Transnational sexual health activism and Aids in Western Europe, 1980s-1990s
Lead Research Organisation:
University of St Andrews
Department Name: History
Abstract
The proposed project offers the first comprehensive study of the link between sexual health activism dealing with Aids in Western Europe in the 1980s and 1990s and the transnational flows of people and ideas in this region and era. It examines the following specific questions:
1. What was the nature and impact of transnational flows of people and ideas in Western Europe on individual and collective sexual health activist subjects dealing with Aids?
2. How were these transfers filtered through the sociocultural and political conditions that were prevalent in the diverse locations in question as well as through the varying social backgrounds of sexual health activists?
3. To what extent and how did sexual health activism encourage the cross-border movement of individuals?
The project deals with three levels of analysis: a) individual activists b) groups of sexual health activists and c) the broader context, namely the debates in which those activists were involved at the local, national and transnational level, interacting with doctors, social workers, policymakers and other activists.
The main hypothesis of the proposed project is that the cross-border transfers in question helped create a dynamic field of interaction and conflict among activists in Western Europe. This process led to a cross-fertilisation of ideas and protest patterns that sexual health activists addressing Aids employed across Western Europe. Moreover, the project intends to show the hitherto underexamined link of sexual health activism dealing with Aids with cross-border migration. The project argues that such activism was shaped by migration and served as one of the reasons, besides work and study, why queer individuals in particular relocated from Southern Europe to the UK and the Federal Republic of Germany. In this vein, the project enriches research on activism dealing with Aids in Western Europe, which has mainly explored its unfolding within nation-states in the 1980s-1990s.
The project investigates the convergence and the conflicts that the transnational interaction of sexual health activists involved. It aims to show that such conflicts pertained to the differing social and political background of those activists. The relevant scholarship has mostly examined gay activists addressing Aids-related issues. However, the proposed research explores campaigners who varied in terms of sexual orientation, gender identity, social class, 'race', age, location and ideology. Their diverging backgrounds contributed to sexual health activists dealing with Aids endorsing differing perceptions of activism and sexuality. Crucially, as the project intends to show, they often disagreed on the need to follow 'safe sex' norms as well as whether the 1980s marked an era of sexual repression. Thus, the project provides a socially and politically differentiated periodisation of understandings of sexuality in the 1980s-1990s. Recent research on sexuality offers a nuanced narrative of this era as not being the anti-climax of sexual changes in the 1960s-1970s. However, it has ignored facets of the differentiated periodisation that this project illuminates, such as the conceptions of sexuality that migrant sex worker activists embraced.
The project also targets subjects beyond academia. First, it intends to help acquaint people aged circa 18-25 years with the history of subordinated groups, especially sex workers, who have struggled against their Aids-related stigma. Second, it is useful for policymakers, journalists and teachers dealing with migration in the Federal Republic of Germany and the UK. The project aims to help familiarise them with pioneering approaches to the relations between migrants and the non-foreign-born population. These approaches do not define integration as simply an adaptation of migrants to the receiving society. Instead, they counterpose the mutually beneficial interaction between migrants and the non-foreign-born Germans and Britons.
1. What was the nature and impact of transnational flows of people and ideas in Western Europe on individual and collective sexual health activist subjects dealing with Aids?
2. How were these transfers filtered through the sociocultural and political conditions that were prevalent in the diverse locations in question as well as through the varying social backgrounds of sexual health activists?
3. To what extent and how did sexual health activism encourage the cross-border movement of individuals?
The project deals with three levels of analysis: a) individual activists b) groups of sexual health activists and c) the broader context, namely the debates in which those activists were involved at the local, national and transnational level, interacting with doctors, social workers, policymakers and other activists.
The main hypothesis of the proposed project is that the cross-border transfers in question helped create a dynamic field of interaction and conflict among activists in Western Europe. This process led to a cross-fertilisation of ideas and protest patterns that sexual health activists addressing Aids employed across Western Europe. Moreover, the project intends to show the hitherto underexamined link of sexual health activism dealing with Aids with cross-border migration. The project argues that such activism was shaped by migration and served as one of the reasons, besides work and study, why queer individuals in particular relocated from Southern Europe to the UK and the Federal Republic of Germany. In this vein, the project enriches research on activism dealing with Aids in Western Europe, which has mainly explored its unfolding within nation-states in the 1980s-1990s.
