Engineering Photonics: Sensor and Instrumentation Development and Application
Lead Research Organisation:
CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY
Department Name: Sch of Engineering
Abstract
This proposal is to provide a platform for our research programmes that develop and apply advanced engineering photonics sensors and instrumentation to provide innovative measurement solutions. These measurements enable advances in engineering and science across multiple areas recognised as strategically important by the UK government. These areas include aerospace, energy, manufacturing, health, environment and transport.
Cranfield's leading research in engineering photonics based sensors and instrumentation, around which this Platform Grant is focused, provides significant added value to all these themes.
The areas of research to be supported under this Platform Grant are:
(i) Optical sensors and instrumentation for aerodynamic applications including evaluation on a flight test platform available owned and flown by Cranfield; a Scottish Aviation Bulldog aircraft
(ii) Optical gas and chemical sensing
(iii) Optical measurement technology for composite material process monitoring, health monitoring and impact detection
(iv) Advanced optical sensors and instrumentation for point-of-care diagnostics
(v) Novel optical instrumentation to support high added value manufacturing
(vi) Sensors based on nano-structured films deposited on optical fibre devices
Cranfield's leading research in engineering photonics based sensors and instrumentation, around which this Platform Grant is focused, provides significant added value to all these themes.
The areas of research to be supported under this Platform Grant are:
(i) Optical sensors and instrumentation for aerodynamic applications including evaluation on a flight test platform available owned and flown by Cranfield; a Scottish Aviation Bulldog aircraft
(ii) Optical gas and chemical sensing
(iii) Optical measurement technology for composite material process monitoring, health monitoring and impact detection
(iv) Advanced optical sensors and instrumentation for point-of-care diagnostics
(v) Novel optical instrumentation to support high added value manufacturing
(vi) Sensors based on nano-structured films deposited on optical fibre devices
Planned Impact
Our vision is to provide novel optical measurement solutions to nationally and internationally important applications in engineering. This will be achieved by developing novel photonic sensors and instrumentation, acknowledged by EPSRC to 'play a key role in enabling high quality transformational research' and to have 'a role to play in taking emerging technologies and sectors further towards application and commercialisation', to provide innovative measurement solutions that enable advances in engineering and science across multiple EPSRC priority areas. These include manufacturing, aerospace, transport, environment, energy and health. This information is used by others to produce high quality, lower cost and more environmentally friendly products. For example, lighter weight composite materials in structural and safety critical applications, improved aerodynamic efficiency for aerospace, automotive and energy applications, responding to ever more stringent legislation for safety critical applications, increased monitoring of components to extend their useful lifetime, and faster, lower cost diagnosis in health care. These areas will all benefit from advanced optical sensors and instrumentation, and in many cases optical methods are the only viable measurement solution. In particular the nature of the Platform Grant is such that industry will benefit from the greater stability of the research team and their ability to respond to short-term studies in a timely manner.
We collaborate extensively with SMEs and large national and multinational companies. The optical instrumentation and sensing technologies to be underpinned by the Platform Grant will support these industries in a number of ways. We have, for example, engaged with the user base as follows; the design of new optical products; the introduction of new measurement methodologies to manufacturing; the introduction of new measurement methodologies to testing.
We have existing collaborations with a number of industrial partners in the UK, Europe and internationally. Examples include: Airbus; Alphasense; BAE Systems, Cascade Technologies, EADS Astrium; Corus, Oxford Instruments, Mercedes, Rolls Royce; Siemens; Geotechnical Instruments; Daher-Socata; Embraer. With many of these companies we have existing agreements and close collaboration making for efficient and timely communication and engagement. This engagement occurs for specific projects and also by running dissemination meeting.
We engage with the Electronics, Sensors, Photonics Network of Innovate UK (previously the TSB). We are also an active partner in the UK "Gas Analysis and Sensing Group (GASG)", for which we hosted a meeting in April 2013 and will be chairing (Hodgkinson) from Jan. 2015.
We will continue to publish in high quality peer-reviewed journals and at international meetings as well as articles in appropriate trade magazines. Web pages describing the PG and its outcomes, along with our more specific research programmes, will be hosted on the university's site to further communicate the research. We plan to continue this broad range of engagement and dissemination that has operated successfully to-date.
We will host two free-to-attend dissemination workshops, one in year 3 and the other in year 5, with a target audience of 60.
The research themes to be underpinned by the Platform Grant are adventurous and will make an impact in a time frame of 5-20 years.
We collaborate extensively with SMEs and large national and multinational companies. The optical instrumentation and sensing technologies to be underpinned by the Platform Grant will support these industries in a number of ways. We have, for example, engaged with the user base as follows; the design of new optical products; the introduction of new measurement methodologies to manufacturing; the introduction of new measurement methodologies to testing.
We have existing collaborations with a number of industrial partners in the UK, Europe and internationally. Examples include: Airbus; Alphasense; BAE Systems, Cascade Technologies, EADS Astrium; Corus, Oxford Instruments, Mercedes, Rolls Royce; Siemens; Geotechnical Instruments; Daher-Socata; Embraer. With many of these companies we have existing agreements and close collaboration making for efficient and timely communication and engagement. This engagement occurs for specific projects and also by running dissemination meeting.
We engage with the Electronics, Sensors, Photonics Network of Innovate UK (previously the TSB). We are also an active partner in the UK "Gas Analysis and Sensing Group (GASG)", for which we hosted a meeting in April 2013 and will be chairing (Hodgkinson) from Jan. 2015.
We will continue to publish in high quality peer-reviewed journals and at international meetings as well as articles in appropriate trade magazines. Web pages describing the PG and its outcomes, along with our more specific research programmes, will be hosted on the university's site to further communicate the research. We plan to continue this broad range of engagement and dissemination that has operated successfully to-date.
We will host two free-to-attend dissemination workshops, one in year 3 and the other in year 5, with a target audience of 60.
The research themes to be underpinned by the Platform Grant are adventurous and will make an impact in a time frame of 5-20 years.
Organisations
Publications

Aime LFJ
(2021)
High sensitivity pressure measurement using optical fibre sensors mounted on a composite diaphragm.
in Optics express

Barrington J
(2019)
The effect of UV irradiation duty cycle on the 2nd harmonic coupling efficiency in optical fiber long period gratings
in Optics & Laser Technology

Bergin S
(2020)
Ratiometric pathlength calibration of integrating sphere-based absorption cells.
in Optics express

Bremner J
(2021)
Fibre-coupled, multiplexed methane detection using range-resolved interferometry
in Journal of Physics: Photonics

Charrett T
(2019)
Workpiece positioning sensor (wPOS): A three-degree-of-freedom relative end-effector positioning sensor for robotic manufacturing
in Procedia CIRP

Charrett T
(2018)
A non-contact laser speckle sensor for the measurement of robotic tool speed
in Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing

Charrett T
(2019)
Performance and Analysis of Feature Tracking Approaches in Laser Speckle Instrumentation.
in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Davis N
(2023)
Compact methane sensor using an integrating sphere and interband cascade laser at 3313 nm
in Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
Description | This grant has partially supported research into a new design of optical fibre based interferometer that is used for displacement, vibration and shape sensing. This outcomes from this research (details confidential) has been licenced to 3 companies, 2 of which are international. |
Exploitation Route | Technology from research supported by this award has been licensed. |
Sectors | Aerospace Defence and Marine Construction Energy Culture Heritage Museums and Collections Transport |
Description | Work partially supported by this grant has resulted in three licence agreements including a new start up company. |
First Year Of Impact | 2021 |
Sector | Aerospace, Defence and Marine,Electronics,Other |
Impact Types | Economic |
Description | Direct Fibre Optic Shape Sensing for Large Scale Engineering Structures |
Amount | £1,378,766 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/V020218/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2021 |
End | 09/2025 |
Description | Distributed gas sensing using hollow core optical fibre |
Amount | £548,710 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/X011674/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2023 |
End | 04/2026 |
Description | Distributed gas sensing using hollow core optical fibre |
Amount | £860,840 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/X012182/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2023 |
End | 04/2026 |
Description | Integrated optical position and orientation sensing for manufacturing robotics |
Amount | £1,101,012 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/S01313X/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2020 |
End | 01/2024 |
Description | New Wire Additive Manufacturing (NEWAM) |
Amount | £5,886,209 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/R027218/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 05/2018 |
End | 06/2024 |
Description | Paul Instrument Fund - Self-referencing multi-surface precision interferometer |
Amount | £74,835 (GBP) |
Funding ID | PI150046 |
Organisation | The Royal Society |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2016 |
End | 09/2019 |
Description | Spectroscopic Analysis of Roads at Traffic Speed (SARTS) |
Amount | £266,700 (GBP) |
Organisation | Transport Research Laboratory Ltd (TRL) |
Sector | Private |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 04/2019 |
End | 12/2021 |
Description | Volume flow measurement for microfluidic applications using a single access port |
Amount | £41,767 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/R511511/1 IAA award |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 02/2018 |
End | 03/2020 |
Title | Application of fibre optic sensing systems to measure rotor blade structural dynamics - underlying data |
Description | Refer to the paper for full details.Fig9a.csv: Comparison of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of data recorded by the direct optical fibre shape sensing system, an optical fibre Bragg grating strain sensor and a 1D accelerometer with finite element modeling predictions, measured on the top surface of an Airbus Helicopters H135 bearingless main rotor blade on the quarter chord line at approximately 40% rotor radius.Fig9b.csv: Comparison of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of data recorded by the direct optical fibre shape sensing system, an optical fibre Bragg grating strain sensor and a 1D accelerometer with finite element modeling predictions, measured on the top surface of an Airbus Helicopters H135 bearingless main rotor blade on the quarter chord line at approximately 60% rotor radius.Fig10_FBG_top.csv: Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the 7th fibre Bragg grating strain (FBG) sensor (FBG7) in the three FBG arrays bonded to the top surface of the Airbus Helicopters H135 bearingless main rotor blade, located at approximately 60% rotor radius.Fig10_FBG_bottom.csv: Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the 7th fibre Bragg grating strain sensor (FBG7) in the three FBG arrays bonded to the bottom surface of the Airbus Helicopters H135 bearingless main rotor blade, located at approximately 60% rotor radius.Fig11.csv: Time series of raw data of 3F frequency input collected at approximately 60% rotor radius for the accelerometer, fibre Bragg grating strain sensor and direct optical fibre shape sensor (vertical direction).Fig12.csv: Comparison of Power Spectral Density (PSD) for the 3F mode measured at approximately 60% rotor radius by the accelerometer, fibre Bragg grating strain sensor and direct optical fibre shape sensor (vertical direction).Fig14.csv: Mode shapes measured using the direct optical fibre shape sensorFig15.cvs: Comparison of normalised displacement mode shapes measured using a 1D accelerometer, the direct optical fibre shape sensor with the finite element model predictionFig16.csv: Normalised angle measurements performed by the direct optical fibre shape sensor with the ouput from the FE model for Mode 5FFig17.csv:Comparison of normalised strain mode shapes determined by the FBG strain sensors and the output from the FE model. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://cord.cranfield.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Application_of_fibre_optic_sensing_systems_to_measure_... |
Title | Data supporting "Optical Fibre Pressure Sensing Using a Frequency Modulated Laser-Based Signal Processing Technique" |
Description | Each file contains the relevant data to the figure as stated in its name. Column headers within the file outline the variable and its associated unit. The authors, where possible, have tried to keep the data in its rawest, useable form in order to provide the greatest flexibility for future manipulation. All data files are formatted as csv for accessibility. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2023 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://cord.cranfield.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Data_supporting_Optical_Fibre_Pressure_Sensing_Using_a... |
Title | Data supporting "The use of range-resolved interferometry for multi-parameter sensing in a wind tunnel" |
Description | Each data set relates to the data displayed in Figure 2 of the conference paper. The 1st column in each file outlines the data type and unit. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2023 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://cord.cranfield.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Data_supporting_The_use_of_range-resolved_interferomet... |
Title | Data supporting 'Fibre-coupled, multiplexed methane detection using range-resolved interferometry' |
Description | Data associated with paper 'Fibre-coupled, multiplexed methane detection using range-resolved interferometry'We describe the first use of range-resolved interferometric signal processing for measurement of spectral transmission. This was applied to gas sensing using tunable diode laser spectroscopy, allowing the simultaneous and independent measurement of methane concentrations in multiple gas cells. The system uses a single injection-current modulated diode laser and a single photodetector. For three gas cells, we show the ability of the system to measure methane at noise equivalent concentrations of less than 200 ppm for a 0.5 s measurement period and a potential noise equivalent concentration (1s) of |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://cord.cranfield.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Data_supporting_Fibre-coupled_multiplexed_methane_dete... |
Title | Data supporting the publication 'Compact methane sensor using an integrating sphere and Interband Cascade Laser at 3313nm' |
Description | Data associated with Sensors and Actuators B submission "Compact methane sensor using an integrating sphere and Interband Cascade Laser at 3313nm" |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2023 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://cord.cranfield.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Data_supporting_the_publication_Compact_methane_sensor... |
Title | Fibre-Coupled, Multiplexed Methane Detection Using Range Resolved Interferometry |
Description | Dataset for paper:Fig 2 & Fig3: Time of measurement, The OPD being interrogated, The amplitude of the signal produced by the RRI system, The applied window used, The raw interferrometric signal from the photdiodeNote: The Time measurement only applies to the measurement of the interferometric signal. The RRI signal amplitude is instantaneousFig 4:The extracted light intensity passing through each tube as a function of time over the period of one ramp. (arbitary units)Fig 5 Absorption Heights:The height of the normalised absorption curves in each testFig 5 Recorded Gas Flows:The gas flow measurements in each test that were used to calculate the gas concentrations in each testFig 6: Allan Deviation:The value for the Allan Deviation at each integration periodFig 7: Cross Talk Raw Data:The height of the normalised absorption curve measured for Tube 1 in each test.Fig 7: Cross Talk Protocol:The gas flow supplied to each tube during each test. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://cord.cranfield.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Fibre-Coupled_Multiplexed_Methane_Detection_Using_Rang... |
Title | Fibre-optic measurement of strain and shape on a helicopter rotor blade during a ground run: data for the measurement of shape |
Description | FSI_Phase_Data_Shape_CORD.csv contains the raw phase data from the three Fibre Segment interferometry array installed on the Direct Optical Fibre Shape Sensing Rod described in the paper: "Fibre-optic measurement of strain and shape on a helicopter rotor blade during a ground run - part 2: measurement of shape", Smart Materials and Structure, online 25 May 2022. Shape_Data_Vertical_CORD.csv contains the processed shape data in the vertical (flapping) direction, for the T&B2 ground run. Note that the position measurements are relative to the first FSI reflector on the rod, not to the centre of rotation of the blade. Shape_Data_Horizontal_CORD.csv contains the processed shape data n the horizontal (lagging) direction, for the T&B2 ground run. Note that the position measurements are relative to the first FSI reflector on the rod, not to the centre of rotation of the blade. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://cord.cranfield.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Fibre-optic_measurement_of_strain_and_shape_on_a_helic... |
Title | Fibre-optic measurement of strain and shape on a helicopter rotor blade during a ground run: data for the measurement of strain |
Description | FBG_Data_CORD.csv contains the raw wavelength data from the 10 FBGs (G1-G10) recorded during the ground run detailed within the paper "Fibre-optic measurement of strain and shape on a helicopter rotor blade during a ground run - part 1: measurement of strain", James et al. Smart Materials and Structures, available online, May 2022. The unit of the "Time" column is seconds, while the units of columns G1-G10 are nanometers. FSI_Data_CORD.csv contains the raw phase data obtained from the interferometers formed between the reflectors (R1-R10,) and the cleaved end of the optical fibre, recorded during the ground run detailed within the paper The unit of the "Time" column is seconds, while the units of columns R1-R10 are radians. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://cord.cranfield.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Fibre-optic_measurement_of_strain_and_shape_on_a_helic... |
Title | High sensitivity pressure measurement using optical fibre sensors mounted on a composite diaphragm |
Description | Data underlying the work presented in the paper "High sensitivity pressure measurement usingoptical fibre sensors mounted on a compositediaphragm", published in Optics Express, 2020.Each zip file contains the data and a text file describing the contents. Full details are provided in the paper |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://cord.cranfield.ac.uk/articles/dataset/High_sensitivity_pressure_measurement_using_optical_fi... |
Title | FLUID SENSING SYSTEMS AND METHODS |
Description | An interferometric fluid sensing system is provided. The system comprises: a laser; a plurality of first fibre portions arranged to receive laser light from the laser, wherein each of the first fibre portions comprises a void and an opening to allow fluid from the environment around the corresponding first fibre portion to enter the void, wherein the first fibre portions are configured such that the laser light received by each first fibre portion passes through the corresponding void; a second fibre portion configured to provide a reference arm for the interferometric fluid sensing system; and a detector arranged to receive light from the first and second fibre portions, wherein the system is configured such that the laser light that passes through the void of each first fibre portion is caused to interfere with the light passing through the second fibre portion at or before reaching the detector, wherein each of the first fibre portions is arranged such that that light passing through the void of each first fibre portion travels from the laser to the detector over a different path length from the light passing through the voids of the other first fibre portions, wherein the system is configured such that the wavelength of light provided by the laser varies with time according to a modulated function, the modulated function comprising a first function, which varies through a range of wavelengths, modulated by a second, cyclical carrier function. An interferometric fluid detection method is also provided. |
IP Reference | WO2020049287 |
Protection | Patent application published |
Year Protection Granted | 2020 |
Licensed | No |
Impact | N/A |
Title | HOLLOW FIBRE WAVEGUIDE GAS CELLS |
Description | This disclosure relates to hollow fibre waveguide spectroscopic gas cells built using connectors and the method for making them. The connectors are used to construct gas cell end pieces which allow gas and light to enter the hollow fibre waveguide simultaneously thus creating a gas cell. The connectors comprise a window which intersects or is in close proximity to a junction of bores within the connector, the bores transmitting gas through the connector to or from the hollow fibre waveguide. Connectors may also be used to connect two sections of fibre together in order to produce longer gas cells which enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of spectroscopic measurements. The window, which is at least partially transparent at the wavelength of the light used for spectroscopic purposes, is affixed so as to maintain a gas tight seal for the gas cell. These gas cells provide a combination of long path length and low volume and are well suited to mid-infrared spectroscopic applications which require a fast response time or low flow rate. |
IP Reference | US2018156715 |
Protection | Patent / Patent application |
Year Protection Granted | 2018 |
Licensed | No |
Impact | Patent cited in grant proposals for grants already within portfolio |
Title | Hollow fibre waveguide gas cells |
Description | Gas cells with a low volume and long pathlength suitable for fast response and / or analysis of small sample volumes |
IP Reference | GB1508115.1 |
Protection | Patent application published |
Year Protection Granted | 2015 |
Licensed | No |
Impact | This IP has been used in a follow-on EPSRC grant |
Title | In-situ pathlength calibration for integrating cavities |
Description | A pathlength calibration scheme for integrating cavities, allowing their use as vibration - tolerant gas cells in challenging and potentially dirty environments |
IP Reference | GB1506609.5 |
Protection | Patent application published |
Year Protection Granted | 2015 |
Licensed | No |
Impact | Two follow-on grants based on the work behind the patent, both included in Researchfish |
Title | In-situ pathlength calibration for integrating cavities |
Description | In one aspect, the mean pathlength of an integrated cavity is determined using a light source S1 and two detectors D1, D2. The light from the source to the first detector is not influenced by reflectivity of the cavity, and light from the source to a second detector is influenced by reflectivity. In another aspect there are two light sources S1, S2 and two detectors. The light from the first source to the first detector and the second source to the second detector is not influenced by reflectivity of the cavity, and light from the first source to the second detector and from the second source to the first detector is influenced by reflectivity. In another aspect there are two light sources and a detector wherein light from the first source to the detector is influenced by reflectivity of the cavity and light from the second source to the detector is not influenced by reflectivity. A reference pathlength is determined during a calibration step at a first time using a calibration standard. The pathlength is determined at a second time using the reference pathlength and a comparison of the ratio of light fluxes measured at the first and second times. |
IP Reference | GB2541351 |
Protection | Patent / Patent application |
Year Protection Granted | 2017 |
Licensed | No |
Impact | None to date |
Title | Optical fibre based interferometry |
Description | IP based on our optical fibre based interferometry research has been licenced |
IP Reference | |
Protection | Trade Mark |
Year Protection Granted | 2021 |
Licensed | Commercial In Confidence |
Impact | 3 licence agreements have been signed between 2 UK companies and the university and 1 international company and the university. |
Title | WAVELENGTH CONTROL OF LASER DIODES |
Description | This invention generally relates to a method of controlling emission wavelength of a light emitting device, and a system for wavelength control of a light emitting device, for example for wavelength stabilisation of a laser diode. One method of controlling emission wavelength of a light emitting device comprises: determining an indication of series resistance of the device, the series resistance comprising ohmic resistance of the device; providing a current through the device to maintain light emission of the device; measuring a forward voltage of the device during said light emission, the forward voltage being across an impedance comprising impedance of an active region of the device and the series resistance; determining an indicator of active region voltage on the basis of the measured forward voltage and the determined indicator of series resistance; and controlling a temperature of the device on the basis of the determined indicator of active region voltage. |
IP Reference | US2017047709 |
Protection | Patent / Patent application |
Year Protection Granted | 2017 |
Licensed | No |
Impact | None to date |
Description | Display stand at Laser World of Photonics Exhibition, Munich 2017 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Instrumentation demonstrators from several EPSRC funded programmes exhibited at a major international exhibition & conference. The aim was to increase impact of the our research by engaging with end users. A number of useful new contacts were made that are currently being further developed. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://openoptics.info/munich-portal/ |
Description | Display stand at Photonex exhibition, UK, 2017 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Instrumentation demonstrators from several EPSRC funded programmes exhibited at a major international exhibition & conference. The aim was to increase impact of the our research by engaging with end users. A number of useful new contacts were made that are currently being further developed. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |