National Biofilms Innovation Centre NBIC 2021 Flexible Talent Mobility Account
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Southampton
Department Name: Sch of Biological Sciences
Abstract
Abstracts are not currently available in GtR for all funded research. This is normally because the abstract was not required at the time of proposal submission, but may be because it included sensitive information such as personal details.
Organisations
- University of Southampton (Lead Research Organisation)
- Tecrea Ltd (Collaboration)
- MANCHESTER METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY (Collaboration)
- University College London (Collaboration)
- Micreos (Collaboration)
- Laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC) Ltd (Collaboration)
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust (Collaboration)
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) (Collaboration)
People |
ORCID iD |
| Jeremy Webb (Principal Investigator) |
Publications
Bao P
(2024)
Membrane Proteins in Action Monitored by pH-Responsive Liquid Crystal Biosensors
in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
| Description | The FTMA award is very attractive for inter academic and industry collaborations. NBIC was able to award 34 quality projects for placements and fellowships. Half of them have completed despite of the hardships of the Pandemic. Successful results included further funding, publication, and job creation. Scientific accomplishment include biological solutions for green and clean production and energy saving methodology, by collaboration between biocoating researcher from University of Surrey and a biological solutions company working together to make waste water treatment less energy intensive by introducing specific biocoating for wastewater treatments facilities. The collaboration is exploring further development of the project into actual products and industrial applications. |
| Exploitation Route | The award was very well received across NBIC's wide network of researchers and companies, and led to efficient pairing of unmet industry needs with research expertise. |
| Sectors | Agriculture Food and Drink Chemicals Education Energy Environment Healthcare Manufacturing including Industrial Biotechology Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
| URL | http://www.biofilms.ac.uk |
| Description | The impacts from this FTMA award are all reported in the return for BBSRC NBIC (BB/R012415/1) |
| Sector | Agriculture, Food and Drink,Energy,Environment,Healthcare,Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology,Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
| Impact Types | Societal Economic |
| Description | Appointment of NTU Consortium Director to Drug Discovery Compnay Scientific Advisory Group (Dr Samantha McLean) |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
| URL | http://www.metallobio.com/ |
| Description | Assessment of Nanocin in UTI co-Biofilms (Isabelle Papandronicou) |
| Amount | £12,000 (GBP) |
| Organisation | University College London |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 02/2023 |
| End | 04/2023 |
| Description | Biofilms ICURe Sprint (Pavlina Theodosiou) |
| Amount | £20,000 (GBP) |
| Organisation | National Biofilms Innovation Centre |
| Sector | Private |
| Start | 04/2022 |
| End | 08/2022 |
| Description | ICURe Follow-on funding - Collaboration & Licensing Training (Pavlina Theodosiou) |
| Amount | £12,570 (GBP) |
| Organisation | National Biofilms Innovation Centre |
| Sector | Private |
| Start | 08/2022 |
| End | 12/2022 |
| Description | Joint data- and model-driven attention-based integration of imaging, proteomics, and metabolic modelling |
| Amount | £416,073 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | BB/Y01278X/1 |
| Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 12/2024 |
| End | 05/2027 |
| Description | PhD "Novel Endolysin to Selectively Manage Antimicrobial Resistant S. aureus in Wound Biofilms" |
| Amount | £101,356 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | CTP_22_0000000010 |
| Organisation | National Biofilms Innovation Centre |
| Sector | Private |
| Start | 01/2023 |
| End | 01/2027 |
| Title | Model reactor and culture system for biofilm metrology studies. |
| Description | We have developed a CDC reactor model system for Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture in order to carry out studies of biofilm reproducibility in partnership with LGC. |
| Type Of Material | Technology assay or reagent |
| Year Produced | 2022 |
| Provided To Others? | No |
| Impact | Knowledge exchange and collaborative work in the area of biofilm metrology with industry partner LGC. |
| Title | Dataset relating to the impact of different hand-drying methods |
| Description | NBIC-funded FTMA4_22_030 project generated a dataset on the impact of hand washing and drying on skin microbial communities and interactions between viruses and bacteria. |
| Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
| Year Produced | 2024 |
| Provided To Others? | No |
| Impact | A paper was published in the Journal of Hospital Infection (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2024.03.005). This concluded that "The use of jet dryers or paper towels produces low levels of aerosolization when drying hands in a washroom. Similarly, all drying methods result in low transfer to surfaces. While the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic raised concerns regarding public washrooms, this study shows that all methods tested are hygienic solutions for dry washed hands." |
| Description | Clinical collaboration with Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust (Mohamed El Mohtadi) |