The project investigates the convergence and the conflicts that the transnational interaction of sexual health activists involved. It aims to show that such conflicts pertained to the differing social and political background of those activists. The relevant scholarship has mostly examined gay activists addressing Aids-related issues. However, the proposed research explores campaigners who varied in terms of sexual orientation, gender identity, social class, 'race', age, location and ideology. Their diverging backgrounds contributed to sexual health activists dealing with Aids endorsing differing perceptions of activism and sexuality. Crucially, as the project intends to show, they often disagreed on the need to follow 'safe sex' norms as well as whether the 1980s marked an era of sexual repression. Thus, the project provides a socially and politically differentiated periodisation of understandings of sexuality in the 1980s-1990s. Recent research on sexuality offers a nuanced narrative of this era as not being the anti-climax of sexual changes in the 1960s-1970s. However, it has ignored facets of the differentiated periodisation that this project illuminates, such as the conceptions of sexuality that migrant sex worker activists embraced.
The project also targets subjects beyond academia. First, it intends to help acquaint people aged circa 18-25 years with the history of subordinated groups, especially sex workers, who have struggled against their Aids-related stigma. Second, it is useful for policymakers, journalists and teachers dealing with migration in the Federal Republic of Germany and the UK. The project aims to help familiarise them with pioneering approaches to the relations between migrants and the non-foreign-born population. These approaches do not define integration as simply an adaptation of migrants to the receiving society. Instead, they counterpose the mutually beneficial interaction between migrants and the non-foreign-born Germans and Britons.
Organisations
- University of St Andrews (Lead Research Organisation)
- University of Flensburg (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE (Collaboration)
- University of Padova (Collaboration)
- Freie Universität Berlin (Collaboration)
- European University Institute (Collaboration)
- OEK (Federation of Greek Communities) (Project Partner)
- ASKI Contemporary Social History Archive (Project Partner)
- ICRSE (Project Partner)
- European AIDS Treatment Group (EATG) (Project Partner)
- University of Stirling (Fellow)
| Title | Trajectories: aids activism in Western Europe |
| Description | Nikolaos Papadogiannis, Rachel Love and Terry Anderson have authored Trajectories: aids activism in Western Europe, a 20-page comic book. In collaboration with the European AIDS Treatment Group and the European Sex Workers' Rights Alliance. Available here in English and German. It is accompanied by audio material (recordings of the comic book stories) to enhance accessibility. |
| Type Of Art | Creative Writing |
| Year Produced | 2022 |
| Impact | The comic book has already been endorsed by key AIDS activists. Please see a relevant blurb below. Anatole France once said "history is not a science, it is an art. You don't succeed without imagination." Here is where the science of history meets the imagination of art. It is an excellent attempt to capture an aspect of the recent past in a different way. It is another way to learn, to get closer to the facts, to know the past in order to understand the present and shape the future. Papadogiannis, Love and Anderson faithfully depict the events and show us how individuals and collectives shape the social process and influence the course of history. Here the history of aids is written from the ground up and this history becomes accessible and understandable through the art of comics. But mostly what this project achieves is telling a scary story without scaring but inspiring. Congratulations. Panagiotis Damaskos, Health Sociologists, National Public Health Organization, Greece |
| URL | https://taa.st-andrews.ac.uk/comic/ |
| Title | https://gr-frg-protest.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/ |
| Description | The exhibition does not relate directly to aids activism, but part of its material stemmed from the project, illuminating underexamined facets of activist experience of Greek queer migrants in the Federal Republic of Germany. It includes photographs and written documents about Greek migrants and protest in the Federal Republic of Germany in the 1960s-1990s. In collaboration with the Federation of Greek Communities in Germany. |
| Type Of Art | Artistic/Creative Exhibition |
| Year Produced | 2022 |
| Impact | An emerging collaboration with the Archive of the Hamburg Institute for Social Research with regard to making the voices of migrants more visible in German archives. In this vein, I have authored a post for the blog of that archive, which is available here: https://sozwissarchiv.de/which-migrants-what-activism/ |
| URL | https://gr-frg-protest.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/ |
