Optimisation of tomato fruit carotenoid content for nutritional improvement and industrial exploitation.
Lead Research Organisation:
Royal Holloway University of London
Department Name: Biological Sciences
Abstract
The colour of most fruits, flowers and vegetables is due to the presence of natural pigments such as carotenoids. This specific class of chemical molecules are also essential components of the human diet. In the body, they have a beneficial effect dissipating reactive molecular species that can damage biological structures. In addition to dietary sources, carotenoids are also synthesised chemically using petrochemical by-products. This chemical production of carotenoids generates products that are used in the health, food, feed, cosmetic and pharma industry. The production process is expensive, results in unnatural compound mixtures and has unfavourable environmental credentials. Therefore, generating renewable sources of these compounds, and others, is an important challenge that will have far reaching benefits for society.
The increase of carotenoid pigments in plants, through traditional and modern genetic intervention approaches to boost biosynthesis, has been the biotechnological focus for several decades. However, with the advent of genome sequencing and other modern technologies, it has become apparent that the degradation of these compounds is an important factor that acts to regulate levels in tissues/organs such as flowers, fruit and seeds. An important enzyme that can potentially act on carotenoids to convert them to smaller products derived from their parent molecules has been identified. In order to confirm and determine the effects of this enzyme further, we will:
(i) Use tomato varieties with altered carotenoid content and determine carotenoid levels compared to their derived apocarotenoids. This will provide information on how the plant balances its carotenoid content.
(ii) Isolate/enrich the enzyme activity and introduce precursors to ascertain the potential resulting products.
(iii) Generate and characterise plants which have been altered to prevent carotenoid degradation. Studying these plants will allow us, in crop plants, to determine the role played by carotenoid catabolism.
Collectively these data will, in the future, have societal and economic impact benefiting the consumer, welfare services and industries.
The increase of carotenoid pigments in plants, through traditional and modern genetic intervention approaches to boost biosynthesis, has been the biotechnological focus for several decades. However, with the advent of genome sequencing and other modern technologies, it has become apparent that the degradation of these compounds is an important factor that acts to regulate levels in tissues/organs such as flowers, fruit and seeds. An important enzyme that can potentially act on carotenoids to convert them to smaller products derived from their parent molecules has been identified. In order to confirm and determine the effects of this enzyme further, we will:
(i) Use tomato varieties with altered carotenoid content and determine carotenoid levels compared to their derived apocarotenoids. This will provide information on how the plant balances its carotenoid content.
(ii) Isolate/enrich the enzyme activity and introduce precursors to ascertain the potential resulting products.
(iii) Generate and characterise plants which have been altered to prevent carotenoid degradation. Studying these plants will allow us, in crop plants, to determine the role played by carotenoid catabolism.
Collectively these data will, in the future, have societal and economic impact benefiting the consumer, welfare services and industries.
Technical Summary
Our present experimental data indicates that enzymatic carotenoid catabolism is more prevalent than first perceived and has a major effect on the levels and types of derived apocarotenoids. In order to assess the potential of manipulating carotenoid catabolism as a means of; (i) enhancing carotenoid content in sink tissues, (ii) altering volatiles/aroma profiles and (iii) the generation of new or rare chemical entities, the OptiCar project will focus on the role of a key enzymatic candidate responsible for carotenoid catabolism.
Firstly, using modern state of the art metabolite profiling, it is intended to quantitatively determine carotenoids and apocarotenoids (including newly identified apocarotenoid glycosides) in a range of backgrounds with altered carotenoid contents.
Based on our preliminary data and published findings, the candidate gene encoding a Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase-4 (CCD4) has been postulated to be the progenitor of carotenoid catabolism in ripe fruit. To test this hypothesis it is intended to perform in vitro enzyme assays where putative precursor carotenoids are introduced into the incubations and the resulting products analysed. if To validate the functionality of the CCD4 in planta it is intended to knock-out or reduce levels by fruit specific RNAi.
In addition, CRISPR technology will be used to generate mutants in CCD4 and finally we will test the ability to elevate levels of industrially high-value ketocarotenoids by down-regulating the catabolism of carotenoids. This will be performed by either combining CCD4 down-regulation with the ketocarotenoid biosynthetic genes in a multi-gene construct or by genetic crossing. Biochemical and molecular characterisation will be carried out on these transgenic plants. These data will elucidate the effects of reducing carotenoid catabolism on carotenoid content and associated sequestration mechanisms.
Firstly, using modern state of the art metabolite profiling, it is intended to quantitatively determine carotenoids and apocarotenoids (including newly identified apocarotenoid glycosides) in a range of backgrounds with altered carotenoid contents.
Based on our preliminary data and published findings, the candidate gene encoding a Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase-4 (CCD4) has been postulated to be the progenitor of carotenoid catabolism in ripe fruit. To test this hypothesis it is intended to perform in vitro enzyme assays where putative precursor carotenoids are introduced into the incubations and the resulting products analysed. if To validate the functionality of the CCD4 in planta it is intended to knock-out or reduce levels by fruit specific RNAi.
In addition, CRISPR technology will be used to generate mutants in CCD4 and finally we will test the ability to elevate levels of industrially high-value ketocarotenoids by down-regulating the catabolism of carotenoids. This will be performed by either combining CCD4 down-regulation with the ketocarotenoid biosynthetic genes in a multi-gene construct or by genetic crossing. Biochemical and molecular characterisation will be carried out on these transgenic plants. These data will elucidate the effects of reducing carotenoid catabolism on carotenoid content and associated sequestration mechanisms.
Planned Impact
The OptiCar project outputs have the potential to impact on multiple industrial sectors, society, our welfare and wellbeing, humanitarian aspects as well as benefiting UK R+D skills and competitiveness. The potential industrially exploitable outputs from the project include tools and resources enabling the development of new varieties with increased nutritional and industrial carotenoids.
Industrially the applicants believe there are three routes to markets; (i) Quality traits in fruits and vegetables, (ii) renewable platforms for high-value industrial pigments (carotenoids and apocarotenoids) and (iii) chemical standards for analytical purposes. Providing a means whereby nutritional content and/or aesthetic colour can be altered or increased is aligned with the product portfolio of several multinational Agri-biotech companies and SMEs as well as the UK tomato growers. An example of a multinational with an interest in this work is Syngenta who have provided a letter of support. Thus, the procedures are in place to convert these proof of concept activities into direct commercial practice using technologies acceptable to the consumer. In addition, working in tomato means its role as a model for fleshy fruit can readily be utilised and the approaches translated to other fruits and vegetables.
The applicants have demonstrated the technical, production and economic feasibility of using plant systems as renewable sources through EU funding. The work proposed now provides the opportunity to add value to this pipeline delivering better and different products. In the case of ketocarotenoids (such as canthaxanthin and astaxanthin), there is an urgent need for them as sustainable feeds supplements. The approaches described offer a means of adding these compounds directly to the feed without chemical synthesis or solvent enrichment and because they are a feed component there is no GM material in the final product, improving the regulatory aspects of the approach. Finally, analytical standards of these compounds are highly priced and in most cases rare as no amenable sources are readily available. The biosources generated in the project will deliver a means from which these compounds can be enriched and purified to an analytical standard. Presently, in some cases, ketocarotenoids and apocarotenoids can fetch 1000 euro per 1mg. Thus, the project offers multiple routes for commercial exploitation that can benefit the UK's bioeconomy, creating wealth through licensing agreements, tax returns, new products, better products and both employment and enterprise opportunities.
The well-established health benefits of diets rich in fruits and vegetables containing health promoting phytonutrients such as carotenoids means that the outputs from the project have the opportunity to impact directly on societal aspect and welfare of the national. For example, the vast economic losses and welfare costs associated with diet related disease states are estimated to be 42 trillion or a 3% global GDP loss. The project has the potential to generate nutrient dense fruits with altered or intensified aesthetic properties. These improved quality traits will hopefully encourage the consumer to eat more fruit and vegetables, which is one of the government's policies for improving the Nation's health (www.doh.gov.uk/fiveaday). The absence of health promoting carotenoids (provitamin A) in staple crops found in low income countries has resulted in significant activities to deliver humanitarian products rich in provitamin A. These have predominantly attempted to manipulate biosynthetic pathways. The strategy postulated in OptiCar could offer an alternative approach through reduced degradation. Thus, the project outputs could be exploited to address key Millennium Development goals.