| Organisation | Manchester Metropolitan University |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Securing the FTMA has allowed me to strengthen my collaboration with 5D Health Protection Group Ltd and Manchester Metropolitan University which resulted in me obtaining a Visiting Lecturer position at MMU. The in vitro work carried out during the fellowship has attracted clinical collaborations as we are now replicating the experiments using clinical samples obtained from Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust operated Salford Royal Hospital. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The role of collaborators (i.e. Dr Ashworth) involves the conceptualisation of project ideas and supervision of students. This will ultimately lead to increased research outcomes and the publication of several original research articles in the near future. |
| Impact | Submission of a grant bid to the Academy of Medical Sciences. The application is currently under review. |
| Start Year | 2020 |
| Description | Clinical collaboration with Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust (Mohamed El Mohtadi) |
| Organisation | Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Public |
| PI Contribution | Securing the FTMA has allowed me to strengthen my collaboration with 5D Health Protection Group Ltd and Manchester Metropolitan University which resulted in me obtaining a Visiting Lecturer position at MMU. The in vitro work carried out during the fellowship has attracted clinical collaborations as we are now replicating the experiments using clinical samples obtained from Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust operated Salford Royal Hospital. |
| Collaborator Contribution | The role of collaborators (i.e. Dr Ashworth) involves the conceptualisation of project ideas and supervision of students. This will ultimately lead to increased research outcomes and the publication of several original research articles in the near future. |
| Impact | Submission of a grant bid to the Academy of Medical Sciences. The application is currently under review. |
| Start Year | 2020 |
| Description | Industry partnership with LGC |
| Organisation | Laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC) Ltd |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Private |
| PI Contribution | LGC Group, formerly the Laboratory of the Government Chemist, is an international life sciences measurement and tools company. It provides the role and duties of the UK Government Chemist, a statutory role and adviser to the government. We are working together in the metrology of biofilms, to understand the feasibility of developing new standards for molecular and 'omics approaches to measuring biofilms. We are providing the biofilm models and culture systems in order to generate biological material for the studies. |
| Collaborator Contribution | LGC are applying in-house analytical measurements and approaches in order to understand the variability and reproducibility of biofilm assays, and the feasibility to develop new standards. |
| Impact | Knowledge exchange in use of the CDC biofilm reactor model and in biofilm metrology. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | Research collaboration with Micreos Pharma (Holly Wilkinson) |
| Organisation | Micreos |
| Department | Micreos Human Health BV |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Sector | Private |
| PI Contribution | Performing pre-clinical efficacy testing to inform future clinical trials. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Study support and oversight, provision of test agents and collaboration has also led to follow-on funding from the National Biofilms Innovation Centre. |
| Impact | Publications currently in preparation but no direct outputs yet. The collaboration is multidisciplinary and brings together wound healing expertise, biological models, microbiology, genomics and formulation expertise. |
| Start Year | 2022 |
| Description | Studies in Solid Formulation Stability |
| Organisation | GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) |
| Country | Global |
| Sector | Private |
| PI Contribution | Due to the work conducted during my EngD studies in combination with the success of this project (NBIC_FTMA_P_19_2_38), GSK and UCL signed an Exchange Knowledge Agreement and funded a 6 month study on the stability of solid formulations. The study was conducted by me under supervision of Ivan Parkin and employed a spectroscopic techniques (H- NMR, IR, UV/Vis) and scanning electron microscopy. This study can help the development of stronger formulations by giving insights on the increase of its reactive oxygen species output. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Funding of study. |
| Impact | None as yet. |
| Start Year | 2022 |
| Description | Tecrea/University College London, Nanocin/UTI collaboration (Isabelle Papandronicou) |
| Organisation | Tecrea Ltd |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Private |
| PI Contribution | Tecrea - Provided expertise and intellectual input regarding the Nanocin technology. Provided Nanocin for use in experiments. Provided staff member time for completion of grant. |
| Collaborator Contribution | University College London - Provided expertise and intellectual input regarding current urinary tract research and study design. Provided access to laboratories and equipment (such as laser scanning confocal microscope) at University college London. Trained the Tecrea lab staff in laser scanning confocal microscopy and data analysis. |
| Impact | Follow-on funding: accepted for new NBIC grant (currently underway) for continuing the research assessing Nanocin against UTI co-biofilms. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Description | Tecrea/University College London, Nanocin/UTI collaboration (Isabelle Papandronicou) |
| Organisation | University College London |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Tecrea - Provided expertise and intellectual input regarding the Nanocin technology. Provided Nanocin for use in experiments. Provided staff member time for completion of grant. |
| Collaborator Contribution | University College London - Provided expertise and intellectual input regarding current urinary tract research and study design. Provided access to laboratories and equipment (such as laser scanning confocal microscope) at University college London. Trained the Tecrea lab staff in laser scanning confocal microscopy and data analysis. |
| Impact | Follow-on funding: accepted for new NBIC grant (currently underway) for continuing the research assessing Nanocin against UTI co-biofilms. |
| Start Year | 2021 |
| Title | Chemical modification of solids as backbones for controlled deposition of metal or bimetallic nanoparticles for tuning surface and antibacterial properties |
| Description | A method of tuning surfaces and their antibacterial properties including hydrophobicity and bacterial adhesion comprising the creation of a backbone structure for the in situ formation of metal nanoparticles on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Preferably the surface is first functionalised through chemical or electrochemical reduction of a diazonium salt with carboxyphenyl or decylphenyl functionalities, followed by the controlled reduction of metal salts into metal nanoparticles. The functionalisation is preferably on a silica or alumina substrate and the nanoparticles are preferably silver and/or copper. The surfaces may form antibacterial and antibiofilm coatings on wound dressings and medical devices. |
| IP Reference | GB2592233 |
| Protection | Patent / Patent application |
| Year Protection Granted | 2021 |
| Licensed | Commercial In Confidence |
| Impact | This research is being continued to further develop this technology. |
| Title | Formation of antimicrobial surfaces using molecular films via quaternary salts ion pairing attachment and incorporation of metal nanoparticles |
| Description | The use of negatively charged functionalities on surfaces for the attachment of positively charged quaternary ammonium antibacterial compounds via ion pairing for their application as effective and tuneable antimicrobial and antibiofilm surfaces. Preferably the surface is first functionalised through chemical or electrochemical reduction of a diazonium salt with carboxyphenyl functionality which is then used to immobilise the quaternary ammonium salts. The ion pairs may serve as a backbone for the formation of antibacterial metal nanoparticles, particularly silver and/or copper nanoparticles. The modified surfaces can be used in medical devices, wound dressings and general surface hygiene materials such as tissues, towels, wipes and beddings. |
| IP Reference | GB2592369 |
| Protection | Patent / Patent application |
| Year Protection Granted | 2021 |
| Licensed | Commercial In Confidence |
| Impact | This is a new and efficient way for the prevention of biofilm formation and bacterial growth on various surfaces and we have recently completed a funding project (FIF from LCR) to exploit the results. Further investigations to use this technology in antibiofilm and frequently touched surfaces in public places are under way. |
| Title | Advanced imaging of co-biofilms produced by commensal and uropathogenic bacteria |
| Description | From https://www.tecrea.com/tecrea-announces-successful-completion-of-nbic-flexible-talent-mobility-accounts-award-project/: Through an NBIC FTMA award Tecrea undertook an "an industry-academia exchange and collaboration with the Bladder Infection and Immunity Group, UCL. This grant has facilitated a fruitful exchange of knowledge and expertise The grant was used advanced imaging training of uropathogenic and commensal biofilms. This training has equipped our team with cutting-edge techniques to visualize and understand the complex interactions within biofilms, which play a crucial role in bladder infections. Moreover, the grant enabled the evaluation of Tecrea's innovative Nanocin technology for its anti-uropathogenic action. This evaluation marks a significant step forward in our commitment to developing novel solutions for combating uropathogenic bacteria, with the potential to revolutionize treatment strategies for bladder infections." |
| Type | Support Tool - For Fundamental Research |
| Current Stage Of Development | Small-scale adoption |
| Year Development Stage Completed | 2024 |
| Development Status | Under active development/distribution |
| Impact | N/A |
| URL | https://web.archive.org/web/20250228150854/https://www.tecrea.com/tecrea-announces-successful-comple... |
| Title | Antiviral filters for face masks and air ventilation systems to prevent coronavirus transmission (Faradin Mirkhalaf) |
| Description | We have developed a new technology for the modification of filters in order to capture and kill viruses and bacteria from the air flow. The modified filters were used in face masks and tested on coronavirus. After testing, the filters showed 100% efficient to remove and kill corona viruses from the air flow. The face masks have been prototyped and are in the market (see: nanoxx.co.uk).The application of this technology for air ventilation systems is under development and we are seeking industrial/investor partners to complete this mission. |
| Type | Preventative Intervention - Physical/Biological risk modification |
| Current Stage Of Development | Small-scale adoption |
| Year Development Stage Completed | 2021 |
| Development Status | Actively seeking support |
| Impact | We are using a similar technology to modify metal and textiles to induce antibiofilm properties within our FTMA3 projects. |
| Title | In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on a Mononuclear Ruthenium Complex Reveals It is a Highly Effective, Fast-Acting, Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial in Physiologically Relevant Conditions |
| Description | From https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00447: "The crystal structure of a previously reported antimicrobial RuII complex that targets bacterial DNA is presented. Studies utilizing clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria that cause catheter-associated urinary tract infection, (CA)UTI, in media that model urine and plasma reveal that good antimicrobial activity is maintained in all conditions tested. Experiments with a series of Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates show that, unlike the majority of previously reported RuII-based antimicrobial leads, the compound retains its potent activity even in MRSA strains. Furthermore, experiments using bacteria in early exponential growth and at different pHs reveal that the compound also retains its activity across a range of conditions that are relevant to those encountered in clinical settings. Combinatorial studies involving cotreatment with conventional antibiotics or a previously reported analogous dinuclear RuII complex showed no antagonistic effects. In fact, although all combinations show distinct additive antibacterial activity, in one case, this effect approaches synergy. It was found that the Galleria Mellonella model organism infected with a multidrug resistant strain of the ESKAPE pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii could be successfully treated and totally cleared within 48 h after a single dose of the lead complex with no detectable deleterious effect to the host." |
| Type | Therapeutic Intervention - Drug |
| Current Stage Of Development | Initial development |
| Year Development Stage Completed | 2024 |
| Development Status | Under active development/distribution |
| Impact | N/A |
| URL | https://doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00447 |
| Title | Nanoparticles (Eden Mannix-Fisher) |
| Description | Copper nanoparticles created by Pharm2Farm are being tested for their antimicrobial efficacy when mixed into paint and coated onto the surface of paint. The product can have many different applications both within and outside of medicine if successful. |
| Type | Products with applications outside of medicine |
| Current Stage Of Development | Initial development |
| Year Development Stage Completed | 2022 |
| Development Status | Under active development/distribution |
| Impact | Should this antimicrobial work, the data generated from this secondment on the antimicrobial efficacy may generate income for Pharm2Farm and the customer AkZoNobel. It may also be used to decrease the incidence of disease through utilisation as a coating on door handles, walls, beds etc. within a hospital setting. |
| Description | AkzoNobel Meeting (Eden Mannix-Fisher) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | Presentation of the data from the experimental work carried out in this secondment to Pharm2Farms customer, AkzoNobel. AkzoNobel is an international customer to Pharm2Farm. The purpose was to update AkzoNobel on the outcomes of the antimicrobial testing carried out against MRSA and E. coli. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| Description | From Cradle to Grave (Katherine Fish) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | The lifecycle of water management - Wednesday 8th June 2022 - University of Greenwich, London Academic and indsutry event, with ~50 attendees, to raise the profile of water safety in healthcare settings and start to create a network with links academia, industry, and the client together where problems can be addressed collaboratively. Katherine Fish was invited to give a talk highlighting the importance of considering the upstream networks supplying the premises plumbing within healthcare settings. A report of the event was published in Waterline in November 2022, showcasing Katherine's research. (https://www.waterlinepublication.org.uk/articles/event-report-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave-the-lifecycle-of-water-management-wednesday-8th-june-2022-university-of-greenwich-london/) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| URL | https://www.waterlinepublication.org.uk/articles/event-report-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave-the-lifec... |
| Description | High School Visit (Oakwood High School) (Dr Samantha McLean) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | • Key objectives were to develop Y9 student understanding in infection prevention and control and learn technical skills in aseptic technique and antibiotic susceptibility testing that also supports curriculum learning • Key learning points included infection prevention strategies from good hygiene to vaccination, consideration of antibiotic choice, antibiotic stewardship, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing including interpretation of results • Key interactions included working with three Y9 classes (~90 children and teachers) to explore practical aspects of antimicrobial susceptibility testing, involving Q&A's, seminar style teaching and practical work • What piece of information will you disseminate? I have provided vaccination demonstration cards to the school, poster on aseptic technique, interpretation of disk diffusion assays and mock disk diffusion agar plates to support teacher-led sessions throughout the school year • What would you change? Future iterations of the programme will further support curriculum learning on vaccination to ensure content delivered in this activity signposts to curriculum content • What feedback did you receive? Teaching staff were very positive, highlighting that they felt students improved their depth of understanding beyond curriculum content as a result of this activity. They also observed that the students were very engaged throughout and talked about the activities between sessions due to their enthusiasm for the activity. This mirrored feedback from the students themselves who actively engaged in sessions, asking questions and reported that they really enjoyed the sessions. Due to the success of the activity, I have been asked by the school to repeat these sessions next academic year. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022,2023,2024,2025 |
| Description | Industry lab tour for delegates from Nunano AFM tip company, UK (Peng Bao) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | A group of two people from Nunano has visited our lab, seen the AFM facility we used in our lab, discussed the petential collaborations with us on AFM imaging in liquid. I have shown the high-resolution images of membrane protein arrays we got using our AFM and their tips. These results have surprised them and they said "this might be the best images we saw so for around UK universities." |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| Description | Industry visitor (Peng Bao) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | Three groups of delegates from different companies have visited our lab, and I showed our facility (Bruker multi-mode AFM) to them. And I showed them our best results, the ability of our AFM, and potential applications of our AFM and discussed with them about potential collaborations. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022,2023 |
| Description | Poster at the 32nd European Congress of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (Mohamed El Mohtadi) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | I have presented my fellowship-related research findings at the 32nd European Congress of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (Lisbon, Portugal on 23 - 26 April 2022). ECCMID is labelled as the world's premier Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases event, which was attended by an audience of over 14,000 colleagues from National and International institutions. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| Description | Presenting at the UK-India-Singapore Biofilm Webinar Series |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | About 50 people attended this international virtual event where I spoke on how Microbial Electrochemical Technologies (METs) can help us open a pathway to Net-Zero wastewater treatment. In this presentation I introduced the audience to the MET technologies, shared results and experiences from; the MFC pilot-scale work in Africa, my current work on pilot-scale MECs at Newcastle University and the work I am doing at the moment with RoyalHaskoningDHV in advancing the technology to the market. The audience learnt about MET technologies at larger scale and I shed light onto the possibilities of implementing these in existing wastewater treatments as an attempt to turn the water industry into a net energy producer. My talk sparked interest and a discussion followed with the audience. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| URL | https://www.biofilms.ac.uk/event/uk-india-singapore-biofilm-webinar-series-biofilms-and-engineered-s... |
| Description | School visit (Whiston J&I School) (Dr Samantha McLean) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | This outreach activity is part of an ongoing annual outreach connection between Dr Samantha McLean and a local primary school. This year 31 Year 6 pupils at Whiston Junior and Infant School took part in the activity along with two teachers and a teaching assistant. The primary aim of this ongoing outreach work is to improve microbiology education in local primary schools. Dr McLean visited the school for two days during the week and provided the children with a general introduction to microbiology and biofilms. Through practical activities students gained hands-on experience of how microorganisms spread throughout the environment, how biofilm formation makes microorganisms more difficult to clear and the variety of microorganisms that live all around us. This information was related to everyday activities that children undertake such as washing hands and brushing teeth, which ensured that students could relate to the concepts taught. Interactive Kahoot quizzes were a huge student favourite and further developed their understanding of the roles that microorganisms and biofilms play in our lives in a fun and engaging way. The students were able to carry out their own experiment swabbing their environment to find the different types of microbes that live there. They learned how to generate and test a hypothesis based on what they thought they would find and then how to change their hypothesis if the evidence suggested they should. The students loved making hair gel biofilms to understand more about the properties of these microbial communities and how this related to brushing teeth. The students were highly engaged and enthusiastic throughout the whole experience, asking many excellent questions and loving the hands-on approach to microbiology learning. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022,2023,2024,2025 |
| URL | https://appliedmicrobiology.org/resource/dr-mclean-s-primary-school-outreach.html |