and increased confidence
- helped to develop content for an upcoming April 2026 exhibition at Mount Stewart
- laid the groundwork for a forthcoming AHRC IAA engagement partnership between Queen's University and Chinese Welfare Association called Bridges to China
- supported preparations for the upcoming AHRC Creative Communities engagement programme between Queen's University, National Trust and local third sector partners
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2025
 
Description QPol: Heritage, Creativity and Belonging: A Participatory Approach to Policy Innovation - Emma Reisz and Lisa Rea Currie 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Short article on policy around inclusion in heritage.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2026
URL https://blogs.qub.ac.uk/qpol/heritage-creativity-and-belonging-a-participatory-approach-to-policy-in...
 
Description Roundtable: Ethical and Equitable Community Co-production and Public Histories, 10 Sep 2025, Purdue, Rea Currie, Reisz et al. 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Stimulated a lively discussion about ethical public history in the context of contested history.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2025
URL https://www.qub.ac.uk/research-centres/CentreforPublicHistory/PublicHistoryinanAgeofAnxiety/