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Grassroots & Ground Up Open GLAM: Building more sustainable networks, pathways and infrastructures to open GLAM participation

Lead Research Organisation: UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
Department Name: Law School

Abstract

This project focuses on supporting open GLAM participation from the ground up and through a grassroots campaign among smaller collections holders and smaller data aggregators. It does so by expanding The GLAM-E Lab's direct representation model to support new partners on aspects of navigating rights clearance, digitisation, online publication and data ingestion, while also developing and testing standards for publication to improve the identification and verification of these newly-opened datasets by smaller aggregators. All findings from this work will be reduced to a toolkit to help others build their own grassroots campaigns and local networks that can support open GLAM participation beyond the life of the project.

Smaller collections holders are increasingly interested in building successful open access programmes that improve the visibility of their collections and explore the new business models that flow from greater public engagement. Popular platforms, like Wikimedia Commons, and data aggregators offer low-cost publication options that can improve visibility and engagement, but they also generate their own hurdles to open GLAM participation. Larger and well-resourced data aggregators with bespoke data models require higher levels expertise to prepare collections data for ingestion; meanwhile, smaller data aggregators that are a better fit for data published by less-well resourced organisations often view collections published to Wikimedia Commons as high-risk due to their inability to verify the rights status of the heritage datasets. The result is a huge missed opportunity for smaller organisations to publish collections as CC0 to Wikimedia Commons in a way that enables smaller aggregators and other actors to ingest data using Wikimedia's open API, thereby improving their findability, reusability and overall potential.

The GLAM-E Lab will meet these challenges by working directly with smaller collections holders and aggregators in the US and UK to improve the cross-border landscape and digital infrastructures of open GLAM. Project activities will initially focus on the organisation of a grassroots campaign among less well-resourced organisations in the Devon and South West Area to support the standardisation and publication of CC0 digital collections and data to Wikimedia Commons and the South West Collections Explorer. At the same time, The Lab will collaborate with smaller aggregators to develop standardised procedures and policies for identifying and onboarding the digital collections of these and other smaller organisations. By the end of the project, The Lab will publish all new findings and processes in an open access toolkit to support others in developing their own localised open GLAM campaigns and support networks. The project's wider impact will be to expand public access to digitised public domain collections while improving the overall diversity of openly-licensed collections and data available for reuse online.

The GLAM-E Lab brings together UK and US practitioners, academics, collections holders and data aggregators to model and test these new pathways, networks and infrastructures to more sustainable open GLAM participation. Through this new work, The Lab will explore and bridge the needs of smaller collections holders, platforms and data aggregators, leading to a diverse landscape of CC0 digital assets and data available for reuse by a diverse range of local and global audiences. The project will disseminate the research findings via the Lab's website, workshops, events and publications.
 
Title GLAM-E Lab launches the Open GLAM Toolkit developed with GLAMs around the world 
Description Video detailing the partners the GLAM-E Lab has worked with and announcing the Open GLAM Toolkit, updated Open GLAM Survey, Wikimedia UK award. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2024 
Impact The video was viewed 220 times and was shared many times in industry news outlets when announcing the Open GLAM Toolkit. 
URL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqDGfJ-PrCk
 
Title Upload of 1,258 images from partner's collections onto Wikimedia Commons 
Description As part of the GLAM-E Lab's work to increase the amount of open access works online, the Lab uploaded works from the Royal Albert Memorial Museum (UK), Frick Art Reference Library (US), Russell-Cotes Art Gallery & Museum (UK), Shaftesbury Abbey Museum and Gardens (UK), The Devon and Exeter Institution (UK), Topsham Museum (UK), University of Bristol Library Special Collections (UK), University of Bristol Theatre Collection (UK), University of Exeter Fine Art Collection (UK), University of Exeter Special Collections (UK), Museum of Policing in Devon and Cornwall (UK), South West Heritage Trust (UK). 
Type Of Art Image 
Year Produced 2025 
Impact The images have been viewed 16,707,148 times, have been added to 322 Wikipedia pages on 32 different language Wikis. The images have also been used in numerous places online including history websites for children, study guides, other educational materials and websites for artists. After their first upload the organisations that took part have since shown an interest in uploading more works open access onto Wikimedia Commons. 
URL https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Uploaded_by_GLAM-E_Lab
 
Description The project aimed to work with smaller organisations to develop a network and method for open GLAM support, leading to greater standardisation across open access practice and wider participation by organisations that otherwise would be unable to participate. At the same time, the project aimed to work with smaller aggregators to understand the legal risks or challenges involved in data verification and aggregation to improve the diversity and range of open collections used for new platforms and technologies.