| Description | The project has helped to refine and advance in two ways the novel approach of transnational and social history of Aids activism in Western Europe during the 1980s-1990s. First, the project has made a significant contribution to this approach by demonstrating the previously unresearched multi-directionality of flows among these campaigners. In this vein, the project outputs, especially the oral history database, show that activists in Southern Europe were not only influenced but also helped shape campaigns in Northwestern Europe. The oral history database is available here: https://taa.st-andrews.ac.uk/oral-history-database/ Second, the award-funded research has shed light on the so far under-examined significance of cross-border transfers of people and ideas for activists from diverse social backgrounds: namely not only for gay cisgender men, whose analysis has figured prominently in historical research on Aids until recently, but also sex workers, transgender men, disabled individuals. The importance of transnational flows for diverse campaigners is manifest in various outputs and outcomes of the project: the oral history database, the comic book (available here: https://taa.st-andrews.ac.uk/comic/), the project conference, and the special issue in preparation for the Journal of the History of Sexuality. The PI, Nikolaos Papadogiannis, and the project's postdoctoral Research Fellow, Rachel Love, organised the conference. The conference attracted 21 academics from diverse fields, including history, anthropology, sociology, political science, cultural studies, and gender studies, who study transnational flows and AIDS activism. These scholars are based in several countries across the globe, including the Global South. These countries entail the UK, the USA, Nigeria, Canada, Poland, France, and Spain. Articles based on selected papers from the conference are currently under review for a special issue in the Journal of the History of Sexuality. If accepted, the special issue will contain a substantial introduction by me as the project PI and a conference participant, Somak Biswas. This publication has the potential to be a significant interdisciplinary contribution to research on cross-border transfers and collective action on AIDS in Europe during the 1980s and 1990s. In particular, the first objective of the project has been the following: 'To help refine research on sexuality in Western Europe in the 1980s and 1990s in history, sociology, anthropology and literary studies, which has largely neglected the transnational connections among sexual health activists dealing with Aids across Western Europe. Similarly, it enriches the study of transnational queer activism in that region and era, which, however, does not consider the ways in which those subjects have dealt with Aids.' As previously stated, the project's oral history database demonstrates the multi-directionality of the transnational flows that shaped Aids activists in the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, and Greece. This objective has been fully accomplished. The second objective of the project has been the following: 'To highlight the social and political diversity of sexual health activists dealing with Aids in Western Europe in the 1980s-1990s. The suggested research does so in two ways. First, existing historical and anthropological research has focused on gay men who campaigned about issues pertaining to Aids. By contrast, my research considers a wide range of individual and collective subjects who varied in terms of sexual orientation, but also gender identity, social class, 'race', age, location and ideology. Second, recent works in the history and anthropology of sexuality have largely portrayed the dawning of Aids as either reversing the sexual liberalisation of the 1960s and 1970s or helping challenge the notion that sex is emancipatory. Instead, my proposed project offers a socially and politically differentiated periodisation and shows that some of the activists in question continued to treat sex as unruly and potentially emancipating also in the 1980s-1990s. In showing the sexual health activism of subjects from various social groups, the project also aims to help a group beyond academia: it targets young people who are not necessarily university students and intends to help them empathise with the concerns and aims of activist sex workers, who are often neglected or defamed in public debates.' The project has shed light on the histories of Aids activists from diverse backgrounds in terms of gender identity (cisgender and transgender), social class (middle-class and working-class), 'race' (Black, Brown, White), age (young, middle-aged), and location (4 countries in Western Europe). It has also highlighted the work of a disabled activist in the Federal Republic of Germany and sex workers who participated in Aids awareness campaigns in the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy. In doing so, it has provided a socially differentiated periodisation, demonstrating that activists from different backgrounds had varying sexual experiences during the period in question. Thus, this objective has also been fully accomplished. The project's third objective has been 'to scrutinise the hitherto neglected by political scientists and historians link between internationalist activism and cross-border migration. The latter is one of the flows that my project considers. My suggested research shows that transnational activism was shaped by, but also encouraged cross-border migration of queer individuals from southern Europe to West Germany and the UK'. The award-funded research has shown the interaction between internationalism and cross-border migration, particularly by focusing on the asymmetrical contact between non-foreign-born and migrant sex workers in the Federal Republic of Germany in the campaigns of the former about Aids. See, for instance, the conference talk of Nikolaos Papadogiannis in the annual conference of the International Society for Cultural History in Verona in 2022. In so doing, the project has engaged extensively with the conceptual framework developed by Maud Bracke and James Mark. In certain instances, such as the migration of cisgender lesbian women from Greece to West Germany and their participation in Feminist activism in the latter, Aids campaigns have not played a prominent role. This finding helps nuance my hypothesis, showing the links between internationalist activism and cross-border migration, while demonstrating that the aims of the former varied depending on the social backgrounds (in this case, sexual orientation), of the activists in question. Therefore, this objective has also been fully accomplished. The fourth objective pertains to impact and is addressed in the relevant section. Here is a comprehensive list of the project's outputs and outcomes: https://taa.st-andrews.ac.uk/outputs-and-outcomes/ These include some outputs and outcomes that the PI did not anticipate when beginning the project, such as the contribution to the important for medical humanities online platform The Polyphony and the collaboration with the Contemporary Social History Archives (ASKI) in Athens to create a source of primary sources pertaining to the history of Aids activism in Greece. |
| Exploitation Route | The next big step is the completion of the special issue on transnational histories of collective action on Aids, which Papadogiannis is co-editing with Somak Biswas. The special issue will explore several case studies in Northwestern, Central Eastern, and Southern Europe. Moreover, in the coming months, Papadogiannis will upload more oral testimonies to the database. Due to him and several interviewees falling ill with COVID in the preceding months, progress on this deliverable was slightly slower than anticipated. Thus, Papadogiannis have already uploaded 15 oral testimonies from Aids activists in the UK, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, and Greece. Meanwhile, they have conducted 37 interviews. They anticipate completing the transcription of additional interviews in the coming months with the proviso that some of the interviewees may not be willing to share the entire interview transcript on the project database. Overall, the outputs will offer a model combining research on transnational flows and Aids activism that can be rolled out in contexts not considered in this project. Such contexts include Spain and Portugal and several countries of Central Eastern Europe. To help promote transnational social histories of Aids activism in those contexts, Papadogiannis will seek to explore opportunities for consolidating the collaboration between researchers working on transnational histories of Aids activism who gathered at the project conference. Papadogiannis will also reach out to other scholars working on Aids activism in Europe from a transnational perspective, such as Hannah Elizabeth. An outcome of further collaboration between those scholars could be a network or centre for the transnational history of collective action on Aids. |
| Sectors | Communities and Social Services/Policy,Education,Healthcare,Government, Democracy and Justice,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections |
| URL | https://taa.st-andrews.ac.uk/outputs-and-outcomes/ |
| Description | The project's outward-facing work focused in four main areas: • Publics beyond academia, potential impact 1: The project is still running, so such impact has just begun to emerge. The project aims to engage with policymakers, journalists and teachers and challenge the powerful idea among them that integration means the adaptation of migrants to the host society. The project has highlighted not only the difficulties in the interaction between migrant and non-foreign-born AIDS activists (such as sex workers' rights activists in the Federal Republic of Germany), but also instances of interactions that were mutually beneficial (such as in the case of Greek lesbian migrants living in West Germany). Relevant research outputs include conference talks of the project PI, Nikolaos Papadogiannis, and the project's postdoctoral Research Fellow, Rachel Love, in the conference that was funded by the project, and the ISCH and SSHM annual conferences in 2022. Such outputs also entail the special issue in preparation, which will also include two journal articles directly related to the project (one from Papadogiannis and one from Love). Those findings are also disseminated to non-academic publics through the virtual exhibition Papadogiannis has co-organised with the Federation of Greek Communities in Germany, but also the in-situ exhibition at the University of Stirling. Moreover, Papadogiannis aims to collaborate with other scholars, archivists and migrant communities to help highlight more effectively primary sources pertaining to the history of migration, which are stored in archives throughout Germany. In this vein, Papadogiannis has authored a blog entry (https://sozwissarchiv.de/which-migrants-what-activism/ in collaboration with the Archive of the Institute for Social Sciences in Hamburg. • Publics beyond academia, potential impact 2: building on this project, Papadogiannis has co-authored a comic book (https://taa.st-andrews.ac.uk/comic/) which aims to help destigmatise individuals from various social groups who have experienced AIDS-related bias, such as gay cismen, transgender people, people of colour. The comic book rests upon the project-funded research of Papadogiannis and Love. The collaboration with project partners from the civil society, namely the European AIDS Treatment Group (EATG) and the European Sex Workers' Rights Alliance (ESWA), has been crucial to the outputs underpinning this impact. The project partners have read earlier versions of the comic book and provided the authors and the cartoonist with their feedback, which has helped shape the final iteration of the book. Their feedback has helped solidify the authors' attention to representational diversity in the comic book. The format of the comic book is intended to make the book more approachable to younger people and helped them reflect critically on such stereotypes as citizens. Some prominent AIDS campaigners, like Panagiotis Damaskos, have already recommended this book as incredibly helpful in achieving this target of de-stigmatisation. Those comments are available on the project website: https://taa.st-andrews.ac.uk/comic/. Papadogiannis hopes to be able to promote this comic book and increase its impact through his collaboration with the NetwerQ (the network of LGBT+ academic staff members) at the University of Stirling, NetwerQ's connections with Pride in Edinburgh, and through the University of Stirling Art Collection. Thus, Papadogiannis is collaborating with NetwerQ for the launch of the comic book on 20 February, and he is also running an exhibition about Greek lesbian migrant activists in Germany in co-operation with the University of Stirling Art Collection. • Academic impact 1: as mentioned in the section 'key findings', the project has strengthened the collaboration between scholars in history, anthropology, sociology, political science, gender studies and cultural studies working on transnational flows and AIDS activism in Europe. Such closer collaboration started in the conference panels for the International Society for Cultural History (ISCH) annual conference in 2022 and the Society for the Social History of Medicine (SSHM) 50th anniversary conference in 2022 that the project PI organised. Such interdisciplinary co-operation was consolidated in the conference that took place in St Andrews in August 2022 and formed part of the project. An account of the conference is available here: https://thepolyphony.org/2022/11/21/hiv-since-1980s-conference/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=hiv-since-1980s-conference . The interdisciplinary collaboration of researchers working on transnational flows and AIDS activism, which the project has accommodated, continues in the special issue that the project PI, Nikolaos Papadogiannis, is preparing alongside Somak Biswas, which is currently under review at the Journal of the History of Sexuality. • Academic impact 2: The project has fed into collaborations of Papadogiannis which address explicitly or, among other issues, the links between sexuality and mobility. The study of this relationship forms the basis of this AHRC-funded project. In particular, based on his work on the project, the PI has joined a team of scholars working more broadly on the links between intimacies and mobilities in the 20th century. This team includes Benno Gammerl (EUI), Christiane Reinecke (FU Berlin), and Ulrike Schaper (Flensburg). This team, which includes the PI has run a relevant workshop in Florence in April 2022 and is currently editing a special issue on the subject matter, which subject to positive reviews of the individual articles, will be published in a special issue in Rethinking History. Based again on his work for the AHRC-funded project, Papadogiannis has been co-establishing a Queer Studies Reading Group at the University of Stirling, involving academic staff members and postgraduate research students. Finally, Papadogiannis has been selected for the reserve pool of reviewers of grants submitted by early career scholars to the Wellcome Trust. • Dissemination: the project website, which contains the key outputs for all these four impacts, had 3,152 views by 6 February 2023. The announcement on Twitter of the comic book launch had 1,951 views on 2 February 2023 and further 6,035 by 19 February 2023. |
| First Year Of Impact | 2023 |
| Sector | Education,Healthcare,Government, Democracy and Justice |
| Impact Types | Cultural,Societal,Policy & public services |
| Description | School of History ringfenced impact funding |
| Amount | £300 (GBP) |
| Organisation | University of St Andrews |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 06/2022 |
| End | 11/2022 |
| Title | Oral History Database, AIDS Activists in Western Europe. |
| Description | The database contains numerous interviews from AIDS activists in the UK, Italy, Germany, and Greece. The database has been prepared by Nikolaos Papadogiannis and Rachel Love. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2022 |
| Provided To Others? | Yes |
| Impact | n/a at the moment |
| URL | https://taa.st-andrews.ac.uk/oral-history-database/ |
| Description | Padua-St Andrews Research Links: Online Workshops |
| Organisation | University of Padova |
| Country | Italy |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Participation in a research workshop to explore ways to strengthen the collaboration between the University of St Andrews and the University of Padova in the field of queer history. I am particularly interested in helping promote historical research on reactions to HIV/AIDS in this collaboration. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Participation in the aforementioned research workshop. |
| Impact | Research workshop mentioned above. |
| Start Year | 2022 |
| Description | Research network on the histories of sexuality and migration |
| Organisation | European University Institute |
| Country | Italy |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | I am contributing to the organisation of an international workshop that will take place in Florence on 4-5 April 2022 and will mark the beginning of the activity of the network on the histories of sexuality and migration in the 20th century. I will also co-edit the special journal issue that will stem from this workshop. The network comprises, apart from myself, Prof Benno Gammerl (EUI), Prof Christine Reinecke (University of Flensburg) and Prof Ulrike Schaper (Free University of Berlin). Our aim is to establish a long-lasting collaboration, which will lead to a large grant application. |
| Collaborator Contribution | 1) Co-organisation of an international workshop. Benno Gammerl has received funding from the EUI, which will cover most costs of the workshop. My costs will be covered by my AHRC RDE Fellowship. 2) Preparation of a proposal for a special journal issue. |
| Impact | All collaborators are historians. Confirmed outputs so far: workshop at the EUI on 4-5 April 2022. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | Research network on the histories of sexuality and migration |
| Organisation | Free University of Berlin |
| Country | Germany |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | I am contributing to the organisation of an international workshop that will take place in Florence on 4-5 April 2022 and will mark the beginning of the activity of the network on the histories of sexuality and migration in the 20th century. I will also co-edit the special journal issue that will stem from this workshop. The network comprises, apart from myself, Prof Benno Gammerl (EUI), Prof Christine Reinecke (University of Flensburg) and Prof Ulrike Schaper (Free University of Berlin). Our aim is to establish a long-lasting collaboration, which will lead to a large grant application. |
| Collaborator Contribution | 1) Co-organisation of an international workshop. Benno Gammerl has received funding from the EUI, which will cover most costs of the workshop. My costs will be covered by my AHRC RDE Fellowship. 2) Preparation of a proposal for a special journal issue. |
| Impact | All collaborators are historians. Confirmed outputs so far: workshop at the EUI on 4-5 April 2022. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | Research network on the histories of sexuality and migration |
| Organisation | University of Flensburg |
| Country | Germany |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | I am contributing to the organisation of an international workshop that will take place in Florence on 4-5 April 2022 and will mark the beginning of the activity of the network on the histories of sexuality and migration in the 20th century. I will also co-edit the special journal issue that will stem from this workshop. The network comprises, apart from myself, Prof Benno Gammerl (EUI), Prof Christine Reinecke (University of Flensburg) and Prof Ulrike Schaper (Free University of Berlin). Our aim is to establish a long-lasting collaboration, which will lead to a large grant application. |
| Collaborator Contribution | 1) Co-organisation of an international workshop. Benno Gammerl has received funding from the EUI, which will cover most costs of the workshop. My costs will be covered by my AHRC RDE Fellowship. 2) Preparation of a proposal for a special journal issue. |
| Impact | All collaborators are historians. Confirmed outputs so far: workshop at the EUI on 4-5 April 2022. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | Secondment |
| Organisation | University of Strathclyde |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Presentation of a workshop paper on 15 February at the Centre for the Social History of Health and Healthcare (CSHHH), University of Strathclyde. Regular participation in the events of the CSHHH. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Meetings to discuss the progress of my AHRC-funded project during the secondment period. |
| Impact | Workshop paper (please see above) |
| Start Year | 2022 |
| Description | Invited talk for the event entitled "Representing Migration in Museums: Case Studies from Scotland and Across Europe". |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | The event was organised by National Museums Scotland and the University of St Andrews. The purpose was the exchange of ideas among scholars and professionals running exhibitions on migration in the UK and continental Europe. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Participation in the Explorathon activities of the University of St Andrews in 2021 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | I added content to Wikipedia entries relating to the history of reactions to HIV/AIDS, such as the entry on ACT UP. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |