Newton Fund (Invitation Only) Next Generation Green Data Centres for Environmental and Business Sustainability

Lead Research Organisation: Heriot-Watt University
Department Name: Sch of Engineering and Physical Science

Abstract

Rapid urbanisation in Malaysia and globally is driving socio-economic change and infrastructure development that is
resulting in high levels of current and projected demand for digital connectivity and data handling. Data centers are key, but
globally they are large consumers of energy with substantial emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants that
degrade urban air quality. Cooling represents more than half of the energy consumption. To be located in the highly
urbanised city of Petaling Jaya, the Next Generation Green Data Centre Living Lab proposed for this industrially driven
collaboration will innovatively integrate novel Malaysian and UK green energy and cooling technologies to reduce energy
consumption by 50%, improving energy security and reducing emissions. The project will create a replicable and
commercially viable approach to sustainable computing for reconciling urbanisation with environmental risk and climate
change globally. In parallel the collaboration will lead to significant social impact through improved urban air quality,
enabling sustainable connectivity, and the creation of a green technology commercialisation hub in Malaysia.

Planned Impact

This industrially driven collaboration across leading industrial and academic partners will impact on society and economy
through the integration of novel Malaysian and UK green energy and cooling technologies to reduce energy consumption
by 50%, improving energy security and reducing emissions. This collaboration will also impact society through improved
urban air quality, enabling sustainable connectivity, and the creation of a green technology commercialisation hub in
Malaysia. We will realise the potential knowledge based, economic and societal impacts of our research through:
application and exploitation; and communication and engagement activities. The significant impacts on the economy and
energy security are based on the size and growth of the world data centre (DC) industry. The International Data
Corporation reports that global data centre capacity will grow from 1.58 to 1.94 billion square feet between 2013 and 2018,
with about 600,000 data centres alone will be built globally from now until 2017 of which 450,000 are expected within the
new growth area of Asia Pacific and with 8,600 in Malaysia.
This project will help to enabling sustainable computing growth, while simultaneously supporting manufacturing and
enhanced job opportunities. These impacts will be achieved by a reduction of 50% in data centre energy consumption
through a novel fluid submersion cooling process, and the provision of zero-emissions backup power generators utilising
innovative Dearman cryogenic engine technology. The societal and economic impacts will also help to reconcile
urbanisation and growth with climate change and sustainability and will contribute significantly to the country's social well
being. The project will also have a knowledge based impact through capacity building
The outputs from the project will include a commercialisable sustainable computing model for Next Generation Green Data
Center Farms that can be replicated for deployment anywhere in the world. This innovative model developed will be
embodied in a new green DC product range which will subsequently be commercially disseminated through productisation,
marketing and sales activites. We will be supported through the expert (and independently funded) Business Development
teams at the academic partners institutions. The objectives and outputs of our project will also be marketed through our
diverse business networks of more than 300 industry and government partners.
We propose to outreach to the public, policy makers and industry to complement the conventional routes for dissemination
to the scientific community. The consortium intends to disseminate the project results to a targeted audience of digital
centre operators and builders globally in the form of a 'Next Generation Green DC Farm Framework and Deployment
Model' guide.
 
Description Heriot-Watt University plays a key role in planning and innovatively integrating the novel Malaysian Green Data Center (GDC)'s Submersify liquid cooling technology and UK Dearman engine's zero-emission cooling and power generation technology. The innovation aims to reduce energy consumption by 50%, improving energy security and reducing emissions.

? The research has highlighted the performance comparison between traditional and next generation data centres. Utilising the cold energy generated from the vaporisation of liquid nitrogen, heat exchange is taken place between the data centre waste heat and clean cold, meeting the cooling demand of the data centre while no additional power is drawn from grid. waste heat energy is recovered as energy input for the operation of Dearman engine, enabling heat exchange at higher temperature, i.e. ?T ˜ 220K, as well as thermal cooling control rather than electrical. As a result, the power usage effectiveness (PUE) of the next generation data centre can improve by 40% compared to a traditional data centre of same size.
? The proposed system is currently under construction in Malaysia, where the frequency of power outage became a disadvantage for running data centres, in addition to the tropical hot and humid climate. By using standard shipping containers to host large number of servers and Dearman engine and stacking the containers into a block formation, the integrated system is more resilient to extreme weather, power failure and low cost technologies well suited to the needs of the country.
? Heat exchange design: replacing an air-side heat exchanger with a brazed-plate heat exchanger, enabling direct heat exchange between extremely cold liquid nitrogen and hot cooling water from data centre. This innovation will help Malaysian partner to save on-site space and improve data centre cooling efficiency while also eliminating the risk of pipe blockage induced by ice build-up when liquid nitrogen is exposed in humid air in Malaysia.
Exploitation Route The innovations described above can also be used in other Asian countries where resources are limited to employ the western developed systems.
The process integration from this project will open sustainable commercial energy storage opportunities for data centres, particularly in Asia Pacific and Southern Asia where due to poor grid infrastructure many cities in the region already suffer from power outage and significant air quality challenges that will be exacerbated by future growth.
Sectors Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Energy,Environment

 
Description The project has already achieved significant progress in delivering and contributing to the development of technical, commercial safety and environmental success to a wider society. Green Data Center (GDC) LLP is extending the novel Submersify capability by placing six Submersify reservoirs into each 20 foot shipping container called KoolKUBE. These containers are deployed as a modular solution and stacked to save premium space and reduce CAPEX costs by 70%. Recently, the Malaysian partner has commenced to fully equip nine KoolKUBEs, a total of 54 Submersify units with a capacity of 2,268 servers totalling 216m3. The Dearman Engine Company has built a unit that is able to deliver 5-10kW of backup electric power and 10-15kW of additional free cooling at the Next Generation Green Data Centre site in Malaysia. Heriot-Watt University is ensuring the integration of results generated from modelling and laboratory testing for compatibility analysis of the physical system and thermal process integration. The current Next Generation Data Centre project has achieved significant advances to ensure a commercial success for both Malaysian and UK partners. Based on reported published by the International Data Corporation that global data centre capacity will grow from 1.58 to 1.94 billion square feet between 2013 and 2018, with about 600,000 data centres alone will be built globally from now until 2018 of which 450,000 are expected within the new growth area of Asia-Pacific and with 8,600 Malaysia. Considering a 5% market share of new data centre builds in the region, 19.7 billion kWh of electricity will be saved by implementing the technology integration, ensuring sustained energy security, whilst saving business and government US$3.94 bn and avoiding 14.6 million metric tonnes of CO2. The market share revenue for the consortium is worth US$13.5 bn with a gross profit margin of US$2 per IT watt consumed making gross profits US$9 bn from 2019 to 2025. A further US$576 million in revenue is expected from retrofitting outdated data centres globally in the same time period. The project has formulated detailed plans to ensure safe operation of the DC and Dearman Engine integration and priority concerns are regarded with the Submersify coolant and the safe use of LiN. The coolant is derived from non-toxic source and the separation of LiN storage tank from the main engine operation room were also implemented from design. The project also endeavours to help enabling sustainable computing growth while simultaneously impact on a broad range of environmental compliance concerns with a green design approach adopted throughout. These considerations are achieved by a reduction of 50% in data centre energy consumption through the Submersify fluid submersion cooling process, and the provision of zero-emissions backup power generation utilising innovative Dearman cryogenic engine technology. In addition, with no harmful air pollutants being emitted during back-up power and cooling operations, the quality of life for the surrounding population will improve significantly, and the overall reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from computing will help mitigate climate change and reduce environmental risk. Green Data Centre (GDC) LLP has since the completion of the project been approached by various data centre hosting companies. The result and demo unit from this research project has attracted investment from RegalOrigin, which in March, 2018 has contracted to build a world premium Teir 4 next generation green data centre. The total investment costs RM 1.20 Billion (approximately USD300 million). The duration of construction is 3 years and commenced since October 2019. Stage 1 of the data centre will be finished by October 2020 with 1110 racks of operational servers at Green category and 148 racks rated at ultra-green. Total capacity for the fully operational data centre is going to expect 120,000 square feet of net hosting space for 4,064 green racks and 175,840 square feet of net hosting space for 6,344 ultra-green racks.
First Year Of Impact 2019
Sector Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Energy,Environment
Impact Types Economic

 
Description Participation in Industrial heat recovery consultation event organised by BEIS and Innovate UK
Geographic Reach National 
Policy Influence Type Contribution to a national consultation/review
 
Title Decision support software tool 
Description Decision support software tool that incorporate the data centre waste heat recovery framework was developed 
Type Of Technology Software 
Year Produced 2017 
Impact Conducting energy and mass balance, identifying the quantity and quality of waste heat within data centres, the decision support tool enables an appropriate waste heat recovery technology to be recommended and techno-economic benefit analysed. 
 
Description 2017 Dean's Forum, Women in Science and Engineering 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact 2017 Dean's Forum, Women in Science and Engineering, 31st August - 1st September 2017, Paris. Further follow ups on the research areas and general topics covered.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
 
Description Engineering Theme Regional Workshops-EPSRC 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Participation at the EPSRC Engineering Theme two day Regional Workshops (May 2017) to engage with a cross-section of the Engineering community and related areas to share EPSRC's strategy for the Delivery Plan 2016-17/2019-20 and discussed its implementation in the context of the Engineering Theme's strategy. By participating in the workshops, attendees has the opportunity to provide input and feedback on Engineering's contributions to the EPSRC's Delivery Plan for 2016-17/2019-20, particularly on key areas including:
• Alignment to the Prosperity Outcomes
• Delivering against the three EPSRC strategies: Accelerating Impact, Balancing Capability, Building Leadership
• Solutions for Equality and Diversity challenges
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
 
Description Event 10th anniversary RCCS 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Event 10th anniversary RCCS; May 2018
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Supporters
Results and Impact Participated in EPSRC/Innovate consultation on Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund, January 2017, London
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
 
Description Invited presentation workshop PostDoc Forum 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Interdisciplinary Research: Developing our Strategy; Invited presentation at Heriot-Watt Postdoc Forum, 23rd March 2018
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description Invited presentation- Lyell Connect event 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Interdisciplinary Research Connectivity; Lyell Centre Research Connect Event; 26th January 2018
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description Invited presentation- Monash Univ 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact 'Chemical and engineering solutions for CO2 conversion'; Seminar Monash University; 24th October 2018
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description Invited presentation-Scottish Crucible 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Invited presentation and panel 'Grand Challenges' ; Scottish Crucible
Grand Challenges and Impact Session; 23rd November 2018
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description Presentation at conference- ICAE 2018 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Y. Luo, J. Andresen, H. Clarke, M. Rajendra, M. Maroto-Valer, A framework for waste heat energy recovery within data centre, 10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018, Hong Kong, China
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description Presentation at conference- ICAE 2018 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact F. Lonis, Y. Luo, J. Andresen, M. Maroto-Valer, Capture of cold energy from liquid nitrogen using a brazed plate heat exchanger, 10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018, Hong Kong, China
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description RSC Science and the Parliament 2019 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact RSC Science and the Parliament 2019, Dynamic Earth, Edinburgh 2019
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS) Newsletter 
Form Of Engagement Activity A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact RCCS Newsletter summarising activites for 2018
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Research Experience for local High School for widening participation 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact Two high school students were introduced to university research between 16th-20th October 2017. They conducted experiments on data centre cooling.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
 
Description Talk to general public- Exploration Weekend 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Saving the planet: Carbon neutral energy; Heriot-Watt Exploration Weekend; 19th May 2019
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description University Applicants Visit Days 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact 4 Applicant Visit Days (AVD) per year, taking place normally in March-April time. For each AVD, we host two visits to the lab with approximately 15-20 people per visit. Groups of last year High School pupils (plus family members) with an offer to enrol in one of our Chemical Engineering BEng and MEng programmes visit the RCCS labs every year during the Applicant Visit Days, scheduled across March-April time. In total, 8 visits to RCCS labs take place per year with 15-20 applicants per visit, i.e., a total of 120-160 students per year. The purpose of the visits is to communicate our research and showcase our research facilities so Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage technologies are more widely understood within the general public. The pupils are challenged with questions and engaged in discussions to understand the technology. Feedback from the visits has been always very positive, with further interest in our research activities and undergrad programmes.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015,2016,2017,2018
 
Description University Doors Open Day 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact University Doors Open Day on the 28th September 2019
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description University Stakeholders Meeting 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact University Stakeholders Meeting; 25th September 2019
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019