Switchable gene drives
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Bath
Department Name: Biology and Biochemistry
Abstract
Research and biotechnology often require that proteins are switched on or off within living organisms, to understand or manipulate their function. In this proposal, we describe how proteins can be rapidly switched on using the mouse as a model system. As a proof-of-principle, we have selected the gene drive, where tight regulation is essential and a switching mechanism would be extremely advantageous. Gene drives duplicate a segment of the genome whether or not they confer any selective advantage and in principle work in any sexually reproducing species so that all offspring inherit the genome segment that is part of the gene drive. The potential of gene drives to combat disease, foster sustainable agriculture and eradicate invasive pests has been widely recognised. However, given their potential to do harm as well as good, gene drives have provoked concerns about their reversibility and control.
Here, we propose a switchable protein system that gives exquisitely tight control of a gene drive in mice. We describe a switchable system that can be controlled by the addition of a synthetic amino acid, BOC, not found in mammals. We have already engineered the basics of this system to contain a non-mammalian aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme so that it adds BOC to a non-mammalian tRNA. This tRNA recognises a stop codon, so that when BOC is present it is incorporated into the target protein at a position that otherwise causes protein synthesis to terminate: in other words, BOC switches production of the protein on. The switchable synthetic protein system works well in cultured mammalian cells but has never been reported in living vertebrates.
In a pilot study, we are applying this system to switch on the expression of a fluorescent protein in mice so that they contain fluorescent cells only when their food includes BOC. Although these experiments are preliminary, they have encouraged us to extend our work to gene drives. As containment is a major concern in work on gene drives, development of a gene drive system lends itself well to our proposed mouse model; the mouse minimises containment issues and will have broad and direct research, biomedical and agricultural applications.
Our approach will use a specific protein to execute the gene drives. Using a cell culture system, we will identify mutants of the protein that remain active when they contain BOC. This information will also allow us to produce active proteins containing 2 or 3 BOC residues. The genes required for this switchable system will then be introduced into the mouse genome; the system will be set up so that the genes are active only at the time of fertilisation. Our goal here will be to confirm the switchability of the system by showing that functional BOC mutant proteins are only present at the time of fertilisation and when BOC is present in feed or drinkwater.
Based on our pilot study, we are confident of success that will lead to the test of a gene drive using the tyrosinase gene, Tyr. Mice with one or two Tyr genes have a black coat colour; those with no Tyr genes (for example, because they are removed by a gene drive) are white. In our experiment, if BOC is absent from the feed (as normal), the offspring are black, but if it is included, they should be white, providing a clear test of whether the inducible gene drive worked.
The proposed work aligns with BBSRC strategic priorities in synthetic biology and technology development for biosciences. Application of this system is not restricted to given proteins and may lead to safeguards in pathogen research and artificial protein regulation for developmental analysis. It constitutes a tractable system for transgenerational genome modification that promises to have applications in plants, insects and other animals, including streamlining the generation of disease-resistant livestock.
Here, we propose a switchable protein system that gives exquisitely tight control of a gene drive in mice. We describe a switchable system that can be controlled by the addition of a synthetic amino acid, BOC, not found in mammals. We have already engineered the basics of this system to contain a non-mammalian aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme so that it adds BOC to a non-mammalian tRNA. This tRNA recognises a stop codon, so that when BOC is present it is incorporated into the target protein at a position that otherwise causes protein synthesis to terminate: in other words, BOC switches production of the protein on. The switchable synthetic protein system works well in cultured mammalian cells but has never been reported in living vertebrates.
In a pilot study, we are applying this system to switch on the expression of a fluorescent protein in mice so that they contain fluorescent cells only when their food includes BOC. Although these experiments are preliminary, they have encouraged us to extend our work to gene drives. As containment is a major concern in work on gene drives, development of a gene drive system lends itself well to our proposed mouse model; the mouse minimises containment issues and will have broad and direct research, biomedical and agricultural applications.
Our approach will use a specific protein to execute the gene drives. Using a cell culture system, we will identify mutants of the protein that remain active when they contain BOC. This information will also allow us to produce active proteins containing 2 or 3 BOC residues. The genes required for this switchable system will then be introduced into the mouse genome; the system will be set up so that the genes are active only at the time of fertilisation. Our goal here will be to confirm the switchability of the system by showing that functional BOC mutant proteins are only present at the time of fertilisation and when BOC is present in feed or drinkwater.
Based on our pilot study, we are confident of success that will lead to the test of a gene drive using the tyrosinase gene, Tyr. Mice with one or two Tyr genes have a black coat colour; those with no Tyr genes (for example, because they are removed by a gene drive) are white. In our experiment, if BOC is absent from the feed (as normal), the offspring are black, but if it is included, they should be white, providing a clear test of whether the inducible gene drive worked.
The proposed work aligns with BBSRC strategic priorities in synthetic biology and technology development for biosciences. Application of this system is not restricted to given proteins and may lead to safeguards in pathogen research and artificial protein regulation for developmental analysis. It constitutes a tractable system for transgenerational genome modification that promises to have applications in plants, insects and other animals, including streamlining the generation of disease-resistant livestock.
Technical Summary
We have shown in vitro that synthetic amino acids may be introduced into recombinant proteins in mammalian cells by orthogonal aminoacyl tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs. The system harnesses pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) and Pyl tRNA to introduce the synthetic lysine analogue, Lys(Boc), referred to as BOC, encoded by a rare amber stop codon, UAG. Translation is terminated at the UAG codon when BOC is absent, but when present, BOC is incorporated to produce full-length recombinant protein. We propose to adapt this system to Cas9 in vivo to produce a switchable gene drive in the mouse. In preliminary data, we demonstrated the proof-of-principle by generating live, healthy mice expressing BOC-inducible eGFP. Using our empirical data and the Cas9 crystal structure, we selected 20 Cas9 Lys residues and will change the corresponding codons to UAG. The resulting 20 Cas9-BOC mutants will be characterised for activity with or without BOC in our in vitro cell culture assay system. Inducible Cas9-BOC activity will be confirmed in a developmental system and transgenes generated encoding Pyl tRNA, and PylRS and Cas9-BOC driven by promoters active around the time of fertilisation. Transgenic founders with tissue-restricted, BOC-inducible Cas9-BOC expression will be generated to confirm that full-length, functional Cas9-BOC expression can be induced in vivo. This will pave the way for a Cas9-BOC gene drive cassette that targets the single-copy black coat-colour gene for tyrosinase, Tyr, to cause insertional inactivation. BOC-inducible Cas9-BOC expression will be verified in transgenic mice carrying the Cas9-BOC gene drive cassette and the mice evaluated for their ability to transmit the gene drive in crosses with wild type animals. Control crosses (in which the gene drive is switched off) should produce 100% black offspring, but the gene drive should produce 100% white offspring. The result is a post-transcriptionally switchable gene drive.
Planned Impact
1. Knowledge transfer
The Universities at Bath and Cardiff are top national teaching institutions. The applicants communicate cutting-edge research to students at all levels. Non-academic audiences such as charity workers, opinion and policy makers will be affected by this work, which will also benefit UK business and industry exploiting the multiple commercial applications of switchable protein expression and gene drives in vivo. The IP generated in this work will be tightly protected.
2. Research impact
The switchable protein system is not target- or species-limited and will impact national and international, commercial and academic researchers. It will rapidly impact synthetic biology, cell biology, stem cells, tissue engineering, systems research and development. It will enable the development of animals with more and different synthetic components and will impact tissue engineering and organ culture research, for example via switchable targeted chromatin remodeling. All of these will refine and reduce animal experiments, in accordance with the 3Rs.
3. Improved large animal genetics
By 2050 world food production will be required to increase by 70% to feed the population, placing a pressing need on new methods to engineer livestock. BOC-inducible gene drives will enhance livestock genome engineering - which is at present challenging, expensive and unreliable - by accelerating trait propagation within and between individuals and herds. For example, because BOC is cheap (an active serum concentration in pigs can be obtained for ~£1), BOC-inducible drives could be activated by commercial breeders to generate lines homozygous for disease resistance, thereby increasing food security.
4. Veterinary and human biomedicine
The general switchable system can be applied to essential functions in animal pathogens in vivo, so that they cannot grow in the absence of BOC. For example, high biosafety level pathogens containing a BOC codon introduced into an essential replication gene will require BOC for survival, rendering them non-viable outside the containment facility. In gene therapy, switchable gene drives will enable viral vectors to deliver repairing integration through a gene drive that stops once BOC is withdrawn. The drive rationale is applicable to large breeds containing extended human genome segments for improved disease modeling and xenotransplantation.
