A mathematical and biophysical analysis of salmonella macrophage interactions
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Cambridge
Department Name: Veterinary Medicine
Abstract
Salmonella enterica causes a wide range of diseases in many animals. Economic losses to the farming industry through Salmonella infection are potentially very high, but also important is the fact that a number of serovars that infect animals can also cause food poisoning and gastroenteritis in humans. Salmonella infect specialised immune cells (macrophages) where the bacteria reside within an intracellular compartment called the salmonella-containing vacuole. Within the macrophage the bacteria may be killed, may hide, may grow and can cause the cell to die. The interaction between macrophages and salmonellae is critically important to the progression of disease. Controlling the numbers of bacteria within the macrophage is an important step in enabling the host to stop the bacteria growing and to survive infection. Many mechanisms involved in the interaction between Salmonella and macrophages are unclear. In particular little is known about how the macrophage physically interacts with the cell. The macrophage detects the presence of bacteria through specialised proteins called Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) which induce macrophage responses to help the host control a salmonella infection. In this project I will use mathematical models to predict how PRR activity effects the process by which Salmonella infect macrophages and then test these theoretical assumptions using biological experiments. I will use physical techniques to investigate whether PRRs influence how Salmonella associate with macrophages. In the final part of the project I will compare how PRR activity affects the global response of macrophages to infection. This project will increase our understanding of how Salmonella infect macrophages and may deliver new targets for developing drugs to treat the diseases caused by these pathogens.
Technical Summary
A crucial aspect of the pathogenesis of invasive Salmonella infections is the ability of the pathogen to invade and survive within phagocytes. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) on macrophages allow the host to detect pathogens. Many different PRRs detect Salmonella serovars yet the physiological role for most of these proteins in the host response to infection is unclear. Different Salmonella serovars produce bacterial proteins that modulate PRR signaling. The macrophage response to infection involves PRR signaling in concert with the activity of salmonellae factors, but the precise balance of how this occurs is unknown. The question I am therefore asking in this research proposal is what is the contribution of PRRs and bacterial factors to the macrophage control of salmonellosis? This project will use biological, physical and mathematical techniques to study the fundamental mechanisms by which Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) infects macrophages and to determine whether PRRs influence these processes. Iterations of experimental analysis and mathematical models will be used to determine how PRRs affect the process of macrophage infection by STm. Biophysical analysis will be used to determine whether PRRs affect the physical interaction between STm and the macrophage. The final part of this project will be to compare the signaling networks activated by bacterial ligands (such as STm lipopolysaccharide and flagellin) with live STm in macrophages to identify the importance of bacterial factors involved in the cellular infection process.
Planned Impact
The major beneficiaries of this research will be academics in the biological, physical and mathematical sciences. The work will be of particular interest to immunologists and microbiologists. The research will be published in international open access journals to ensure wide access to the data generated by this work. In the long term novel technologies may arise from the physical analysis of Salmonella-macrophage interactions and this will be of benefit to scientists wishing to apply our technologies to other research questions. Should novel technologies arise then they will be developed by Cambridge Enterprise, the University of Cambridge office responsible for commercializing our scientific work. The generation of a macrophage signaling network in response to Salmonella infection may identify novel targets for drug development to prevent salmonellosis which will be on interest to the pharmaceutical industry. Any intellectual property arising from this work will again be developed by Cambridge Enterprise. Our work will generate a number of movies which may be useful teaching material particularly to children explaining how bacteria interact with cells. This material will be used in presentations of the research at the Cambridge Science fair and through the BBSRC media office. I will attend the BBSRC media course in order to develop my communication skills and I plan to run a website where the movies will be available to download.
Publications
Achouri S
(2015)
The frequency and duration of Salmonella-macrophage adhesion events determines infection efficiency.
in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
Cammarota E
(2020)
Criticality of plasma membrane lipids reflects activation state of macrophage cells.
in Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
Carnicer-Lombarte A
(2019)
Foreign body reaction is triggered in vivo by cellular mechanosensing of implants stiffer than host tissue
Ekpenyong AE
(2013)
Bacterial infection of macrophages induces decrease in refractive index.
in Journal of biophotonics
Feriani L
(2017)
Assessing the Collective Dynamics of Motile Cilia in Cultures of Human Airway Cells by Multiscale DDM.
in Biophysical journal
Fowler CJ
(2013)
Abnormal nasal nitric oxide production, ciliary beat frequency, and Toll-like receptor response in pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease epithelium.
in American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine
Gog JR
(2012)
Dynamics of Salmonella infection of macrophages at the single cell level.
in Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
Gustot A
(2013)
Activation of innate immunity by lysozyme fibrils is critically dependent on cross-ß sheet structure.
in Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS
Jafari NV
(2013)
Clostridium difficile modulates host innate immunity via toxin-independent and dependent mechanism(s).
in PloS one
Latty S
(2018)
Activation of Toll-like receptors nucleates assembly of the MyDDosome signaling hub
in eLife
Man SM
(2014)
Actin polymerization as a key innate immune effector mechanism to control Salmonella infection.
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Man SM
(2013)
Salmonella infection induces recruitment of Caspase-8 to the inflammasome to modulate IL-1ß production.
in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
Man SM
(2014)
Inflammasome activation causes dual recruitment of NLRC4 and NLRP3 to the same macromolecular complex.
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Moshayedi P
(2014)
The relationship between glial cell mechanosensitivity and foreign body reactions in the central nervous system.
in Biomaterials
Paul D
(2013)
Phagocytosis dynamics depends on target shape.
in Biophysical journal
Sakai J
(2017)
Lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-?B nuclear translocation is primarily dependent on MyD88, but TNFa expression requires TRIF and MyD88.
in Scientific reports
Weimann L
(2013)
A quantitative comparison of single-dye tracking analysis tools using Monte Carlo simulations.
in PloS one
Description | The aim of this fellowship project was to use mathematical and biophysical analytical methods to study how the food borne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infects macrophages. This is important because after infecting the host in vivo S. Typhimurium hides and grows within macrophages to evade the immune system then kills the cells to spread infection. In particular the project centred around understanding whether the host Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), NOD-Like Receptor C4 (NLRC4) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), were involved in the physical process of infection. The work on the fellowship project made several important observations. Using iterations of mathematical models and experiments we found that, despite S. Typhimurium being a parasite of macrophages, very few of these cells became infected by the bacterium. This is a surprise because macrophages readily phagocytose (engulf) particles so would be expected to take up bacteria and S. Typhimurium also produces invasion proteins to promote active invasion of cells. Using live imaging techniques it became clear that the majority of bacteria failed to invade macrophages. Once infected a macrophage could undergo secondary infection events, but this happened relatively rarely. This is because once a macrophage is invaded by the Salmonella proteins produced by the bacterium activates cytosolic NLRC4 which alters the cellular cytoskeletal proteins making the cell stiffer to reduce further uptake of bacteria. This is particularly interesting because it is the bacterial invasion proteins that activate NLRC4 to drive cellular stiffening, but it now appears these proteins also limit the number of infection events that can occur per cell and hence maximising the resources available for the resident bacterium to grow. Once infected by Salmonella another consequence of this infection-induced stiffness is to arrest cellular movement. This is important because in vivo infected macrophages are the central cells for controlling bacterial growth by forming abscesses which wall off the cells infected by bacteria to prevent further bacterial spread. Stasis of infected macrophages is likely to be a critical early step in driving abscess formation. Mice lacking NLRC4 have dispersed and poorly formed abscesses which supports this hypothesis. In other work funded by the BBSRC we had observed that infection of macrophages by Salmonella activates two cytosolic NLRs, NLRC4 and also NLRP3. When an NLR is activated it recruits a protein, ASC, to form a massive cytosolic protein complex called the ASC speck. We noted that despite two NLRs being activated only one ASC protein complex forms per cell. Using super-resolution microscopy we have shown that the ASC speck contains both NLRC4 and NLRP3 at the same time contradicting the currently accepted dogma that each NLR will form its own ASC speck. TLR4 has little effect on the physical process of infection. TLR4 is critical for driving the cellular signalling process that leads to the formation of host protective cytokines and this process differs when driven by live bacteria rather than compounds that activate this receptor. |
Exploitation Route | Our findings may be used in development of new approaches to immunology research for use in vaccine discovery programs and in education |
Sectors | Agriculture Food and Drink Education Healthcare |
URL | http://www.vet.cam.ac.uk/directory/ceb27@cam.ac.uk |
Description | The impact from this work includes several outputs 1. Scientific communications including the publication of several papers and the presentation of several talks to fellow academics 2. Public Communication of Science: I gave the following talk to 3 college open days for children and the general public (Queens', Peterhouse, Downing) and to the Society for Biology in Cambridge. "There are 100 trillion bacteria in your gut: how do we protect ourselves against infection?" I also featured in a 2010 BBC Radio Cambridgeshire "The Naked Scientists" program presenting a talk on our collaborative work with physicists entitled "How do lasers pick up bacteria?". 3. Development of multi-disciplinary research collaborations leading to further funding as well as application of new techniques to immunological and vaccinology research |
First Year Of Impact | 2010 |
Sector | Agriculture, Food and Drink,Education,Healthcare |
Impact Types | Societal |
Description | Effects of Nod-like receptor activity on protective immunity against Salmonella infection |
Amount | £917,208 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/K006436/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2013 |
End | 12/2016 |
Description | Elion and Black Immunology Catalyst Sabbatical Award |
Amount | £226,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) |
Sector | Private |
Country | Global |
Start | 11/2016 |
End | 07/2020 |
Description | GSK Varsity Award |
Amount | £300,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) |
Sector | Private |
Country | Global |
Start | 04/2016 |
End | 04/2018 |
Description | Interdisciplinary Research Grant |
Amount | £204,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | ARUK-IRG2014-13 |
Organisation | Alzheimer's Research UK |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 02/2015 |
End | 01/2018 |
Description | MICA_Multimodal analysis of the pathophysiology of bronchiectasis |
Amount | £959,636 (GBP) |
Funding ID | MR/W031574/1 |
Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 12/2022 |
End | 11/2024 |
Description | Royal Society Wolfson Refurbishment Scheme |
Amount | £267,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | The Royal Society |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2016 |
End | 02/2018 |
Description | Wellcome Trust Investigator Award |
Amount | £2,200,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Wellcome Trust |
Department | Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator Award |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2016 |
End | 12/2021 |
Description | Collaboration with GSK |
Organisation | GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) |
Department | Respiratory Biology GSK |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | We held a GSK-Varsity grant to understand why bacteria stick to epithelial cells from patients. We are developing assays for increasing the scale of screening for bacterial adherance to cells, generating bacterial mutants to prevent bacterial adhesion and looking at novel human molecules that may be important for bacterial adherance |
Collaborator Contribution | Provision of expertise, novel knock out mice, CRISPR screens in human cells, epithelia from patients |
Impact | New collaboration |
Start Year | 2015 |
Description | Doug Golenbock, University of Massachusetts Medical School |
Organisation | University of Massachusetts |
Department | University of Massachusetts Medical School |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I went on sabbatical to the Golenock laboratory for 2 months in 2008 |
Start Year | 2008 |
Description | GSK Immunology Catalyst Sabbatical Award |
Organisation | GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) |
Country | Global |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | GSK have bought out my teaching and administration duties for 3 years. I spend 3 days a week at GSK and have 2 postdoctoral researchers at GSK. I am working on inflammasome biology and Pattern Recognition Receptor research. I intellectually input into several of the GSK therapeutic units. |
Collaborator Contribution | GSK bought out my teaching and administration duties for 3 years and fund 2 postdoctoral researchers to work with me at GSK |
Impact | Primary Research Publication in J Immunology (Gram et al., 2020) Two review articles (Gram et al in EMBO and Booty and Bryant in J Molecular Biology) Disciplines involved: microbiology, immunology, respiratory physiology, physical biology |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | Genentech Visiting Professorship |
Organisation | Genetech, Inc |
Country | United States |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | I visited Genentech South San Francisco site and performed research in the laboratory there for 9 months. Two of my PhD students also had 3 month internships working with myself and my Genentech collaborators. We learnt new techniques and gained access to new reagents. I intellectually contributed to their inflammasome research program. |
Collaborator Contribution | My collaborators gave me novel reagents and supported my research during my time in the USA |
Impact | None yet as the work is still in progress |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | International and national collaboration with David Underhill |
Organisation | University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Collaboration |
Start Year | 2000 |
Description | International and national collaboration with Eicke Laetz |
Organisation | University of Massachusetts |
Department | University of Massachusetts Medical School |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | University of Massachusetts Medical School |
Start Year | 2008 |
Description | International and national collaborations with Kate Fitzgerald |
Organisation | University of Massachusetts |
Department | University of Massachusetts Medical School |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Intellectual input and collaborative discussions about common research interests. |
Collaborator Contribution | Provision of reagents, cell lines and intellectual input to our research. |
Impact | Publications linked to our research grants have been facilitated by this collaboration. |
Start Year | 2006 |
Description | Mike White |
Organisation | University of Manchester |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Technology transfer and collaborative discussions |
Collaborator Contribution | Technology transfer and collaborative discussions |
Impact | Development of new freeware computer software to track single cell movement and translocation of nuclear factor kappa B |
Start Year | 2010 |
Title | Image analysis software for tracking cells |
Description | Image analysis software for tracking moving cells and for analysis of fluorescence levels in these cells |
Type Of Technology | Software |
Year Produced | 2016 |
Impact | Allows analysis of many cells for single cell signaling assays |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.17863/CAM.6018 |
Company Name | Polypharmakos |
Description | Polypharmakos researches and develops treatments to counter antimicrobial resistance, which encompasses antibiotic resistance. |
Year Established | 2016 |
Impact | None Yet |
Website | http://www.polypharmakos.com |
Description | ANU, Canberra, Australia, "Pattern Recognition Receptor Signalling in response to Infection" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk to faculty and students at ANU with associated questions |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | BBC Naked Scientists Radio Show Question and Answer program |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Question and Answer panel session on the BBC Naked Scientists Radio show |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.thenakedscientists.com/podcasts/naked-scientists-podcast/why-do-i-stress-eat |
Description | Bacterial recognition by PRRs |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Participants in your research or patient groups |
Results and Impact | Toll2011, Garda, Italy: "Bacterial recognition by PRRs" no actual impacts realised to date |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
Description | British Society of Immunology Invited Speaker |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | A talk on Pattern Recognition Receptor regulation of bacterial infection |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | http://www.bsicongress.com/sessionspeakers |
Description | Cambridge Science Fair Panel Discussion |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | I chaired a session and talks and a question and answer session on receptors at the Cambridge Science Fair |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Cambridge Science Festival Panel Discussion |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presentation and question/answer session on infection |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Discussion slot on the Naked Scientists Radio Show |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | A media interview where different aspects of immunology were reviewed and discussed |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Hudson Innate Immunity Institute, Melbourne, Australia "Pattern Recognition Receptor Signalling in response to Infection" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk to faculty and students at the Hudson Institute and associated questions |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Institute for Child Heath, London (2011):Pattern recognition receptors: the key to host recognition of infection or a load of old PAMPs |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
Results and Impact | Institute for Child Heath, London no actual impacts realised to date |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
Description | International Cytokine Meeting, Boston, USA "Bacterial recognition by Pattern Recognition Receptors" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk at the international cytokine meeting and questions after. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Interviews BBC Radio Cambridgeshire (5) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | COVID-19, flu, Vaccines |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022,2023 |
Description | Interviews with BBC Radio stations (Radio 5 live Stephen Nolan, Nicky Campbell) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Interview and radio phone in on COVID-19, flu and vaccines |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022,2023 |
Description | Invited Talk University of Birmingham |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Bacterial Infection Regulation by Pattern Recognition Receptors |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Invited talk Cold Spring Harbour Asia in China |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | How bacterial infection is recognised by Pattern Recognition Receptors |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.csh-asia.org/2019meetings/infect.html |
Description | Invited talk at the Salmonella Biology and Pathogenesis Gordon Research Conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Invited speaker at an international conference to scientific colleagues, students and industry workers. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.grc.org/salmonella-biology-and-pathogenesis-conference/2019/ |
Description | Lafferty Debate participant |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Participated in a public debate on "Adaptive Immunity is innately redundant" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | NIH, Bethesda, USA "Pattern Recognition Receptor Signalling in response to Infection" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Talk to staff and researcher at the NIH and responded to the associated questions |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Pattern recognition receptors: the key to host recognition of infection or a load of old PAMPs |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Participants in your research or patient groups |
Results and Impact | Talk to the University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA no actual impacts realised to date |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
Description | Pattern recognition receptors: therapeutic targets for allergic as well as infectious diseases |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | local |
Primary Audience | Participants in your research or patient groups |
Results and Impact | Invited talk at Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge. no actual impacts realised to date |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
Description | Recognition of bacterial infection by Pattern recognition receptors |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Participants in your research or patient groups |
Results and Impact | Talk to University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA no actual impacts realised to date |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
Description | Recognition of bacterial infection by Pattern recognition receptors |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Participants in your research or patient groups |
Results and Impact | NIH NIAID, Bethesda, USA no actual impacts realised to date |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011 |
Description | Talk Young Microbiologists Belfast |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Talk to young microbiologists (post graduate and post doctoral researchers) and associated questions |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk at Cambridge Science Fair |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk and panel discussion at the Cambridge Festival |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Talk for Royal College of Surgeons Ireland |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | A talk on Pattern Recognition Receptors in Infectious and Inflammatory disease |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | The Lorne Innate Immunity Meeting, Lorne, Australia "Pattern Recognition Receptor Signalling in response to Infection" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk to the iInnate Immunity meeting and the associated questions |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | The University of Brisbane, Australia "Pattern Recognition Receptor Signalling in response to Infection" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk to faculty and students at the The University of Brisbane with associated questions |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | There are 100 trillion Bacteria in Your Gut: How do we protect ourselves against infection? |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Public Talk Queens' College, Cambridge no actual impacts realised to date |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |
Description | Trinity College Dublin "Pattern Recognition Receptor Signalling in response to Infection" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Talk to the faculty members and students at Trinity College Dublin plus associated questions |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | University of Baltimore "Pattern Recognition Receptor Signalling in response to Infection" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk to faculty and students at the University of Baltimore and responded to associated questions |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | University of Strasbourg, France "Bacterial recognition by Pattern Recognition Receptors" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Talk to postgraduate students at the University of Strasberg |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | University of Trondheim, Norway "Bacterial recognition by Pattern Recognition Receptors" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Talk (and answered questions in response to talk) to students and researchers at the University of Trondheim in Norway. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia "Pattern Recognition Receptor Signalling in response to Infection" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk to faculty members and students at Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research with associated questions |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | What can maths and physics do for infection biology? |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Participants in your research or patient groups |
Results and Impact | Invited talk at Cardiff University School of Biosciences no actual impacts realised to date |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |