"To Have and To Hold": Understanding the Relationship between Forced Marriage and Modern Slavery.
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Nottingham
Department Name: Sch of Politics & International Relation
Abstract
Since 2017 the International Labour Organisation (ILO) has included forced marriage in its Global Estimates of Slavery (GES). This followed including forced marriage as a form of sexual slavery at the International Criminal Court, and explicit linkage of forced marriage to slavery by the UN's Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery (Shahinian 2012). In 2018, after the first successful English prosecution for forced marriage, UK NGO Karma Nirvana called for similar cases to be prosecuted under the Modern Slavery Act. Forced marriage and slavery are thus being linked on the national and international stage. This raises key and as yet unanswered questions about the relation between forced marriage and slavery.
This is not merely a conceptual problem divorced from reality. 40.3 million people are estimated to live in slavery today, 15.4 million of them in forced marriage (ILO 2018). The inclusion of forced marriage in the GES has not only greatly increased the number of people recognised as living in slavery, but revealed the gendered nature of modern slavery: though men are also victims of forced marriage, women and girls account for 71% of modern slavery victims (ILO 2018).
As Allain (2015) notes, 'in legal terms, forced marriage is not slavery...and yet...': that is, there does seem to be a link between at least some instances of forced marriage and modern slavery. However, this relationship is neither immediately obvious, nor made plain in international or domestic law. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) treat forced marriage and modern slavery separately (under SDG Targets 5.3 and 8.7 respectively). The definition of slavery in the 1920 Slavery Convention, and the Bellagio-Harvard Guidelines on the Legal Parameters of Slavery's definition of modern slavery, is treatment of one person as property by another. With forced marriage, however, the focus is on lack of consent to the initial ceremony. Treatment as property and lack of consent may be connected, but they are not identical. 'Forced marriage', then, is not obviously a form of slavery, liable for inclusion in the GES. And yet, as Allain says, 'and yet...'.
My multidisciplinary project would be the first to explain why certain types of marriage should be seen as forms of modern slavery, rightly included in the GES. I seek to answer the following research questions:
RQ1: To what extent, if any, is forced marriage a form of modern slavery?
RQ2: Does forced marriage as currently defined in law really encapsulate the normative problem?
RQ3: What types of marriage, if any, ought to be seen as forms of modern slavery?
In order to answer these questions I:
1) Draw on the work of past philosophers' nuanced and sophisticated analyses of how marriage constitutes a form of slavery to show that fundamental elements of the real normative problem are not covered by the modern notion of 'forced' marriage (RQs 1,2 and 3).
2) Collate current legal definitions of forced marriage, and see how these map onto understandings of modern slavery (RQs 1 and 2).
3) Explore the corpus of existing survivor narratives regarding forced marriage and slavery (RQs 1,2 and 3).
4) Conduct a systematic survey of existing empirical research on instances of forced marriage and/or marriages which could be forms of slavery, including by partners Walk Free and Karma Nirvana (RQs1,2 and 3).
5) Generate typologies of marriages which arguably constitute an institution or practice similar to slavery, and a definition of the normative problem the global community is rightfully seeking to eliminate, currently referred to as 'forced' marriage (RQs 1 and 3).
6) With project partner Walk Free, input into data-collection for the GES, leading to more accurate numbers for forced marriage globally and development of a new SDG Target Indicator for inclusion in the Global Slavery Index, to better measure progress towards eradication of forced marriage and modern slavery (RQ3).
This is not merely a conceptual problem divorced from reality. 40.3 million people are estimated to live in slavery today, 15.4 million of them in forced marriage (ILO 2018). The inclusion of forced marriage in the GES has not only greatly increased the number of people recognised as living in slavery, but revealed the gendered nature of modern slavery: though men are also victims of forced marriage, women and girls account for 71% of modern slavery victims (ILO 2018).
As Allain (2015) notes, 'in legal terms, forced marriage is not slavery...and yet...': that is, there does seem to be a link between at least some instances of forced marriage and modern slavery. However, this relationship is neither immediately obvious, nor made plain in international or domestic law. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) treat forced marriage and modern slavery separately (under SDG Targets 5.3 and 8.7 respectively). The definition of slavery in the 1920 Slavery Convention, and the Bellagio-Harvard Guidelines on the Legal Parameters of Slavery's definition of modern slavery, is treatment of one person as property by another. With forced marriage, however, the focus is on lack of consent to the initial ceremony. Treatment as property and lack of consent may be connected, but they are not identical. 'Forced marriage', then, is not obviously a form of slavery, liable for inclusion in the GES. And yet, as Allain says, 'and yet...'.