The impact of the proposed project on training and skills development both directly to the project participants and beyond, has been outlined in the pathways to impact section.
Industrially the applicants believe there are three routes to markets; (i) Quality traits in fruits and vegetables, (ii) renewable platforms for high-value industrial pigments (carotenoids and apocarotenoids) and (iii) chemical standards for analytical purposes. Providing a means whereby nutritional content and/or aesthetic colour can be altered or increased is aligned with the product portfolio of several multinational Agri-biotech companies and SMEs as well as the UK tomato growers. An example of a multinational with an interest in this work is Syngenta who have provided a letter of support. Thus, the procedures are in place to convert these proof of concept activities into direct commercial practice using technologies acceptable to the consumer. In addition, working in tomato means its role as a model for fleshy fruit can readily be utilised and the approaches translated to other fruits and vegetables.
The applicants have demonstrated the technical, production and economic feasibility of using plant systems as renewable sources through EU funding. The work proposed now provides the opportunity to add value to this pipeline delivering better and different products. In the case of ketocarotenoids (such as canthaxanthin and astaxanthin), there is an urgent need for them as sustainable feeds supplements. The approaches described offer a means of adding these compounds directly to the feed without chemical synthesis or solvent enrichment and because they are a feed component there is no GM material in the final product, improving the regulatory aspects of the approach. Finally, analytical standards of these compounds are highly priced and in most cases rare as no amenable sources are readily available. The biosources generated in the project will deliver a means from which these compounds can be enriched and purified to an analytical standard. Presently, in some cases, ketocarotenoids and apocarotenoids can fetch 1000 euro per 1mg. Thus, the project offers multiple routes for commercial exploitation that can benefit the UK's bioeconomy, creating wealth through licensing agreements, tax returns, new products, better products and both employment and enterprise opportunities.
The well-established health benefits of diets rich in fruits and vegetables containing health promoting phytonutrients such as carotenoids means that the outputs from the project have the opportunity to impact directly on societal aspect and welfare of the national. For example, the vast economic losses and welfare costs associated with diet related disease states are estimated to be 42 trillion or a 3% global GDP loss. The project has the potential to generate nutrient dense fruits with altered or intensified aesthetic properties. These improved quality traits will hopefully encourage the consumer to eat more fruit and vegetables, which is one of the government's policies for improving the Nation's health (www.doh.gov.uk/fiveaday). The absence of health promoting carotenoids (provitamin A) in staple crops found in low income countries has resulted in significant activities to deliver humanitarian products rich in provitamin A. These have predominantly attempted to manipulate biosynthetic pathways. The strategy postulated in OptiCar could offer an alternative approach through reduced degradation. Thus, the project outputs could be exploited to address key Millennium Development goals.
The impact of the proposed project on training and skills development both directly to the project participants and beyond, has been outlined in the pathways to impact section.
Publications
Alseekh S
(2021)
Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics: a guide for annotation, quantification and best reporting practices.
in Nature methods
Berry H
(2023)
The characterisation of phytoene synthase-1 and 2, and 1-D-deoxy-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase genes from red chilli pepper ( Capsicum annuum )
in The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology
Berry HM
(2022)
Isolation and characterization of sub-plastidial fractions from carotenoid rich fruits.
in Methods in enzymology
D'Ambrosio C
(2023)
A xanthophyll-derived apocarotenoid regulates carotenogenesis in tomato chromoplasts.
in Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology
Drapal M
(2021)
Metabolic effects of agro-infiltration on N. benthamiana accessions.
in Transgenic research
Drapal M
(2023)
The potential of metabolomics in assessing global compositional changes resulting from the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technologies.
in Transgenic research
Enfissi E
(2021)
New plant breeding techniques and their regulatory implications: An opportunity to advance metabolomics approaches
in Journal of Plant Physiology
Title | NatCom logos and brochures |
Description | Marketing toolkit for NatCom that uses the biological waste from the project |
Type Of Art | Artwork |
Year Produced | 2023 |
Impact | Awareness in the community |
URL | http://www.Naturalcompoundsolutions.com |
Description | Ketocarotenoids are high-value pigments used in the food and feed industry to confer color. Aquaculture is a good example, where the addition of carotenoids to the feed is essential for the coloration of trout or salmon flesh, and thus product viability. In this study, complex engineering has been carried out to produce a renewable source of ketocarotenoids for use as feed additives. Production in tomato fruit has enabled the testing of this "generally recognized as safe" material with low-energy minimal bioprocessing in aquaculture trials to demonstrate production, technical, and economic feasibility of the system. This achievement represents a potential paradigm in the bioproduction of specialty and bulk chemicals without our reliance on fossil fuel-derived chemical processes. We have found that carotenoid esterification is one of the key mechnaisms regulating the storgage and sequestraton of carotenoid pigmnets and that the plastglobule play a major role in this process. A fusion protein of the two enzymes responsible for ketocarotenoid (astaxanthin) formation has been created and improved the stablity and enhnaced formation. This finding has important generic implications for many diverse engineering approaches. Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic carotenoid degradation are important for maintaining carotenoid homeostasis. The enzymes involved in carotenoid degradation have been down regulated. As a consequence carotenoid levels are increased but there are also unintended pleiotropic effects. |
Exploitation Route | Large data sets associated with the publication. Genetic community resources have been generated. |
Sectors | Agriculture Food and Drink Chemicals Manufacturing including Industrial Biotechology |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/114/41/10876 |
Description | Interest from multiple industrial sectors and stimulated further funds. In addition the germplasm and metabolite data has been used by the community and we are addressing how it can be accessed in the future. Lox C of interest to large multinational for the modulation of aroma and flavour. |
First Year Of Impact | 2021 |
Sector | Agriculture, Food and Drink,Chemicals,Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology |
Impact Types | Societal Economic |
Description | Addressed and provided findings to the EC representatives |
Geographic Reach | Europe |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
Description | A synthetic metabolon for the production of valuable ketocarotenoids |
Amount | ÂŁ50,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 05/2016 |
End | 06/2017 |
Description | College funded studentship |
Amount | ÂŁ120,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Royal Holloway, University of London |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 08/2017 |
End | 09/2020 |
Description | Epi-TOM |
Amount | ÂŁ200,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | Epi-TOM |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2019 |
End | 03/2021 |
Description | Horizon 2020 |
Amount | ÂŁ7,700,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | Newcotiana |
Organisation | European Union |
Sector | Public |
Country | European Union (EU) |
Start | 01/2018 |
End | 12/2022 |
Description | Improving volatile profiles in tomato |
Amount | ÂŁ120,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Industry Partners |
Sector | Private |
Country | United States |
Start | 08/2020 |
End | 10/2023 |
Description | POC award NIBB high value chemicals from plants |
Amount | ÂŁ50,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | POCPROVITA |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 06/2017 |
End | 06/2018 |
Description | RHUL DTP BBSRC |
Amount | ÂŁ120,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | Nutritional enhanced peppers |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 08/2020 |
End | 12/2021 |
Description | iCASE DTP BBSRC |
Amount | ÂŁ120,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | Anthracnose Capsicum |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 08/2017 |
End | 09/2021 |
Description | nutrient dense fruits |
Amount | ÂŁ120,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Industry Partners |
Sector | Private |
Country | United States |
Start | 08/2020 |
End | 10/2023 |
Title | Database of new volatile compounds |
Description | New volatile compounds have been identified |
Type Of Material | Technology assay or reagent |
Year Produced | 2018 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | Provides new mass spectra of vlatile compounds. |
Title | Genetic resource |
Description | New transgenic resources have been developed with altered carotenoid profiles. |
Type Of Material | Biological samples |
Year Produced | 2018 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | Been used in demonstartion and feasiblity activities |
Title | Database of new apocarotenoids from diverse carotenoids |
Description | Unique apocarotenoids from new carotenoids |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2018 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | These new apocarotenoids alter the aroma of tomato fruit. |
Title | https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14649 |
Description | https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14649 |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14649 |
Description | Colour optimisation in tomato fruit |
Organisation | Burpee Seeds |
Country | United States |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | Syngenta germplasm to test and help elucidate mechanisms |
Collaborator Contribution | None |
Impact | Not yet |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | Colour optimisation in tomato fruit |
Organisation | Syngenta International AG |