Our research has shown that while larger institutions have been able to move quickly to take advantage of open access, many smaller institutions and community organisations, including those with connections to historically marginalised communities, find their momentum stalled. One key reason is that they lack the legal expertise, resources and clear models to develop their own policies oriented towards the resources they have available to devote to these projects. Further, the diffuse nature of open access efforts makes it hard for organisations and their audiences to find standardized, comprehensive data about open collections and policies, both individually and in aggregate. This is a barrier to large-scale discoverability and use of open collections in a range of applications, as well as to research based on those collections. One outcome is that users usually rely on a limited number of well-known, larger institutional collections to develop new technologies, platforms and research.

In addition to providing direct support to help organisations overcome these issues while upskilling staff and establishing support networks, we found that tracking open GLAM participation at a global level enables organisations to compare strategies taken by others and develop internal cases for making the move to open. It also enables aggregators, researchers and SMEs to identify vetted collections and reliable data released under open licences and public domain tools on third party platforms.
Exploitation Route All GLAM-E Lab findings are converted to guides, papers, toolkits, templates, policies and other resources that can be used by the cultural sector to implement open access policies. Our research approach is to design a pathway with the lowest barriers to entry to produce outcomes that are scalable by a larger group of non-academic beneficiaries. This method converts the research into outputs that can be taken forward by other organisations to operationalise open access and enhance the accessibility of open GLAM for smaller organisations.
Sectors Creative Economy

Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software)

Culture

Heritage

Museums and Collections

URL https://www.glamelab.org/
 
Description Since 2023, the GLAM-E Lab, Wikimedia UK and RAMM partnership has worked with 13 new GLAM organisations to upload CC0 images to Wikimedia Commons. These organisations formed a South West Open GLAM Network, leading to more than 1,200 2D and 3D digitised assets and metadata being released for any reuse purpose. Since upload, these images have had over 17 million views on Wikipedia; 200 have been used on 322 different Wikipedia articles in 26 different languages. Partners helped test and improve the Open GLAM Toolkit and identify new tools according to new issues and test cases uncovered. With aggregator partners, GLAM-E Lab developed an Image Rights Specifications document for PHAROS and a Licensing Framework for Curationist. These were converted into new turn-key policies and tools that can work "off the shelf" for GLAM institutions and aggregators worldwide. The Lab also published a new resource (Open GLAM Survey) to better help the public identify openly licensed collections released by galleries, libraries, archives and museums around the world. The website converts and updates our previously static open dataset into an interactive resource that maps all known instances of free-to-use digital collections globally. By our count, more than 1,700 organisations in 54 countries have released over 100 million digitised cultural objects for any reuse purpose. We track which open licences and platforms are used and quantity of images published. We release our new dataset CC0 and are building an API that enables others to search, ingest and download open collections directly from these sources. Together, these strategies have reduced key barriers that prevent organisations from implementing open access. GLAM-E Lab partners have reported: (i) The collaborations opened discussions among staff on risk appetite and enable them to think about how/when collections should be released; (ii) The toolkit has been used for staff learning and as a reference tool for assessing collections and their potential for open access; (iii) Institutional impact through providing greater awareness and access to collections through WMC; (iv) New opportunities to raise income through open access business models; (iv) Tracking images and website traffic has enabled partners to further disseminate their collections to a wider audience and create connections with other open GLAM institutions. More broadly, the work greatly enhances the amount of public domain collections - art, cultural objects, photographs, archival records, and so much more - that are available for study and reuse by researchers, the creative industries and members of the public.
First Year Of Impact 2023
Sector Creative Economy,Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Education,Leisure Activities, including Sports, Recreation and Tourism,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections
Impact Types Cultural

Societal

Economic

 
Title Open GLAM Survey 
Description The Open GLAM Survey tracks the open access activities of Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums (GLAMs) worldwide. It provides detailed, up-to-date information on the licensing policies and distribution methods used to facilitate the open sharing and reuse of digitised public domain collections. The GLAM-E Lab team has been building this data since 2018, but converted the data set which was housed in a publicly available Google Sheet into an interactive, searchable database with a revised data structure and open API as part of the project. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2024 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact The Survey offers links to more than 100 million public domain and openly licensed digital surrogates. The Survey serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and cultural heritage professionals, as well as artists, students, educators, and members of the public who want to reuse cultural heritage without having to pay image fees. It has been cited in by academics and policymakers, used in new applications and technologies and many other uses. 
URL https://survey.glamelab.org/
 