My multidisciplinary project would be the first to explain why certain types of marriage should be seen as forms of modern slavery, rightly included in the GES. I seek to answer the following research questions:
RQ1: To what extent, if any, is forced marriage a form of modern slavery?
RQ2: Does forced marriage as currently defined in law really encapsulate the normative problem?
RQ3: What types of marriage, if any, ought to be seen as forms of modern slavery?
In order to answer these questions I:
1) Draw on the work of past philosophers' nuanced and sophisticated analyses of how marriage constitutes a form of slavery to show that fundamental elements of the real normative problem are not covered by the modern notion of 'forced' marriage (RQs 1,2 and 3).
2) Collate current legal definitions of forced marriage, and see how these map onto understandings of modern slavery (RQs 1 and 2).
3) Explore the corpus of existing survivor narratives regarding forced marriage and slavery (RQs 1,2 and 3).
4) Conduct a systematic survey of existing empirical research on instances of forced marriage and/or marriages which could be forms of slavery, including by partners Walk Free and Karma Nirvana (RQs1,2 and 3).
5) Generate typologies of marriages which arguably constitute an institution or practice similar to slavery, and a definition of the normative problem the global community is rightfully seeking to eliminate, currently referred to as 'forced' marriage (RQs 1 and 3).
6) With project partner Walk Free, input into data-collection for the GES, leading to more accurate numbers for forced marriage globally and development of a new SDG Target Indicator for inclusion in the Global Slavery Index, to better measure progress towards eradication of forced marriage and modern slavery (RQ3).
Planned Impact
The ultimate beneficiaries of this research are everyone who might be impacted by forced marriage or modern slavery. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) estimates that there were 5.4 victims of modern slavery for every thousand people in the world in 2016 (ILO 2017): but the repercussions of forced marriage and modern slavery are felt by many more than those who personally becomes victims of either. Ending forced marriage and modern slavery are both targets of the Sustainable Development Goals, from achievement of which the whole global community will benefit, and my project makes a contribution to this task by explaining the link between the two, without which we cannot make much progress in eradicating either.
I hope to evidence impact in five ways. 1) Widespread adoption by Non-Governmental Organisation actors; government agencies (e.g. the UK's Forced Marriage Unit and Indepenent Anti-Slavery Commissioner); and international bodies (e.g. UN Women) of the definition of forced marriage, and typologies of 'slave-like' marriage I develop in the project. 2) Use of the Forced Marriage Legislation Database by these same actors. 3) Input of my findings regarding definition and the conceptual link between forced marriage and modern slavery into the data collection for the annual Global Estimates of Slavery and Global Slavery Index with project partner Walk Free. 4) Input into the advice and training materials provided by Karma Nirvana to key actors tasked with safeguarding potential victims (e.g. police officers, teachers, medics and social workers) and to their helpline staff, who will thereby be better able to detect and flag links between forced marriage and modern slavery. 5) Increasing general knowledge, understanding and awareness of forced marriage and modern slavery through engagement with the general public at events held on the University of Nottingham campus, and through our Massive Open Online Course on slavery.
Key beneficiaries include:
1) Policy-makers and agencies within national, devolved and local government, including (in the UK) the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Home Office Modern Slavery Unit, the UK Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner's office, and the UK Forced Marriage Unit who will be able to use my research outputs to improve legislation, measurement, and policy regarding interventions.
2) Front-line groups and service-providers, including (in the UK), the Crown Prosecution Service, the National Crime Agency, police forces, border security, social workers and health professionals, who will be able to use my research outputs in their own efforts to end forced marriage and modern slavery and will benefit from the training co-produced with Karma Nirvana.
3) International governments seeking to adopt new forced marriage legislation and/or set up Forced Marriage Units, using the UK's Forced Marriage Unit (the first in the world) as a model, who will benefit from the conceptual clarity my research will provide.
4) Intergovernmental agencies working to end forced marriage and modern slavery, including Alliance 8.7, UN Women, and the International Criminal Court, who can also use my new definition, typologies, systematic review of empirical research, more accurate numbers produced in conjunction with Walk Free, and suggested SDG Target Indicator in constructing new policy, more effective interventions, and better advice regarding drafting legislation on forced marriage.
5) NGOs working to tackle forced marriage, measure it more effectively, and support survivors, including Freedom Fund, Karma Nirvana, Girls Not Brides, Plan International and Unchained at Last, who will all find definitions, more accurate measurements and training materials helpful for training staff and focusing their efforts effectively.
6) The general public who will benefit from increased knowledge regarding forced marriage and slavery, and from achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.
