Synthesis of Quantum States
Lead Research Organisation:
Royal Holloway University of London
Department Name: Mathematics
Abstract
Microelectronics and lasers, two of the major technologies underpinning the information age, are but comparatively rudimentary applications of the theory of Quantum Mechanics. A major drive of current research is to realise the full potential of a fully quantum-derived information age.
One framework to express these futuristic technologies is Quantum Information, which describes their operation simply in terms of an underlying quantum state, and manipulations that have to be performed on it. Different quantum states yield different protocols.
Existing protocols rely on only a very small set of states, and much experimental effort is expended in producing high quality versions of these states. However, production is often specified in terms of a complex sequence of operations. In this research, we will study a more natural production method wherein the synthesis of an appropriate quantum state is embedded in the natural properties of the system. This will mean that future experiments, aimed at building new quantum technologies, will be able to initialise themselves with minimal experimental effort, and in an easily repeated way.
This technique is already known to work in specific situations (known as "Perfect state transfer"), and has already been experimentally implemented. Our task is to extend this special case into a broader concept that can be applied to any quantum information protocol. In practice, this means concentrating on the production of those small number of specific states that most protocols are based on, but also means that a characterisation of the states that can be produced can drive new theory - if we produce a particular state, what can be done with it?
This theoretical concept could facilitate a far more rapid adoption of quantum technologies than would otherwise be possible. Specifying a desired functionality is one thing; laboratory realisation is another due to the manifold external influences collectively known as noise or decoherence. These corrupt the perfect concept, meaning that the final product is not the desired one. The final part of this project will study how those effects may be mitigated through the use of further engineering of the system, and by encoding the desired functionality into a form of error correcting code. Ultimately, the hope is that this decoherence might be used to engineer a difference range of states from those which one would be able to access without it, turning unwanted aspect into an essential feature.
One framework to express these futuristic technologies is Quantum Information, which describes their operation simply in terms of an underlying quantum state, and manipulations that have to be performed on it. Different quantum states yield different protocols.
Existing protocols rely on only a very small set of states, and much experimental effort is expended in producing high quality versions of these states. However, production is often specified in terms of a complex sequence of operations. In this research, we will study a more natural production method wherein the synthesis of an appropriate quantum state is embedded in the natural properties of the system. This will mean that future experiments, aimed at building new quantum technologies, will be able to initialise themselves with minimal experimental effort, and in an easily repeated way.
This technique is already known to work in specific situations (known as "Perfect state transfer"), and has already been experimentally implemented. Our task is to extend this special case into a broader concept that can be applied to any quantum information protocol. In practice, this means concentrating on the production of those small number of specific states that most protocols are based on, but also means that a characterisation of the states that can be produced can drive new theory - if we produce a particular state, what can be done with it?
This theoretical concept could facilitate a far more rapid adoption of quantum technologies than would otherwise be possible. Specifying a desired functionality is one thing; laboratory realisation is another due to the manifold external influences collectively known as noise or decoherence. These corrupt the perfect concept, meaning that the final product is not the desired one. The final part of this project will study how those effects may be mitigated through the use of further engineering of the system, and by encoding the desired functionality into a form of error correcting code. Ultimately, the hope is that this decoherence might be used to engineer a difference range of states from those which one would be able to access without it, turning unwanted aspect into an essential feature.
Planned Impact
As a theoretical study in Quantum Information Processing, the most direct impact of the proposed research will be on academic beneficiaries. Indeed, the purpose of the research is to facilitate experimental realisations of quantum technologies by reducing the technical demands on an experiment, concentrating on the properties of the experiment that are most easily controlled, and working around those that aren't. With EPSRC's Quantum Technology Hubs in place to provide the framework to accelerate the evolution of these experiments into real-world applications with genuine societal and economic impact, these academic beneficiaries will mediate the medium to long-term impact of the work. An extraordinary diversity of hugely influential impacts is anticipated for these new quantum technologies, and those will not be realised by individuals; they will arise as part of a coordinated strategy to which this research will contribute at a conceptual level.
People |
ORCID iD |
Alastair Kay (Principal Investigator) |
Publications
Kay A
(2017)
Perfect Coding for Dephased Quantum State Transfer
Kay A
(2018)
Coprocessors for quantum devices
in Physical Review A
Kay A
(2017)
Generating quantum states through spin chain dynamics
in New Journal of Physics
Kay A
(2018)
Perfect coding for dephased quantum state transfer
in Physical Review A
Kay A
(2017)
Tailoring spin chain dynamics for fractional revivals
in Quantum
Kay A
(2018)
The Perfect State Transfer Graph Limbo
Kay A
(2017)
Co-Processors for Quantum Devices
Description | Our primary aim was to find a way to design quantum systems so that their natural evolution could produce interesting quantum state within a particular class. We studied two different philosophies via which these designs can be achieved, and have benchmarked the evolution time that each of them requires. One method in particular is typically faster, and exceeds the times required for previous strategies such as the gate model. This speed advantage is important for minimise the effects of errors that can build up during the evolution. We have several numerical strategies for performing the design step using either philosophy. However, none of these demonstrate the clear-cut convergence towards the requisite properties that we would hope for, and typically require some manual massaging, or mixing of techniques to achieve convergence to the required accuracy. Research continues into the precise cause, and possible solutions. We have also seen how two useful quantum protocols can be realised via this Hamiltonian design process; one system which can generate a GHZ state (important as a benchmark for proving quantum capabilities), and one which can implement optimal quantum cloning, a quintessentially quantum protocol that has no classical counterpart. We have also studied how error correction can be used on spin chains to help reduce the effects of noise, and have found the optimal error correcting codes. While we intended to study the production of quantum states outside the initial class of states (going from the single excitation subspace to the multi-excitation subspace), the relation to that initial class of states was remarkably trivial and made the extension uninteresting. |
Exploitation Route | The impact will be mediated through the academic impact. The particular results so far are amenable to experimental implementation. For example, evanescently coupled waveguides, as predicted in the original proposal, would provide a very natural implementation, but have a disadvantage in that they only give a partial simulation; they do not work in higher excitation subspaces. However, early numerics of a new PhD project suggest that experimental systems involving superconducting qubits might be feasible. |
Sectors | Education |
Description | Royal Holloway Doctoral Training |
Amount | £45,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Royal Holloway, University of London |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 10/2018 |
End | 09/2021 |
Description | Collaboration With Christino Tamon, Clarkson University |
Organisation | Clarkson University |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I provided many of the technical results/calculations for a follow-up research paper, arXiv:2209.08160. We continue to work together on new results. |
Collaborator Contribution | Initial ideation, discussion, write-up. |
Impact | arXiv:2209.08160 |
Start Year | 2022 |
Title | Quantikz |
Description | A LaTeX package for producing quantum circuit diagrams. |
Type Of Technology | Software |
Year Produced | 2018 |
Open Source License? | Yes |
Impact | The outputs have already started appearing in papers/preprints by other authors. If the first half of 2021, over 100 papers appearing on the arXiv server made use of the quantikz package. |
URL | https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.03842 |
Description | Attendance at Quantum Technologies Showcase 2016 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | My involvement was intended to identify, and facilitate future engagement, with experimental research groups and industry. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://www.nqit.ox.ac.uk/event/2016-national-quantum-technologies-showcase |
Description | Contribtion to Quantum Computing Stack Exchange |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | I have started contributing to the recently formed Stack Exchange forum on Quantum Computation, answering questions from any registered user. I am currently the highest ranked contributor, and the website estimates that my answers have reached approximately 220,000 users. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018,2019 |
URL | https://quantumcomputing.stackexchange.com/users/1837/daftwullie?tab=profile |
Description | Distribution of Informational Flyer at Quantum Technologies Showcase 2017 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Royal Holloway had a stall at the Quantum Technologies Showcase 2017, and I provided a promotional flyer introducing my research. The aim was to facilitate some of the academic impact of my work by engaging with more experimental members of the community, that I would not ordinarily interact with, and whom would also be presenting. However, the broader communities present included media, politicians and industry. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://nqit.ox.ac.uk/event/national-quantum-technologies-showcase-2017 |
Description | Introductory video about Quantum Key Distribution |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | I have created a video detailing the concepts of Quantum Key Distribution, and also documenting a bit of the social history involved. Between them, the two versions that I have created have accumulated almost 500 views. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017,2018 |
URL | https://vimeo.com/quantummechanic/qkd |
Description | Website |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Development of pages for website describing, in a broadly accessible way, the research involved in the project. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017,2018 |
URL | http://www.ma.rhul.ac.uk/akay/technicalities/grant.php |