Description GLAM-E Lab & Devon & Exeter Institute 
Organisation The Devon & Exeter Institution
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution GLAM-E Lab investigators and Devon & Exeter Institution to implement open access for digital collections, including by publishing images CC0 to Wikimedia Commons.
Collaborator Contribution Contributions include: expertise, intellectual input, access to data, and knowledge exchange.
Impact To date, this includes: servicing the DEI as a client; providing advice and guidance on open access policy development; and publishing images on Wikimedia Commons. This collaboration is multi-disciplinary, involving aspects of law, museum studies, and digital humanities.
Start Year 2023
 
Description GLAM-E Lab & South West Heritage Trust 
Organisation South West Heritage Trust
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution GLAM-E Lab investigators and South West Heritage Trust to implement open access for digital collections from the Museum of Somerset, including by publishing images CC0 to Wikimedia Commons and training staff to upload images to Wikimedia Commons themselves and edit Wikipedia.
Collaborator Contribution Contributions include: expertise, intellectual input, access to data, and knowledge exchange.
Impact To date, this includes: servicing the SWHT as a client; providing advice and guidance on open access policy development; training and publishing images on Wikimedia Commons. This collaboration is multi-disciplinary, involving aspects of law, museum studies, and digital humanities.
Start Year 2023
 
Description GLAM-E Lab & Topsham Museum 
Organisation Topsham Museum
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution GLAM-E Lab investigators and Topsham Museum to implement open access for digital collections, including by publishing images CC0 to Wikimedia Commons and training staff to upload images to Wikimedia Commons themselves and edit Wikipedia.
Collaborator Contribution Contributions include: expertise, intellectual input, access to data, and knowledge exchange.
Impact To date, this includes: servicing Topsham Museum as a client; providing advice and guidance on open access policy development; training and publishing images on Wikimedia Commons. This collaboration is multi-disciplinary, involving aspects of law, museum studies, and digital humanities.
Start Year 2024
 
Description GLAM-E Lab & University of Bristol Theatre Collection 
Organisation University of Bristol
Department Theatre Collection
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution GLAM-E Lab investigators and University of Bristol Theatre Collection to implement open access for digital collections, including by publishing images CC0 to Wikimedia Commons and training staff to upload images to Wikimedia Commons themselves and edit Wikipedia.
Collaborator Contribution Contributions include: expertise, intellectual input, access to data, and knowledge exchange.
Impact To date, this includes: servicing University of Bristol Theatre Collection as a client; providing advice and guidance on open access policy development; training and publishing images on Wikimedia Commons. This collaboration is multi-disciplinary, involving aspects of law, museum studies, and digital humanities.
Start Year 2024
 
Description Announcing the Open GLAM Toolkit, CHOSN webinar 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Dr Francesca Farmer presented the Open GLAM Toolkit to 15 members of the Cultural Heritage Open Scholarship Network. It sparked questions and discussion on open licensing in the cultural heritage sector.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description CIDOC 2024 conference: Go Open with GLAM-E Lab Workshop 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Up to 10 people attended the Go Open with GLAM-E Lab Workshop based on the Open GLAM Toolkit published by the GLAM-E Lab. The workshop was delivered by Dr Andrea Wallace, Michael Weinberg, Dr Francesca Farmer and Dr Lucy Hinnie and resulted in a number of open access artworks being uploaded to Wikimedia Commons.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://cidoc.mini.icom.museum/archive/past-conferences/2024-amsterdam/
 
Description COMMUNIA Salon, Hollowing of the Public Domain 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact COMMUNIA hosted an online salon in 2024 on the hollowing out of the Public Domain through cultural heritage laws with a particular focus on Italy. Scholars Giulia Dore and Giulia Priora were joined by Andrea Wallace for a panel discussion, moderated by Brigitte Vézina (Creative Commons).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://communia-association.org/2024/06/20/video-recording-salon-the-hollowing-of-the-public-domain...
 
Description Creative Commons Open Culture Strategic Workshop 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Creative Commons convened a diverse group of nearly 50 experts and activists for a CC Open Culture Strategic Workshop in Lisbon. The workshop culminated with the co-creation of a roadmap for future action to advance support for a UNESCO instrument promoting open access to cultural heritage. As part of the event, Andrea Wallace presented on key practical and policy advice to anchor openness in the cultural heritage sector and develop a proposal with the best possible chance for success.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://creativecommons.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Lisbon-Strategic-Workshop-Report.pdf
 
Description Europeana, Public Event on 3D Models and Rights Management 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact This webinar shared the results of a GLAM-E Lab report commissioned by the Europeana Foundation on the extent to which copyright protection arises (or not) in 3D cultural heritage digitsation and the implications of Article 14 of the 2019 Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://pro.europeana.eu/event/3d-models-rights-management-introducing-the-report-on-copyright-for-3...
 
Description Flickr Foundation Workshop, Data Lifeboat Programme 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact 20 workshop participants gathered in London to delve into the concept of Data Lifeboats for the Flickr Foundation Programme, including the technical and legal infrastructure questions, to develop the necessary policies and technology
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://www.flickr.org/events/data-lifeboat-meeting-uk/
 
Description GLAM-E Lab Digitisation-a-thon with the Digital Humanities Lab 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Up to 10 partners attended a drop-in session where participants were encouraged to bring 2D or 3D objects they would like to digitise, whether by or with the assistance of the Digital Humanities Lab technicians.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM/GLAM-E_Lab/Activities#Past_events
 
Description GLAM-E Lab Summit 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Study participants or study members
Results and Impact Dr Andrea Wallace, Dr Francesca Farmer, Michael Weinberg, Dr Lucy Hinnie and Tala Rahal held a summit to plan project activities
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description GLAM-E Lab partner Wikithon 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Online workshop with 25 participants. The workshop trained participants to edit Wikipedia articles and using images uploaded by participants, they were encouraged to add these images, information and illustration to Wikipedia articles. It sparked discussion on how free online tools can be used to benefit cultural heritage organisations and how professionals working in these organisations can improve Wikipedia.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2025
URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM/GLAM-E_Lab/Activities#Past_events
 
Description Inivted talk on Intellectual Property Restitution with CTLS (London) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact Over 50 students and scholars at the Center for Transnational Legal Studies (Georgetown Law) in London attended an invited talk by Andrea Wallace on Intellectual Property Restitution
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://www.law.georgetown.edu/ctls/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2024/09/Fall-2024-Colloquium-Schedul...
 
Description Invited presentation for Europeana Public Domain Day 2025 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Dr Francesca Farmer was invited to deliver a workshop on the Open GLAM Toolkit to 15 cultural heritage professionals throughout Europe. The workshop sparked questions on risk averse organisational decision-making in cultural heritage organisations and their ability to make decisions quickly when planning open access activities.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2025
URL https://meemoo.be/en/training-and-events/public-domain-day-in-europe
 
Description Invited talk at Cambridge Digital Humanities on GenAI and the Automation of Creative Labour 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Around 15 scholars and postgraduate students gathered to hear Eryk Salvaggio and Andrea Wallace discuss the realities, tradeoffs, and opportunities, if any, in the automation of creative labour in the visual arts.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://www.cdh.cam.ac.uk/events/38173/
 
Description Invited talk for Free Knowledge Africa and Nigerian Institute of Legal Studies 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Invited to give a talk on the public domain and sustainable development goals
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://www.linkedin.com/posts/freeknowledgeafrica_were-thrilled-to-unveil-the-esteemed-speakers-act...
 
Description Invited to contribute to iReal Workshop on AI and Indigenous Rights 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Around 30 colleagues gathered to discuss Indigenous Data Sovereignty and AI technologies, particularly when applied to Indigenous data
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://www.kcl.ac.uk/research/ireal
 
Description Invited to speak on panel for NLHF event on AI and Indigenous Rights 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Over 70 heritage professionals, academics, technologists and open knowledge advocates from across the UK were brought together at a Leadership Roundtable event at Bishopsgate Institute in London to discuss Changes and Challenges in Heritage and Open Knowledge. Hosted by the Arts Marketing Association (AMA) and supported by The National Lottery Heritage Fund (The Heritage Fund), the key discussions and recommendations from this event, including reflections from speakers, panellists and participants are shared in this report.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://www.culturehive.co.uk/digital-heritage-hub/resource/leadership/heritage-open-knowledge/
 
Description Wikipedia Edit-a-thon: Famous Faces of Devon 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Undergraduate students
Results and Impact Up to 10 participants were trained in Wikipedia editing and were encouraged to add information and illustration to Wikipedia articles around famous figures from the local area using images uploaded by partners.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM/GLAM-E_Lab/Activities#Past_events