I hope to evidence impact in five ways. 1) Widespread adoption by Non-Governmental Organisation actors; government agencies (e.g. the UK's Forced Marriage Unit and Indepenent Anti-Slavery Commissioner); and international bodies (e.g. UN Women) of the definition of forced marriage, and typologies of 'slave-like' marriage I develop in the project. 2) Use of the Forced Marriage Legislation Database by these same actors. 3) Input of my findings regarding definition and the conceptual link between forced marriage and modern slavery into the data collection for the annual Global Estimates of Slavery and Global Slavery Index with project partner Walk Free. 4) Input into the advice and training materials provided by Karma Nirvana to key actors tasked with safeguarding potential victims (e.g. police officers, teachers, medics and social workers) and to their helpline staff, who will thereby be better able to detect and flag links between forced marriage and modern slavery. 5) Increasing general knowledge, understanding and awareness of forced marriage and modern slavery through engagement with the general public at events held on the University of Nottingham campus, and through our Massive Open Online Course on slavery.
Key beneficiaries include:
1) Policy-makers and agencies within national, devolved and local government, including (in the UK) the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Home Office Modern Slavery Unit, the UK Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner's office, and the UK Forced Marriage Unit who will be able to use my research outputs to improve legislation, measurement, and policy regarding interventions.
2) Front-line groups and service-providers, including (in the UK), the Crown Prosecution Service, the National Crime Agency, police forces, border security, social workers and health professionals, who will be able to use my research outputs in their own efforts to end forced marriage and modern slavery and will benefit from the training co-produced with Karma Nirvana.
3) International governments seeking to adopt new forced marriage legislation and/or set up Forced Marriage Units, using the UK's Forced Marriage Unit (the first in the world) as a model, who will benefit from the conceptual clarity my research will provide.
4) Intergovernmental agencies working to end forced marriage and modern slavery, including Alliance 8.7, UN Women, and the International Criminal Court, who can also use my new definition, typologies, systematic review of empirical research, more accurate numbers produced in conjunction with Walk Free, and suggested SDG Target Indicator in constructing new policy, more effective interventions, and better advice regarding drafting legislation on forced marriage.
5) NGOs working to tackle forced marriage, measure it more effectively, and support survivors, including Freedom Fund, Karma Nirvana, Girls Not Brides, Plan International and Unchained at Last, who will all find definitions, more accurate measurements and training materials helpful for training staff and focusing their efforts effectively.
6) The general public who will benefit from increased knowledge regarding forced marriage and slavery, and from achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.
Publications
McCabe H
(2020)
"Political civil and domestic slavery": Harriet Taylor Mill and Anna Doyle Wheeler on marriage, servitude, and socialism
in British Journal for the History of Philosophy
McCabe H
(2021)
Introduction to the COVID-19 and MODERN SLAVERY Issue
in Journal of Modern Slavery
McCabe H
(2022)
"I bought you. You are my wife": "Modern Slavery" and Forced Marriage
in Journal of Human Trafficking
McCabe, H
(2022)
Forced Marriage and Modern Slavery: Analysing Marriage as a "Choiceless Choice"
in Journal of Modern Slavery
| Description | We have mapped the kinds of exploitation experienced by survivors of forced marriage against forms of exploitation usually grouped under the umbrella term "modern slavery", and found that forced marriage can involve forced labour; domestic servitude; forced commercial sexual exploitation; "servile marriage" as defined in international conventions; trafficking in persons; slavery; and significant restrictions on personal liberty, autonomy, and movement (including false imprisonment). In addition, it can involve sexual assault, forced pregnancy and forced sterisalisation. These forms of abuse can be experienced as a means of forcing people to marry; as a result of the forced marriage; or when people try to escape a forced marriage. In some cases, rights of property are clearly being claimed, and exercised, over people in - or as a means of forcing them into - forced marriage, and in these cases it is clearly a case of de facto slavery. In other cases, it should still be classed as "modern slavery" - for instance, where forced labour or domestic servitude is involved. These findings should have implications for how forced marriage is seen in the law (as a crime treated under family law, or as a crime treated under anti-slavery law, which has implications for, for instance, claiming compensation), and how it is understood by service providers working with victims and survivors, as well as how survivors themselves see and understand their experiences. We have further explored the sense in which people being forced to marry can be said to be faced with, and make, "choiceless choices", and the extent to which consent can ever be said to be "free", especially when it comes to something like marriage, where women (in particular) face a range of pressures, pretty much from birth, which shape their option-sets and decision-making processes. Overall, we challenge the emphasis currently put on whether or not people were "free" at the moment they were married in a marriage ceremony (when their legal, or ontological, status changed from "unmarried" to "married") suggesting that it is more fruitful, and important, to focus on the exploitation experienced before, during, and after an exploitative marriage, however entered into. We have on-going work on the status of forced marriage law around the world, and the extent to which countries are meeting their international obligations. |
| Exploitation Route | Our findings regarding forms of exploitation should have use for policy-makers seeking to understand forced marriage, write statutory guidance about it, and reform law concerning it, as well as for other stakeholders seeking to combat, and/or prosecute, it, or properly record instances of it (e.g. the police, social workers, Crown Prosecution Service and/or education providers). They may also be of use in educating the public about the nature of forced marriage - we are currently working on three different projects relating to this involving school children, survivors, the general public, and local authority workers, including binmen currently trained to spot signs of domestic abuse in Nottinghamshire. |
| Sectors | Communities and Social Services/Policy,Education,Government, Democracy and Justice |
| URL | https://forcedmarriageresearch.ac.uk/about-2/forced-marriage-as-modern-slavery/ |
| Description | We have presented findings from our research to civil servants in Oslo; to the Academic Council of the United Nations System in Geneva (attended by policy-makers, politicians, researchers, and civil servants from a range of UN Member states); the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Honour-Based Abuse; the general public; and policy-makers in the UK, as well as sharing them with our project partners. We are not sure how they have been used as yet, but work is on-going to generate further impact in schools, with local authorities, and with survivors themselves (and through them, the general public). Our evidence to Select Committees in the UK based on this research has been published on the committee's websites, and the PI has recently been invited to give oral evidence at a round table with the Women and Equalities Select Committee. Our research has also been cited in the Global Estimates of Slavery, and by the UN's Special Rapporteur for Contemporary Forms of Slavery. |
| First Year Of Impact | 2022 |
| Sector | Communities and Social Services/Policy,Education,Government, Democracy and Justice |
| Impact Types | Policy & public services |
| Description | Contributed to joint evidence (from Rights Lab) on Protecting Human Rights During and After the COVID-19 Crisis: Response to Joint Questionnaire of Special Proceedures wih a Focus on Contemporary Forms of Slavery and Related Exploitation |
| Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
| Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
| URL | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/beacons-of-excellence/rights-lab/resources/reports-and-briefin... |
| Description | Joined Advisory Board for "Australia's Response to Forced Marriage - Survivor Views and Perspectives" (UTS Law School) |
| Geographic Reach | Australia |
| Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
| Description | Presented research findings to APPG on Honour-Based Abuse |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Contribution to new or Improved professional practice |
| Description | Presented update on research at All Party Parliamentary Group for Honour-Based Abuse |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
| Description | Registered as an expert for new Area of Research Interest published jointly Home Affairs Select Committee and Women and Equalities Committee on Violence A |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
| URL | https://post.parliament.uk/area-of-research-interest-violence-against-women-and-girls/ |
| Description | Submission to JCHR on COVID and forced marriage |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
| URL | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/beacons-of-excellence/rights-lab/mseu/mseu-resources/2020/apri... |
| Description | Submitted Evidence to Public Accounts Committee (UK Parliament) |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
| URL | https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/113379/pdf/ |
| Description | Submitted Evidence to the Women and Equalities Select Committee (UK Parliament) |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
| URL | https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/114324/pdf/ |
| Description | Talk to Masters of Arts students |
| Geographic Reach | Local/Municipal/Regional |
| Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
| Description | Training provided to PGCE students (trainee-teachers) |
| Geographic Reach | Local/Municipal/Regional |
| Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
| Impact | Attendees reported an improvement in their understanding of forced marriage and issues surrounding it in the UK, and their role in preventing it as teachers, and safeguarding those at risk. |
| Description | "I Didn't Want to Get Married": Using Zines to Increase Understanding About the 'Honour'-Based Abuse, Forced Marriage, and Modern Slavery Relationship |
| Amount | £96,124 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | AH/X005429/1 |
| Organisation | Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC) |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 02/2023 |
| End | 10/2023 |
| Description | An Analysis of the Trafficking of Myanmar Women and Girls to China for the Purpose of Forced Marriage and Childbearing |
| Amount | £900,000 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | 2426309 |
| Organisation | Economic and Social Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 10/2020 |
| End | 12/2024 |
| Description | Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 and COVID-Related Decision Making on Forced Marriage Vulnerability in the UK |
| Amount | £2,215,422 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | ESRCCOVID114 |
| Organisation | Economic and Social Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 10/2020 |
| End | 04/2022 |
| Description | Drawing on Forced Marriage: Teaching Tough Topics Through Comics |
| Amount | £58,681 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | AH/X004325/1 |
| Organisation | Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC) |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 02/2023 |
| End | 11/2023 |
| Description | Isolating the impact of intersecting social, economic, and ecological crises on human trafficking in The Bahamas |
| Amount | £156,537 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | TWCF0566 |
| Organisation | Templeton World Charity Foundation |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| Country | Bahamas |
| Start | 05/2021 |
| End | 04/2023 |
| Description | Supporting Survivors of Forced Marriage - Collaborative ESRC PhD Studentship |
| Amount | £90,000 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | 2720637 |
| Organisation | Economic and Social Research Council |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 09/2022 |
| End | 07/2028 |
| Description | Survivors' Voices, Stories, and Images: Survivor-Led Empowerment Through Ethical Story-Telling and Participatory Photography |
| Amount | £150,871 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | AH/V012347/1 |
| Organisation | Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC) |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 02/2021 |
| End | 08/2022 |
| Description | What Data? What Happens? Barriers To Generating Evidence-Based Policy To End Honour-Based Abuse. |
| Amount | £140,714 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | IF2223\230102 |
| Organisation | The British Academy |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 02/2023 |
| End | 01/2024 |
| Description | Australian Forced Marriage Research Project Advisory Board |
| Organisation | University of Technology Sydney |
| Country | Australia |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | I have been part of the advisory board for research on forced marriage in Australia, having been invited because of this Fellowship. I have had several meetings with researchers considering the project design and ethics, and also had interim reports from the research as it has progressed. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The Australian researchers have given invaluable insight from their perspective on issues around forced marriage and how best to end it (including what kind of law is best used against it, and also causes of it in Australia which have a wider application). They have also been a useful sounding board for my own questions about forced marriage, and given me a valuable leadership experience and opportunity. |
| Impact | No outputs as yet. |
| Start Year | 2020 |
| Description | Joined (through AHRC Nomination) Future Leaders Fellows Development Network |
| Organisation | United Kingdom Research and Innovation |
| Department | Future Leaders Research Fellowship |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | I joined this network in 2021, and have attended a series of on-line events on project management, leadership, networking with peers, and learning about improving policy-engagement. I have been appointed to the network's Advisory Panel (from January 2022), and to the Peer Review panel for their internal funding scheme. |
| Collaborator Contribution | I have greatly benefitted from training and mentoring provided by this network. |
| Impact | None as yet. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | Karma Nirvana AHRC Fellowship Collaboration |
| Organisation | Karma Nirvana |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | None as yet - it has very much been controbutions from them to our work so far. (A planned training session on modern slavery for Karma Nirvana has been indefinitely postponed because of COVID-19 restrictions, and the impact the pandems has had on their work.) |
| Collaborator Contribution | With Karma Nirvana, we have had regular meetings (online since February 2020 because of COVID-19), where I have gained invaluable insight into issues surrounding forced marriage in the UK and challenges faced by victims and those seeking to support them. We have planned future work around mapping stakheolder responsibilities, working with survivors of forced marriage to understand their experience (and its relation to slavery),and on further funding for work directly related to the impact of COVID-19. This has helped with my leadership development goals. |
| Impact | I have won a UKRI COVID-19 rapid response grant with Karma Nirvana (30.10.20), which we co-designed and on which they are project partners. This is a social sciences project, particularly politics, as well as incorporating elements of political theory and philosophy. |
| Start Year | 2018 |
| Description | Walk Free AHRC Fellowship Collaboration |
| Organisation | Walk Free Foundation |
| Country | Australia |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | None as yet - though we are in discussions about feeding our findings into their work on estimating prevalence of forced marriage in 2021. |
| Collaborator Contribution | We have had a couple of meetings, as the planned work with Walk Free is more for Year 2 of the project that Year 1. Even so, we have gained some vital insight into how Walk Free are viewing forced marriage and their timeframe for working towards more accurate measurements, which is an important pathway to impact for this project. |
| Impact | None as yet |
| Start Year | 2018 |
| Description | Walk Free Working Group: Forced and Child Marriage & Harmful Traditional Practices |
| Organisation | Walk Free Foundation |
| Country | Australia |
| Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
| PI Contribution | I have been appointed to this working group which arises from Walk Free's "Stacked Odds" report and brings together researchers and practitioners in this area to work on joint projects, build neworks, exchange knowledge, and input into Walk Free's on-going work and strategy in this area. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Walk Free have brought together researchers and practitioners from across the world to form an international network. They are hosting the meetings, administering the group's activities, and taking due heed of advice and findings from the working group for on-going policy action. |
| Impact | This is multidisciplinary, bringing together academic disciplines from arts and humanities and also social science, but also bringing together academics and practitioners. |
| Start Year | 2020 |
| Description | "Mastering the Arts" Talk |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | Lauren recorded a talk for Masters students about how her interdisciplinary MA and PhD research has influenced how she thinks about the importance of modern slavery survivor narratives; how archival research working with marginalised voices shaped approaches to building an archive; how her experience of oral history methodologies shaped how she analysed the survivor narratives and gave an example of how she brought an arts-based methods to analysis of narratives to answer legal and philosophical questions about the relationship between forced marriage and modern slavery. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Author Meets Critics Workshop |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | 30 people attended an "Author Meets Critics" event for my book, held on Teams. This sparked discussion and questions afterwards. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Blackburn College Student event |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | I went to talk to a group of 6th Form students at Blackburn FE College (with other 6th Forms also attending) about my current research. Around 50 students and parents attended. This sparked questions and follow-up requests for further information, as well as being featured in the local press. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Blog for Justice Everywhere |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | I wrote a blog post for Justice Everywhere on forced marriage and COVID-19. I'm not sure how many people read the blog, but 1220 people saw my tweet about it on Twitter, and people engaged with it 16 times. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | http://justice-everywhere.org/international/forced-marriage-in-times-of-covid-19/ |
| Description | Blog on Ending Child Marriage in the UK |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | I wrote a blog posted on "Justice Everywhere" on efforts to eliminate child marriage (a form of forced marriage) in the UK. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | http://justice-everywhere.org/general/ending-child-marriage-in-the-uk/ |
| Description | Festival of Social Science/COP26 event |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Third sector organisations |
| Results and Impact | With two colleagues from the Rights Lab, I presented on recent research linking forced marriage, modern slavery and climate change. This was held online with an international audience. We pre-recorded the talk, and held a live Q&A. Many attendees expressed interest in the topic, and one even came to my talk on other elements of my research the following week because she had got so interested in the area. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://www.leftlion.co.uk/listings/event/forced-marriage-and-climate-change/116242-1/ |
| Description | Forced Marriage Research Podcast |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | We launched a podcast related to the grant. As of 13.9.21 5 episodes have aired to date. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://anchor.fm/forcedmarriageresearchpod |
| Description | Gace a presentation at University of Exeter Political Theory Reading Group |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | I was invited to give a talk at the Exeter Political Theory Reading Group. This was a great opportunity to further one of the goals of my Fellowship in speaking to other historians of political thoght (for which Exeter is a real centre) about shifting our research to a more contemporary, impactful focus in a robust and authentic fashion. There was a great and stimulating discussion about issues around consent, feminist critique of marriage, the nature of the law, and the ontological change in status experienced as part of marriage and what forms of exploiation both sexes might experience in marriage. I was invited to return with an update on the project when it is finished. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://twitter.com/i/timeline |
| Description | Gave Presentation to potential applicants for scheme within my University |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | I gave a talk about my project and my experience of applying for this scheme to other people thinking about applying within my institution. Around 25 people attended, and the talk was also shared internally as a video for more people to engage with. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Gave a talk at McMasters Philosophy Department Seminar Series |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | I spoke at a meeting of the McMaster's Philosophy Department Seminar Series. Around 20 people attended, some PGR students and staff from McMasters but also academics from Bryn Mwr and St Norbert College. There was good discussion, and I made plans with the colleague from Bryn Mwr to suggest a panel at the American Political Science Association's next conference (2021). |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Gave paper at online conference organised via McMasters University to replace panel cancelled at IPSA (due to COVID-19) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | A group of us who had been planning to present at related panels at IPSA organised an online conference/workshop ourselves in order to share our research findings and discuss papers. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Gave talk at Global Partners online event on COVID-19's impact on trafficked women and girls |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | I was part of a panel of experts talking about the likely impact of COVID-19 on trafficking women and girls organised by Global Partners. This was broadcast live on YouTube, and also live-tweeted from their Twitter account. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZOHQYNbGys&feature=youtu.be&ab_channel=GPG |
| Description | Gave talk at University of Nebraska-Lincoln's 12th Annual Interdisciplinary Conference on Human Trafficking |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | I recorded, with a Rights Lab colleague, a talk about definitions of forced marriage and law across the world regarding slavery, trafficking, forced labour, servitude, servile marriage and forced marriage for this high-profile conference, which moved online in 2020 due to COVID-19. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | https://news.unl.edu/newsrooms/today/article/human-trafficking-conference-goes-virtual-expands-reach... |
| Description | International Women's Day Event |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
| Results and Impact | I gave a talk to 15+ students from the School of Politics and IR, and more generally the University of Nottingham, on forced marriage. This sparked questions and discussion afterwards, and requests to get involved with the research in future. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| URL | https://twitter.com/NottsPolitics/status/1496884220043710464 |
| Description | Meeting in Oslo with staff at Norwegian Directorate for Integration and Diversity |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | The PI attended a planned conference for staff at the Norwegian Directorate for Integration and Diversity, including "minority advisors" from over 60 schools across Norway (from Svalbad to Moss). The official talk was cancelled at the last minute because of in-coming Covid restrictions (postponed to 2022), but there was a lively discussion of research findings, and proposals for planned future collaboration, over dinner/breakfast and via follow-up emails. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Online Workshop on Decision in Dominic Ongwen Case at International Criminal Court |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | 43 people attended an online webinar on the Dominic Ongwen case, and its implications for the question of forced marriage and, or as a form of, slavery. Presentations from three academics prompted questions and discussions afterwards. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Panel at ACUNS |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | I organised and chaired a panel at the Academic Council of the UN System's conference in Geneva, and gave a paper on our research regarding survivor narratives. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| Description | Paper presented at U21 Early Career Researcher Workshop "Modern Slavery, Forced Labour, and Human Trafficking" |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | The research fellow on this project (Hannah Baumeister) presented a paper at a panel I chaired considering forced marriage, female genital mutilation, and modern slavery, particularly in the context of COVID-19. The workshop brought together ECRs from U21 network universities, from a range of disciplines, to share knowledge and experience on how to best tackle issues around modern slavery. There was great discussion among ECR audience-members, and plans made to collaborate in the future on related projects. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | https://universitas21.com/news-and-events/events/u21-early-career-researcher-workshop-2020-modern-sl... |
| Description | Presentation at Consent Symposium |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | The Research Fellow and I spoke at an interdisciplinary symposium on consent. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Presentation at Southampton |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | I gave a talk on my research to the Philosophy Department's seminar series. There were good questions afterwards. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| URL | https://mobile.twitter.com/i/timeline |
| Description | Presentation at the Slavery Past, Present and Future conference |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | I presented a paper about forced marriage, modern slavery and national legislation in UN Member States at the virtual Slavery Past, Present and Future Conference. About 20 people attended and discussed my project with me. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/focus/international/SPPF5/call-for-papers.html |
| Description | Presentation at the Socio-Legal Studies Association Annual Conference |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | I presented a paper about forced marriage, modern slavery and national legislation in EU Member States at the virtual Socio-Legal Studies Association Annual Conference. About 15 people attended and discussed my project with me. A recording of my presentation was available on the conference platform for other participants to access. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Presented Poster at AHRC Fellows Conference 2020 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | I presented a poster about my project at the AHRC Fellows Conference in Birmingham. About 30 people attended and discussed my project with me. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Presented Poster at AHRC Fellows Conference 2021 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | I presented an online poster at the AHRC Fellows conference 2021 on my project. 36 other AHRC-funded researchers attended. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Presented at APSA |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | I presented a paper about entitled "Marriage and Slavery from Wollstonecraft and Beyond" at a special mini-conference at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting in September 2020. 27 people were invited, and some others joined as it was open to all atenders of the annual meeting (and held online). |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Recorded short lecture for student at University of Stirling |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
| Results and Impact | I recorded a short lecture on Harriet Taylor and John Stuart Mill (and their analysis of marriage) for students at the University of Stirling as they had moved to on-line learning. This was shared on their online learning platform. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Rights Lab research seminar |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | I presented the findings of my analysis of international criminal cases related to forced marriage and some initial findings of my analysis of national legislation to approximately 25 colleagues in the Rights Lab as part of the Rights Lab's multidisciplinary research seminar series. The presentation sparked questions, especially around the relationship between forced marriage in peace and war. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Rights Track Podcast on forced marriage |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | I participated in an episode of The Rights Track podcast, discussing forced marriage and women's rights. 500 people have downloaded the episode to date (22.10.20). |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | http://rightstrack.org/forced-marriage-and-womens-rights-what-connects-sdgs-5-and-87 |
| Description | Spoke at Slave Free Today/Coretta and Martin Luther King Foundation for Peace webinar on modern slavery and humanitarian disasters. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Third sector organisations |
| Results and Impact | I spoke at an event organised by Slave Free Today and the Coretta and Martin Luther King Institute for Peace (Oslo) on Zoom entitled "Modern slavery in a humanitarian context - What Does the Data Say?" with three other speakers. The event was attended by an internaitonal audience of over 100 people. There were questions and a discussion afterwards. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://www.facebook.com/events/1288228964971096/ |
| Description | Talk at Cambridge Political Theory Seminar Series |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | I was invited to talk about my research to the Cambridge Political Theory Seminar Series. Over 25 people attended, and there was excellent discussion and conversation about future directions for the project. I was invited back to speak about another element at a different seminar series in 2022. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://twitter.com/RebeccaBuxton/status/1450800435044904963 |
| Description | Talk at Centre for Women and Gender Studies, Arctic University of Norway. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | I gave a talk on my research at the seminar series hosted by the Centre for Women and Gender Studies at the Arctic University of Norway (Tromso campus). There was very insightful discussion, and some follow-up via email on my return to the UK. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| Description | Talk at Leicester Cathedral |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Around 20 people attended a talk about violence against women and girls (including forced marriage) at Leicester Cathedral, which sparked questions and discussion afterwards, and research website details were shared with audience members after a request post-talk. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://twitter.com/LeicsCathedral/status/1463166048002359319 |
| Description | Talk at MANCEPT |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | I gave a talk at MANCEPT about the more normative elements of the paper. There was a great discussion with lots of questions. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Talk at National Conference for Norwegian government's Directorate of Diversity and Inclusion |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | I gave a talk to all the staff of the Norwegian directorate of diversity and integration about my research and the links between modern slavery and forced marriage. Around 500 people attended, and there was follow-up from police officers, policy-makers and professional practitioners about future research and use of my findings. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| Description | Talk at Stirling University's Philosophy Department Seminar |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | I gave a talk on Mill's discussion of 'voluntary slavery' at Stirling's regular seminar series (on Teams). There was some very helpful discussion for clarifying my ideas, and also about the nature of slavery and forced labour as Mill used the terms (and whether he was correct), and general concerns about using 'slavery' as a metaphor/analogy, or over-extending its meaning. People said we had touched on areas of Mill they didn't know about before. I am planning to continue working on this paper and submit it to a journal in 2021. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Talk given at Goethe Institute, Frankfurt |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | 50+ academics attended a two-day conference at which I gave a paper. This was then published in "Review of Social Economy". |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | https://economicsociologydotorg.files.wordpress.com/2019/07/b19b6-cfp.market.socialism.pdf |
| Description | Talk given to Women's Staff Network, University of Nottingham |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | 20 people attended a lunchtime seminar as part of the Women's Staff Network (not a network I had previously known about at the University) on my research project. This sparked a number of questions, including an invitation to speak about forced marriage to student teachers in our Department of Education on forced marriage and things they should know and/or look out for once they start their professional careers. I have now signed up to give a presentation to next year's cohort. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | Talk in Oxford |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | I was invited to talk to the Oxford Political Theory Seminar series about my research. Over 50 people attended, and there was good discussion about the work and future directions for the project. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | The Woman-Slave Anology in 19th Century Social Movements Seminar |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Over 40 academics from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds attended a discussion between me (Helen McCabe) and Ana Stevenson about her recent book "The Woman as Slave in Nineteenth Century American Social Movements" and my article on Anna Doyle Wheeler and Harriet Tayor and their use of the analogy to critique women's position in 19th-century Britain and Ireland. There were questions and discussions, and we recorded the talk to turn into a podcast at a later date. 2275 people saw my tweet about the event on Twitter, and 58 people engaged with it. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | https://twitter.com/HRMcCabe/status/1278293305709727744 |
| Description | Women's Institute Talk |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | I gave a talk to the Women's Institute. This was organised by my local chapter (The Hive, Beeston), but was open to members across the country. Around 30 women attended a Zoom lecture on modern slavery and forced marriage, as part of the WI's 2020/2021 campaign against modern slavery. There was wide-ranging discussion with the host, and good questions from the audience, with a number of people saying they had learned things they did not previously know about modern slavery. There was some activity on Twitter, including being asked back to give another talk in person, and a follow-up email about doing a podcast episode. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Wrote a blog entry on Harriet Taylor Mill, Domestic Violence, and Sentencing for The Voice |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | I wrote a piece for "The View" in collaboration with The Philosopher Queens (for whom I had already contributed a chapter on Harriet Taylor Mill). I am not sure how many people read the piece in "The View", but 2427 people saw my tweet about this on Twitter, and people interacted with it 19 times. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | https://www.thephilosopherqueens.co.uk/the-view/harriet-taylor-mill-on-domestic-violence-sentencing-... |