Department | Syngenta Ltd (Bracknell) |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | Syngenta germplasm to test and help elucidate mechanisms |
Collaborator Contribution | None |
Impact | Not yet |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | Food ingredients |
Organisation | Nestlé Foundation |
Country | Switzerland |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | Knowledge on varieties |
Collaborator Contribution | Knowledge on varieties |
Impact | Survey information |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | Improved nutritional tomatoes |
Organisation | Burpee Seeds |
Country | United States |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | Carotenoid analysis |
Collaborator Contribution | Cultivation of tomato varieties and their supply |
Impact | To early |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | Industrial collaboration |
Organisation | Syngenta International AG |
Department | Syngenta Ltd (Bracknell) |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | Analysis of volatiles present in the EpiRil population |
Collaborator Contribution | Funding |
Impact | outputs not ready yet |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | Industrial partnership |
Organisation | Burpee Europe Ltd |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | Analysis of breeding lines |
Collaborator Contribution | construction of breeding lines |
Impact | Not yet |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | Oxford Biotrans |
Organisation | Oxford Biotrans Ltd. |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | Supply of feedstocks with high beta carotene |
Collaborator Contribution | Access to explore the use of the P450 libarary |
Impact | Grant application to the BBSRC high value chemical production call |
Start Year | 2019 |
Title | MS Libraries for GC/MS |
Description | The customised MS searchable libraries used for the metabolite profiling of metabolites have been updated with new enteries fromthis projects outputs to date. |
Type Of Technology | New/Improved Technique/Technology |
Year Produced | 2019 |
Impact | Improved MS searable libraries for GC/MS |
Title | MS library matching |
Description | Open access published with manuscripts |
Type Of Technology | Software |
Year Produced | 2017 |
Open Source License? | Yes |
Impact | Assist in the analysis of metabolite data |
Description | College Open Days |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Providd explaination of the project and demnstrated the analytical equipment |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | College Open Days |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Open days involves presentations to the general public and prospective students - as well as demonstarting the analytical platforms |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | College Open days (Egham) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Open daya to promote the department and relay the research in the department |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016,2017 |
Description | College open days to the public |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talks, lab tours and leaflets to 50 members of the general public to explain the research activities. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Industrial forum |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Participated in an industry forum of tomato and agriculturial practices. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Interview |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Article for popular magazine in international journal |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | M3 innovation |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Supporters |
Results and Impact | Engagement with local industry in the region |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | New genetic technologies for substainable |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | 20 students Bracknell and Wokingham college A-level and BTEC students practical and talk. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
Description | Open days |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | College open days tours and talks on project activities |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Plant Cell factories for sustainable production |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Two open days for the general public talks and laboratory tours. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
Description | School Visit Reading |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Ran chromatography practices in schools |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | School visit |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Dr Enfissi provide talks and practical classes (separation of colours by chromatography) to school children. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | School visit (Bracknell) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | "60 school pupils (aged 11) attended for a school visit to the research organisation, which sparked questions and discussion afterwards, and the school reported increased interest in related subject areas. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017,2018 |
Description | School visit, Bracknell |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | 20 pupils talk and debate about Plant biotechnology |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Schools taster day |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | School science taster day |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Science festivital |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Introduction to science for schools - engage general public in science |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Verona (Italy) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Training schools organised in the UK |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | solanaceae conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Talk at the solanaceae conference in 2022 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://sol2022.web.auth.gr/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/XVII-Solanaceae-Conference-2022-PROGRAM_Oct.-... |