5. Gene drive control
A stringently switchable gene drive system will address many public concerns about gene drives. Gene drives will potentially combat disease, foster sustainable agriculture and eradicate invasive pests. For example, they could control malaria, zika virus, dengue and others by altering vectors species so that they are no longer spread and enable sustainable agriculture by reversing pesticide and herbicide resistance, for example, by making resistant weeds vulnerable to the broad-spectrum herbicide, glyphosate. Gene drives could also eradicate invasive species or reduce their costs; invasive species cause enormous ecological and environmental damage (an estimated $138 billion annually in the U.S.) and the top 100 introduced invasive pest species worldwide include at least 14 mammalian species. However, gene drives are perceived to be poorly understood and many are nervous about gene drive containment, especially in flying insects (eg mosquitoes and the diamondback moth), in which even limited-scale field trials are challenging and it is difficult in open releases to ensure that the drive cannot spread. A recent House of Lords report that broadly recognises the potential benefits of recombinant insects (HL Paper 68) alludes to these issues. In order to reap the potential benefits of gene drives, it will be necessary to demonstrate control. The current proposal directly addresses this concern in a switchable system.
The Universities at Bath and Cardiff are top national teaching institutions. The applicants communicate cutting-edge research to students at all levels. Non-academic audiences such as charity workers, opinion and policy makers will be affected by this work, which will also benefit UK business and industry exploiting the multiple commercial applications of switchable protein expression and gene drives in vivo. The IP generated in this work will be tightly protected.
2. Research impact
The switchable protein system is not target- or species-limited and will impact national and international, commercial and academic researchers. It will rapidly impact synthetic biology, cell biology, stem cells, tissue engineering, systems research and development. It will enable the development of animals with more and different synthetic components and will impact tissue engineering and organ culture research, for example via switchable targeted chromatin remodeling. All of these will refine and reduce animal experiments, in accordance with the 3Rs.
3. Improved large animal genetics
By 2050 world food production will be required to increase by 70% to feed the population, placing a pressing need on new methods to engineer livestock. BOC-inducible gene drives will enhance livestock genome engineering - which is at present challenging, expensive and unreliable - by accelerating trait propagation within and between individuals and herds. For example, because BOC is cheap (an active serum concentration in pigs can be obtained for ~£1), BOC-inducible drives could be activated by commercial breeders to generate lines homozygous for disease resistance, thereby increasing food security.
4. Veterinary and human biomedicine
The general switchable system can be applied to essential functions in animal pathogens in vivo, so that they cannot grow in the absence of BOC. For example, high biosafety level pathogens containing a BOC codon introduced into an essential replication gene will require BOC for survival, rendering them non-viable outside the containment facility. In gene therapy, switchable gene drives will enable viral vectors to deliver repairing integration through a gene drive that stops once BOC is withdrawn. The drive rationale is applicable to large breeds containing extended human genome segments for improved disease modeling and xenotransplantation.
5. Gene drive control
A stringently switchable gene drive system will address many public concerns about gene drives. Gene drives will potentially combat disease, foster sustainable agriculture and eradicate invasive pests. For example, they could control malaria, zika virus, dengue and others by altering vectors species so that they are no longer spread and enable sustainable agriculture by reversing pesticide and herbicide resistance, for example, by making resistant weeds vulnerable to the broad-spectrum herbicide, glyphosate. Gene drives could also eradicate invasive species or reduce their costs; invasive species cause enormous ecological and environmental damage (an estimated $138 billion annually in the U.S.) and the top 100 introduced invasive pest species worldwide include at least 14 mammalian species. However, gene drives are perceived to be poorly understood and many are nervous about gene drive containment, especially in flying insects (eg mosquitoes and the diamondback moth), in which even limited-scale field trials are challenging and it is difficult in open releases to ensure that the drive cannot spread. A recent House of Lords report that broadly recognises the potential benefits of recombinant insects (HL Paper 68) alludes to these issues. In order to reap the potential benefits of gene drives, it will be necessary to demonstrate control. The current proposal directly addresses this concern in a switchable system.
Publications
Asami M
(2023)
A program of successive gene expression in mouse one-cell embryos.
in Cell reports
Asami M
(2022)
Human embryonic genome activation initiates at the one-cell stage.
in Cell stem cell
Duch M
(2020)
Tracking intracellular forces and mechanical property changes in mouse one-cell embryo development.
in Nature materials
Mills E
(2019)
Applying switchable Cas9 variants to in vivo gene editing for therapeutic applications
in Cell Biology and Toxicology
Mills E
(2021)
Development of mammalian cell logic gates controlled by unnatural amino acids
in Cell Reports Methods
Perry ACF
(2023)
The initiation of mammalian embryonic transcription: to begin at the beginning.
in Trends in cell biology
Santini L
(2021)
Genomic imprinting in mouse blastocysts is predominantly associated with H3K27me3.
in Nature communications
Santini L.
(2021)
Novel imprinted genes exemplify predominantly H3K27me3-dependent imprinting in mouse blastocysts
in Nature Communications
Suzuki T
(2018)
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Description | Multiple applications of genome editing by CRISPR-Cas9 necessitate stringent regulation and Cas9 variants have accordingly been generated whose activity responds to small ligands, temperature or light. However, these approaches are often impracticable, for example in clinical therapeutic genome editing in situ or gene drives in which environmentally-compatible control is paramount. With this in mind, we have developed heritable Cas9-mediated mammalian genome editing that is acutely controlled by the cheap lysine derivative, Lys(Boc) (BOC). Genetic code expansion permitted non-physiological BOC incorporation such that Cas9 (Cas9BOC) was expressed in a full-length, active form in cultured somatic cells only after BOC exposure. We discovered that stringently BOC-dependent, heritable editing of transgenic and native genomic loci occurred when Cas9BOC was expressed at the onset of mouse embryonic development from cRNA or Cas9BOC transgenic females. The tightly controlled Cas9 editing system reported here promises to have broad applications and is a first step towards purposed, spatiotemporal gene drive regulation over large geographical ranges. |
Exploitation Route | You'd better ask them. |
Sectors | Agriculture Food and Drink Environment Healthcare Manufacturing including Industrial Biotechology Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
Description | Appointment to Scientific and Clinical Advances Advisory Committee to HFEA (SCAAC) |
Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
URL | https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/d10lwd2h/2022-12-19-scaac-list-of-members.pdf |
Description | MRC GEMM Board Member; grant reviews take place twice a year; member 09.16-03.22 |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
URL | https://www.har.mrc.ac.uk/international-programmes/gemms |
Description | Nuffield Council Core Working Party Membership, Genome Editing and Human Reproduction Report (London, UK) |
Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
Policy Influence Type | Membership of a guideline committee |
URL | http://nuffieldbioethics.org/project/genome-editing/genome-editing-human-reproduction |
Title | Genetic code expansion for controlled Cas9-mediated genome editing by the amino acid, BOC |
Description | Multiple applications of genome editing by CRISPR-Cas9 necessitate stringent regulation and Cas9 variants have accordingly been generated whose activity responds to small ligands, temperature or light. However, these approaches are often impracticable, for example in clinical therapeutic genome editing in situ or gene drives in which environmentally-compatible control is paramount. With this in mind, we have developed heritable Cas9-mediated mammalian genome editing that is acutely controlled by the cheap lysine derivative, Lys(Boc) (BOC). Genetic code expansion permitted non-physiological BOC incorporation such that Cas9 (Cas9BOC) was expressed in a full-length, active form in cultured somatic cells only after BOC exposure. Stringently BOC-dependent, heritable editing of transgenic and native genomic loci occurred when Cas9BOC was expressed at the onset of mouse embryonic development from cRNA or Cas9BOC transgenic females. The tightly controlled Cas9 editing system reported here promises to have broad applications and is a first step towards purposed, spatiotemporal gene drive regulation over large geographical ranges. |
Type Of Material | Technology assay or reagent |
Year Produced | 2018 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | Not known. |
Title | Human one-cell embryo transcriptome |
Description | Single-cell RNA-seq data for human bipronuclear one-cell embryos. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | The associated paper has a high Altmetric score. |
URL | https://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(21)00484-7?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkingh... |
Title | Mouse one-cell embryo transcriptome time course |
Description | Single-cell RNA-seq data for one-cell mouse embryos at different times after sperm injection. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2023 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | Too soon to say. |
URL | https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(23)00034-7?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub... |
Description | Derivation of atypical embryonic stem cells |
Organisation | Wellcome Trust |
Department | Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Generation of starting material. |
Collaborator Contribution | Derivation from starting material. |
Impact | Work in progress. |
Start Year | 2012 |
Description | Genetic code expansion in vitro, in embryos and in vivo |
Organisation | Cardiff University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | This is a collaboration between the group of Dr Yu-Hsuan Tsai, in the Department of Chemistry at Cardiff, and my lab, in which genetic code expansion is integrated with molecular embryology. The funding generated by this collaboration is £673,366 to Bath, equating to the value of the BBSRC grant on switchable gene drives. Our contribution is biological: we apply reagents generated by ourselves and our collaborators and tested in vitro, to mouse preimplantation development and, where applicable, to development to term. This allows us to evaluate different applications of genetic code expansion in embryos and in vivo. |
Collaborator Contribution | This is a collaboration between the group of Dr Yu-Hsuan Tsai, in the Department of Chemistry at Cardiff, and my lab, in which genetic code expansion is integrated with molecular embryology. The funding generated by this collaboration is approximate, but equates to the value of the BBSRC grant on switchable gene drives. Dr Tsai's contribution focuses on the chemical aspects of genetic code expansion, but is also biological: Dr Tsai (with us), designs reagents based on his expertise, and tests them in vitro. This collaboration is very active, and often meet, and when this is impracticable, we are in contact via email and skype. |
Impact | This is a multi-disciplinary collaboration between chemists (Tsai group) and biologists (Perry group). We have published a paper as a result of this collaboration: Suzuki, T., Asami, M., Patel, S.G., Luk, L.Y.P., Tsai, Y.H. and Perry, A.C.F. (2018). Switchable genome editing via genetic code expansion. Sci. Rep. 8, 10051. I have also been invited to sit on the BBSRC Working Group on Gene Drives. |
Start Year | 2015 |
Description | Xenotransplantation |
Organisation | National Institute of Agrobiological Science, Japan |
Country | Japan |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Molecular analysis and intellectual imput; I visited the NIAI in March, 2012 and met Akira Onishi in September, 2013 in Tokyo. |
Collaborator Contribution | Pig cloning and targeting; the work is based at the NIAI. Our contribution is (a) to test in the mouse new technologies that can, when successful, be applied to the pig, and (b) to bring our collaborators to the UK with a view to setting up pig-to-human xenotransplantation here. |
Impact | Suzuki, S., Iwamoto, M., Saito, Y., Fuchimoto, D., Sembon, S., Suzuki, M., Mikawa, S., Hashimoto, M., Aoki, Y., Najima, Y., Takagi, S., Suzuki, N., Suzuki, E., Kubo, M., Mimuro, J., Kashiwakura, Y., Madoiwa, S., Sakata, Y., Perry, A.C.F., Ishikawa, F. and Onishi, A. (2012). Il2rg gene-targeted severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) pigs. Cell Stem Cell 10, 753-758. |
Description | BBC Radio 1 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | An interview about the promise and pitfalls of human genome editing. BBC Radio 1 Stories, "DNA+: Beauty", BBC iPlayer |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p06gx2kf/radio-1-stories-dna-beauty# |
Description | Debate at University of Warwick Debating Union, proposing the motion 'This House Supports the Creation of Genetically Modified Human Babies'. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
Results and Impact | Debate, 22.10.19, University of Warwick Debating Union, proposing the motion (with Prof. C Watson, U. Cambridge; Rt. Rev. Dr Lee Rayfield in opposition), 'This House Supports the Creation of Genetically Modified Human Babies'. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Final year project contribution on human genome editing |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
Results and Impact | A recorded interview with final year project student, Grace O'Hare, for her degree at Salford U., on human genome editing. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Interview with Nature |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | 19.06.19 interview with Nature (Heidi Ledford) and quoted in: CRISPR babies: when will the world be ready? (). The piece discussed a global moratorium on human heritable genome editing. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01906-z |
Description | Interviews |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Interviews were as follows: 01.09.17: New Scientist Short Sharp Science, 'We still don't really know what CRISPR does to human embryos'; 28.06.17: Voice of Islam; 08.06.17: BBC Tomorrow's World (radio). |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Presentation at the Advanced Medicine Symposium, Royal College of Physicians, 07.02.18 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | A presentation about the state and promise of genome editing, with particular emphasis on human heritable genome editing. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/events/advanced-medicine-2 |
Description | Presentation at the Festival of Genomics, ExCeL, 31.01.18 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | A public lecture about the state and promise of genome editing, with particular emphasis on human heritable genome editing. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | http://www.festivalofgenomicslondon.com/speakers-2018 |
Description | Reuters interview |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | The interview by Reuters included extensive footage of the laboratory. The segment was entered by U. Bath as a contribution to the Concordat on Openness in animal research. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://reut.rs/2xUJc43 |
Description | Russian science TV programme |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Interview about genome editing for Russian TV Channel The Science, which is the only science-dedicated TV channel in Russia. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www.naukatv.ru/video |
Description | School talks to Y9 and Y10 entitled 'New humans?' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Two talks, to Y9 and Y10 (>50 per class) at Bristol Metropolitan Academy (organised by Vaia Adamaki, U. Bath): 'New humans?' |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Visit to University of Oxford |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | A hybrid presentation at the Department of Women's and Reproductive Health at the John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |