The "Camouflage Machine": optimising patterns for camouflage and visibility
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Bristol
Department Name: Experimental Psychology
Abstract
Sometimes it is very important not to be seen: a well camouflaged tiger may catch its prey rather than go hungry; a concealed wildlife photographer may get the shot; and whilst much of the infrastructure of the modern environment (mobile telephone masts, wind farms etc.) is necessary, it is far from aesthetically pleasing - reducing visibility may be the difference between getting planning permission or not. In other words, as well as the obvious military applications, a systematic means of minimising the visibility of any object by finding its optimal camouflage pattern for a particular environment could be used in many other ways.
Just as it is sometimes important to minimise visibility, it can also be equally important to maximise it. From signalling in animals to maximising the visibility of warning signs, emergency vehicles, motorbikes and cyclists, there are plenty of examples where making something highly salient is important.
How could colour patterns to maximise or minimise visibility be created? There is no universally optimal camouflage: what works well in one place (the spots of a leopard, lying in wait in dappled foliage) may be less effective elsewhere (the same animal in a desert). Important factors which determine visibility include an object's size and viewing distance, its pattern of movement, and its height above the ground; the nature and variability of the environment(s) it will be concealed in, the lighting etc.
We will construct the "camouflage machine": a process to determine optimum camouflage or signalling patterns for a specific environment. Using state-of-the-art computational modelling techniques, our methodology (implemented in a computer programme) will allow the comparison and assessment of different approaches to visual concealment and signalling.
The camouflage machine will first be validated using two of our datasets of images (big cats and snakes). We will then cross validate the results for human observers and our existing computational model of the human visual system. At this point, we will be able to use the camouflage machine to assess the visibility of man-made objects, from military materiel to street furniture. Finally, we will release a publicly available application which, given an environment (characterised by photographs from this environment, a template of the object to be concealed, and a characterisation of the illumination in this environment), attempts to characterise the visibility function (the function mapping pattern characteristics to visibility), and provide an estimate of the minima (or maxima) of this function - the colouration pattern that would minimise (or maximise) the object's visibility in that environment.
In short, the project will yield a means of identifying the best covering pattern for any object in any environment, whether the aim is conspicuity or concealment.
Just as it is sometimes important to minimise visibility, it can also be equally important to maximise it. From signalling in animals to maximising the visibility of warning signs, emergency vehicles, motorbikes and cyclists, there are plenty of examples where making something highly salient is important.
How could colour patterns to maximise or minimise visibility be created? There is no universally optimal camouflage: what works well in one place (the spots of a leopard, lying in wait in dappled foliage) may be less effective elsewhere (the same animal in a desert). Important factors which determine visibility include an object's size and viewing distance, its pattern of movement, and its height above the ground; the nature and variability of the environment(s) it will be concealed in, the lighting etc.
We will construct the "camouflage machine": a process to determine optimum camouflage or signalling patterns for a specific environment. Using state-of-the-art computational modelling techniques, our methodology (implemented in a computer programme) will allow the comparison and assessment of different approaches to visual concealment and signalling.
The camouflage machine will first be validated using two of our datasets of images (big cats and snakes). We will then cross validate the results for human observers and our existing computational model of the human visual system. At this point, we will be able to use the camouflage machine to assess the visibility of man-made objects, from military materiel to street furniture. Finally, we will release a publicly available application which, given an environment (characterised by photographs from this environment, a template of the object to be concealed, and a characterisation of the illumination in this environment), attempts to characterise the visibility function (the function mapping pattern characteristics to visibility), and provide an estimate of the minima (or maxima) of this function - the colouration pattern that would minimise (or maximise) the object's visibility in that environment.
In short, the project will yield a means of identifying the best covering pattern for any object in any environment, whether the aim is conspicuity or concealment.
Planned Impact
Impact Summary
As this project will evaluate an unstudied property of materials that are both widespread in nature and of growing use in a range of industries, there are a range of beneficiaries in both academia and industry. Due to the charismatic and appealing nature of both iridescence and many of the species that produce it, this research will also have strong possibilities for public engagement activities.
Main beneficiaries of the project:
1) Industrial third parties (military, Cyclists' Touring Club, emergency services)
2) Public policymakers (Highways agency)
3) General public
4) Researchers, PI and Co-Is.
1) Industrial Third Parties.
The ability to specify an optimal camouflage pattern for any given environment has obvious implications for the military. Not least, it will allow expensive and lengthy field trials to be dramatically reduced, as the range of possible solutions can be constrained in advance using the "Camouflage Machine". We have existing relationships with QinetiQ (see supporting letter), DSTL and Malvern Optical, and are establishing one with BAE Systems. Through our established interactions, and by establishing new ones, this project will not only assist the maintenance of the UK's pre-eminence in camouflage research, but will also assist with the translation of that research into insights for several world leading UK industries.
The flip side of concealment is conspicuity, and this is something that the Cyclists' Touring Club has an interest in: what is the best way to make cyclists highly visible in cluttered and noisy urban environments? This line of enquiry should also be of interested to the emergency services: can fire engines, ambulances etc. be made optimally visible?
2) Public Policy Makers. The flip side of the concealment is visibility. The "Camouflage Machine" can be used to increase the visibility of street signs and reduce that of other street furniture. This has both safety and aesthetic implications, assessment of which could be of benefit to public policy makers such as the Highways Agency.
3) General Public. This topic would provide an excellent vehicle to provide activities that would engage the public. Camouflage lends itself to engaging demonstrations, and the "Camouflage Machine" would allow the public to see how to develop a pattern that is either well hidden, or very salient, in real time.
4) Researchers, PI and Co-Is. The two researchers employed on this grant would gain extensive training experience in an interdisciplinary range of novel techniques and experimental methods that have both academic and industrial relevance. As they will be closely collaborating throughout the project, this will allow a behavioural scientist to gain skills in computational modelling techniques, and vice versa. This is something we have previously achieved, with one recent PhD student from a psychology background now working as a postdoc in biology, and another student with a biology background now working on a psychophysics and modelling postdoc.
The PI and Co-Is will also benefit through the development of the "Camouflage Machine", as we predict that it will be of interest to many potential collaborators in both academia and industry, leading to additional future partnerships.
As this project will evaluate an unstudied property of materials that are both widespread in nature and of growing use in a range of industries, there are a range of beneficiaries in both academia and industry. Due to the charismatic and appealing nature of both iridescence and many of the species that produce it, this research will also have strong possibilities for public engagement activities.
Main beneficiaries of the project:
1) Industrial third parties (military, Cyclists' Touring Club, emergency services)
2) Public policymakers (Highways agency)
3) General public
4) Researchers, PI and Co-Is.
1) Industrial Third Parties.
The ability to specify an optimal camouflage pattern for any given environment has obvious implications for the military. Not least, it will allow expensive and lengthy field trials to be dramatically reduced, as the range of possible solutions can be constrained in advance using the "Camouflage Machine". We have existing relationships with QinetiQ (see supporting letter), DSTL and Malvern Optical, and are establishing one with BAE Systems. Through our established interactions, and by establishing new ones, this project will not only assist the maintenance of the UK's pre-eminence in camouflage research, but will also assist with the translation of that research into insights for several world leading UK industries.
The flip side of concealment is conspicuity, and this is something that the Cyclists' Touring Club has an interest in: what is the best way to make cyclists highly visible in cluttered and noisy urban environments? This line of enquiry should also be of interested to the emergency services: can fire engines, ambulances etc. be made optimally visible?
2) Public Policy Makers. The flip side of the concealment is visibility. The "Camouflage Machine" can be used to increase the visibility of street signs and reduce that of other street furniture. This has both safety and aesthetic implications, assessment of which could be of benefit to public policy makers such as the Highways Agency.
3) General Public. This topic would provide an excellent vehicle to provide activities that would engage the public. Camouflage lends itself to engaging demonstrations, and the "Camouflage Machine" would allow the public to see how to develop a pattern that is either well hidden, or very salient, in real time.
4) Researchers, PI and Co-Is. The two researchers employed on this grant would gain extensive training experience in an interdisciplinary range of novel techniques and experimental methods that have both academic and industrial relevance. As they will be closely collaborating throughout the project, this will allow a behavioural scientist to gain skills in computational modelling techniques, and vice versa. This is something we have previously achieved, with one recent PhD student from a psychology background now working as a postdoc in biology, and another student with a biology background now working on a psychophysics and modelling postdoc.
The PI and Co-Is will also benefit through the development of the "Camouflage Machine", as we predict that it will be of interest to many potential collaborators in both academia and industry, leading to additional future partnerships.
Organisations
Publications
Costello LM
(2020)
False holes as camouflage.
in Proceedings. Biological sciences
Cuthill I
(2019)
Camouflage in a dynamic world
in Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
Cuthill IC
(2017)
The biology of color.
in Science (New York, N.Y.)
Fennell JG
(2021)
The Camouflage Machine: Optimizing protective coloration using deep learning with genetic algorithms.
in Evolution; international journal of organic evolution
Fennell JG
(2019)
Optimizing colour for camouflage and visibility using deep learning: the effects of the environment and the observer's visual system.
in Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
Hall J
(2021)
A platform for initial testing of multiple camouflage patterns
in Defence Technology
J. Benito Wainwright
(2020)
Supplementary Methods from Overcoming the detectability costs of symmetrical coloration.
Matchette S
(2019)
Dappled light disrupts prey detection by masking movement
in Animal Behaviour
Matchette S
(2018)
Concealment in a dynamic world: dappled light and caustics mask movement
in Animal Behaviour
Description | We have constructed a novel method to exploit Generative Adversarial Networks to simulate an evolutionary arms race between the camouflage of a synthetic prey item and its predator. Patterns evolved using our methods provide progressively more effective concealment and outperform standard camouflage techniques. Our method will be invaluable, particularly for biologists, for rapidly developing and testing optimal camouflage or signalling patterns in multiple environments. We have also used image processing techniques to embed targets into realistic environments, psychophysics to estimate detectability, and deep neural networks to interpolate between sampled colours. This process allows the identification of the optimum colours for concealment and visibility for any environment (e.g. jungle) and any viewer (e.g. a red-green colour-blind dichromats, typical for non-human mammals). This framework allows the comparison of any visual system with any other, in any environment. Such comparisons can shed light questions such as why some predators (e.g. tigers) seem, at least to humans, to have colouring that would appear detrimental to ambush hunting. |
Exploitation Route | See entries under "Further funding". |
Sectors | Aerospace Defence and Marine Environment Security and Diplomacy Transport |
Description | There are now two currently classified projects which draw on the results of the grant, and several commercial organisations are drawing on the principles of the camomachine (details of which have been reported in publicly available journals) to generate camouflage patterns. A commercial enterprise has been using the camomachine to make cyclists more visible. As a direct result of the research and the skill-set that they developed, the two postdocs employed on the grant both gained permanent posts at the University of Bristol. |
First Year Of Impact | 2017 |
Sector | Aerospace, Defence and Marine,Leisure Activities, including Sports, Recreation and Tourism,Security and Diplomacy |
Impact Types | Economic |
Description | Automatic disease detection and monitoring in calves |
Amount | £609,617 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/S00128X/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 05/2018 |
End | 05/2021 |
Description | Concealing 3D objects |
Amount | £739,355 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/S00873X/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 05/2019 |
End | 12/2022 |
Description | Impact Acceleration Account Knowledge Transfer Secondment: Optimising high visibility patterns for bicycle apparel using deep learning |
Amount | £37,241 (GBP) |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 11/2020 |
End | 10/2021 |
Title | Data from: Overcoming the detectability costs of symmetrical colouration |
Description | For camouflaged prey, enhanced conspicuousness due to bilaterally symmetrical colouration increases predation risk. The ubiquity of symmetrical body patterns in nature is therefore paradoxical, perhaps explicable through tight developmental constraints. Placing patterns that would be salient when symmetrical (e.g. high contrast markings) away from the axis of symmetry is one possible strategy to reduce the predation cost of symmetrical colouration. Artificial camouflaged prey with symmetrical patterns placed at different distances from the axis were used in both visual search tasks with humans and survival experiments with wild avian predators. Targets were less conspicuous when symmetrical patterning was placed outside a 'critical zone' near the midline. To assess whether real animals have evolved as predicted from these experiments, the saliency of features at different distances from the midline was measured in the cryptically coloured forewings of 36 Lepidopteran species. Salience, both in absolute terms and relative to wing area, was greatest away from the axis of symmetry. Our work therefore demonstrates that prey morphologies may have evolved to exploit a loophole in the ability of mammalian and avian visual systems to spot symmetrical patterns. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2019 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | http://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.jm63xsj6b |
Title | False holes as camouflage |
Description | Long noted by naturalists, leaf mimicry provides some of the most impressive examples of camouflage through masquerade. Many species of leaf-mimicking Lepidoptera also sport wing markings that closely resemble irregularly shaped holes caused by decay or insect damage. Despite proposals that such markings can either enhance resemblance to damaged leaves or act to disrupt surface appearance through false depth cues, to our knowledge, no attempt has been made to establish exactly how these markings function, or even whether they confer a survival benefit to prey. Here, in two field experiments using artificial butterfly-like targets, we show that false hole markings provide significant survival benefits against avian predation. Furthermore, in a computer-based visual search experiment, we demonstrate that detection of such targets by humans is impeded in a similar fashion. Equally contrasting light marks do not have the same effect; indeed, they lead to increased detection. We conclude that the mechanism is the disruption of the otherwise homogeneous wing surface (surface disruptive camouflage) and that, by resembling the holes sometimes found in real leaves, the disruptive benefits are not offset by conspicuousness costs. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | http://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.866t1g1n2 |
Title | The Camouflage Machine: Optimising protective colouration using deep learning with genetic algorithms |
Description | Evolutionary biologists frequently wish to measure the fitness of alternative phenotypes using behavioural experiments. However, many phenotypes are complex. For example colouration: camouflage aims to make detection harder, while conspicuous signals (e.g. for warning or mate attraction) require the opposite. Identifying the hardest and easiest to find patterns is essential for understanding the evolutionary forces that shape protective colouration, but the parameter space of potential patterns (coloured visual textures) is vast, limiting previous empirical studies to a narrow range of phenotypes. Here we demonstrate how deep learning combined with genetic algorithms can be used to augment behavioural experiments, identifying both the best camouflage and the most conspicuous signal(s) from an arbitrarily vast array of patterns. To show the generality of our approach, we do so for both trichromatic (e.g. human) and dichromat (e.g. typical mammalian) visual systems, in two different habitats. The patterns identified were validated using human participants; those identified as the best for camouflage were significantly harder to find than a tried-and-tested military design, while those identified as most conspicuous were significantly easier than other patterns. More generally, our method, dubbed the 'Camouflage Machine', will be a useful tool for identifying the optimal phenotype in high dimensional state-spaces. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | http://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.31zcrjdjv |
Title | CamoGAN |
Description | CamoGAN uses Generative Adversarial Networks to simulate an evolutionary arms race between camouflage of a synthetic prey and its predator. CamoGAN can be used to evolve progressively more effective concealment against an artificial predator. |
Type Of Technology | Software |
Year Produced | 2019 |
Title | CamoGAN |
Description | CamoGAN uses Generative Adversarial Networks to simulate an evolutionary arms race between camouflage of a synthetic prey and its predator. CamoGAN can be used to evolve progressively more effective concealment against an artificial predator. |
Type Of Technology | Software |
Year Produced | 2019 |
Description | Appearance in BBC "Attenborough's Life in Colour" show |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | John Fennell and Laszlo Talas appeared in the BBC1 show titled "Attenborough's Life in Colour" where they demonstrated the vision constraints deer face when looking for a hiding tiger. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000styx |
Description | Appearance in CBBC "Deadly Predators" show |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | John Fennell and Laszlo Talas helped to develop the script and appeared in Steve Backshall's 'Deadly Predators' TV show where they discussed that prey of tigers (deer, wild hogs) are red-green colour blind and therefore cannot tell the tiger's orange brown fur apart from green vegetation in the background. They designed and run a mock experiment for Steve, who also used some of the demonstration props of the camouflage team. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/shows/deadly-predators |
Description | Bristol Neuroscience Festival |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Public lecture to c.200 people as part of Bristol Neuroscience Festival. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://www.bristol.ac.uk/neuroscience/bnf/2016/programme/ |
Description | CamoCon 2018 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Organised CamoCon 2018 in Bristol. This is the only international camouflage conference, and attracts both academics and industrial partners (and potential partners). The latter were represented by attendees from Dstl, QinetiQ, Boots, Countershade C.I.C. and Humble Bee Films, and a number of potential collaborative projects were identified between them and CamoLab . |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | http://camolab.com/events.php?s=camocon-2018-slides |
Description | DSTL LISTEN Signature Management Workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Meeting of industrial partners interested in collaborating to improve signal management. We were the only academic institution present. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | ECVP 2016 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Poster presentation at ECVP 2016, prompted questions and discussion during and after the conference |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://www.ub.edu/ecvp/ |
Description | Invited talk on 'Camouflage' at University of Westminster |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Laszlo gave an invited talk on camouflage (covering both biological and military camouflage) at University of Westminster to architects and designers. Valuable connections were established and the parties are keen to engage in further collaboration. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | http://www.openstudiowestminster.org/technical-studies-lecture-series-dr-laszlo-talas-university-of-... |
Description | Invited talk on camouflage at GOMA Projects Workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Laszlo gave an invited talk on camouflage to primarily young people at GOMA Projects Workshop, Camley Street, London. The talk inspired interesting questions by the audience and they reported change in their views (e.g. realising how animals see the world differently). The talk directly lead to getting an invitation to present at University of Westminster. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.instagram.com/goma.projects/?hl=en |
Description | Keynote lecture at conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Invited keynote lecture, Chinese Ornithological Congress, Xian, China, 22-25 September, 2015. "What camouflage tells us about avian perception and cognition" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Poster presentation at ECVP 2017 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | European Conference of Visual Perception is annual conference attracting between 700-1000 vision scientists. In 2017, the conferences was held in Berlin, Germany and we have presented a poster titled "The Camouflage Machine Part II: Optimising both colours and textures for camouflage and visibility". Several people have attended our poster, which sparked questions and discussion. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://www.ecvp.org/2017/ |
Description | Poster presentation at Royal Society |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | "Understanding images in biological and computer vision" was a scientific discussion meeting organised by Dr Andrew Schofield, Professor Aleš Leonardis, Professor Marina Bloj, Professor Iain D Gilchrist and Dr Nicola Bellotto at Royal Society, London. We have presented a poster titled "The "Camouflage Machine": optimising patterns for camouflage and visibility", which attracted vision scientists (e.g. biologists, psychologists) for questions and discussion. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://royalsociety.org/science-events-and-lectures/2018/02/understanding-images/ |
Description | Presentation at a military-themed workshop of the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, in Washington DC. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Invited to speak at a workshop on Bioinspired Signature Management on 16 September 2019, run by the Board on Army Research and Development (BOARD) of the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, in Washington DC. My presentation remit was blue skies research on animal camouflage, with a view to possible military applications. The outcomes of the meeting are classified. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://sites.nationalacademies.org/DEPS/board/index.htm |
Description | Public engagement activity - Festival of Nature 2017 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | "Nature expert" at event at the 2017 Festival of Nature, a 2-day free public event organised by the the Bristol Natural History Consortium (http://www.bnhc.org.uk/festival-of-nature/). I took part in "Nature Roulette" talking about animal coloration. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://www.bnhc.org.uk/nature-roulette-will-meet/ |
Description | School visit |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | STEM ambassador event: careers advice, mock interviews. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Symposium talk at Behaviour 2017 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | The Behaviour 2017 was a joint meeting of the 35th International Ethological Conference (IEC) and the 2017 Summer Meeting of the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (ASAB), that will bring together researchers and students from all fields of behaviour science. We have organised a symposium titled "Computational approaches to animal camouflage" and presented a talk with the title "Optimising camouflage against mammalian vision". The symposium was followed by a discussion session, where the audience engaged with speakers about the most relevant questions in animal camouflage and how to measure it using state-of-the-art computational techniques. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://behaviour2017.org/symposia/ |
Description | Talk at St Brendans |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Talk on camouflage and illusions to local school. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk at a schools event |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Talk to a schools event about reading psychology at university. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Talk at local school |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Talk to GCSE and lower 6th form students on animal camouflage, followed by presentation and discussion on careers in biology. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Talk at local school |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Talk to GCSE and lower 6th form students on animal defensive coloration, followed by presentation and discussion on careers in biology. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk at local school |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Talk to GCSE and lower 6th form students on animal camouflage, followed by presentation and discussion on careers in biology. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Talk at local school |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Invited talk at Bristol Grammar School to a mixture of staff and pupils. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Talk on animal defensive coloration at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Invited research talk to graduate students, undergraduates and postdocs at the School of Life Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk on camouflage and Illusions |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | STEM ambassador event: invited talk to STEM day for regional schools. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk on camouflage and illusions |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | STEM ambassador event: invited talk. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Talk on camouflage at RHUL |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Invited seminar at Royal Holloway, University of London |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Talk on camouflage at UCL |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Invited seminar given in Computer Science at UCL. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Talk on camouflage at the University of Bielefeld, Germany |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Research talk and discussion with students (postgrad and undergrad) about my research. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Talk on camouflage at the University of Durham |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Research talk and discussion with students (postgrad and undergrad) about my research. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Talk on camouflage at the University of Lausanne |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Research talk and discussion with students (postgrad and undergrad) about my research. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Talk on careers in STEM |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | STEM ambassador event: careers in STEM. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |