Digital twins for improved dynamic design

Lead Research Organisation: University of Sheffield
Department Name: Mechanical Engineering

Abstract

The aim of this proposal is to create a robustly-validated virtual prediction tool called a "digital twin". This is urgently needed to overcome limitations in current industrial practice that increasingly rely on large computer-based models to make critical design and operational decisions for systems such as wind farms, nuclear power stations and aircraft. The digital twin is much more than just a numerical model: It is a "virtualised" proxy version of the physical system built from a fusion of data with models of differing fidelity, using novel techniques in uncertainty analysis, model reduction, and experimental validation. In this project, we will deliver the transformative new science required to generate digital twin technology for key sectors of UK industry: specifically power generation, automotive and aerospace. The results from the project will empower industry with the ability to create digital twins as predictive tools for real-world problems that (i) radically improve design methodology leading to significant cost savings, and (ii) transform uncertainty management of key industrial assets, enabling a step change reduction in the associated operation and management costs. Ultimately, we envisage that the scientific advancements proposed here will revolutionise the engineering design-to-decommission cycle for a wide range of engineering applications of value to the UK.

Planned Impact

This project will have economic impact in the offshore wind, nuclear power, aerospace and automotive industries. The development of new digital twin technology will enable companies working in these sectors to design and operate their products and assets with lower design and operational costs. There may also be benefits in terms of extending operational life. In terms of societal impact, this will contribute to lower energy costs, reduced CO2 emissions, and employment security in the UK. The development of new knowledge, both in the academic domain and translated to industry will happen in parallel with the training and development of a cohort of expert early career researchers. These expert researchers are a key resource for the UK skills base, and they will contribute to the ongoing competiveness of the industrial sectors mentioned above.
 
Title Video showing the evolution of backbone curves with parameter space from Conditions for the existence of isolated backbone curves 
Description Evolution of backbone curves 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2019 
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/Video_showing_the_evolution_of_backbone_curves_with_parameter_space...
 
Title Video showing the evolution of backbone curves with parameter space from Conditions for the existence of isolated backbone curves 
Description Evolution of backbone curves 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2019 
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/Video_showing_the_evolution_of_backbone_curves_with_parameter_space...
 
Description In the first half of the project, the activities have been deliberately weighted towards developing the new science required to achieve the project objectives. Full details are given in the mid-term report, but the main scientific highlights so far are:
A1. A logic-based framework for the analysis and synthesis of digital twin
A2. Domain adaption and multi-task learning for digital twin applications
A3. Development of new uncertainty propagation techniques in dynamic sub-structuring
A4. Improved robustness of nonlinear parameter identification using control-based continuation

As the project moves into its second half, there will be an increased emphasis on impact. In the mid-term report we highlighted the following achievements so far:
I1. An "observational digital twin" for an aircraft ground-steering system
I2. Work with Airbus on the Semi Aeroelastic Hinge (Albatross-one)
I3. Code libraries & Puffin software for intrusive uncertainty quantification (UQ) objects and operations
I4. Digital Twin Operational Platform (DTOP) for the 3-storey structure (now Use Case U0)

In addition to the above points, fundamental research work has also been carried out in the key areas relating to verification & validation, uncertainty analysis, control, jointing, design and hybrid testing.
Exploitation Route The outcomes of this award are being used by the project industry partners, and we are in discussion with other potential users of the results from the project. In particular we are planning to further develop the open source software release on Github during 2021 https://github.com/Digital-Twin-Operational-Platform/Cristallo
Sectors Aerospace

Defence and Marine

Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software)

Energy
URL https://digitwin.ac.uk/
 
Description Team members at Swansea have been collaborating with Airbus on the Semi Aeroelastic Hinge (Albatross-one). The main idea behind this project is the use of folding wingtip devices that increase the aspect ratio and therefore improve the aircraft efficiency & performance. Specifically, the linked PhD student started working on this in January 2019. There are continuing discussions with Dr AC about the comparison of results of the developed model at Swansea with the high-fidelity model at Airbus. There is also the possibility of using physical test data from Airbus. Digital Twin Operational Platform (DTOP): A web-based operational platform has been written for application of the digital twin concept to applications. This platform has been written using the Flask Python programming framework. It includes input from all partners and themes across the consortium. The code uses Flask/Python and Javascript to present real-time information on the web visualisation interface. This user-interface is used to showcase the algorithms developed in each of the Themes. We are now exploring use this platform for industry applications, and have released a early version as an open software project on Github: https://github.com/Digital-Twin-Operational-Platform/Cristallo Team members at the University of Sheffield are working with a Business Advisor to explore the possibility of creating a spin-out company
First Year Of Impact 2020
Sector Aerospace, Defence and Marine
Impact Types Economic
 
Description Advice given on the development of the Gemini Principles for digital twins
Geographic Reach National 
Policy Influence Type Participation in a guidance/advisory committee
URL https://www.cdbb.cam.ac.uk/DFTG/GeminiPrinciples
 
Description Advice on the research landscape for Digital Twins in the UK for the Futures Team at the Government Office for Science (BEIS) & UKRI.
Geographic Reach National 
Policy Influence Type Participation in a guidance/advisory committee
 
Title BAE T1A Hawk Starboard Wing Modal Test 
Description Modal testing data pertaining to a test campaign conducted in 2022 on the starboard wing of a BAE systems T1A Hawk aircraft at the LVV in Sheffield. All data is in the self-describing .hdf5 format and can be opened in any hdf5 viewer by accessing the SBW_header.hdf5 file. Please see the attached README.pdf for instructions on how to access the data using the provided python package. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/BAE_T1A_Hawk_Starboard_Wing_Modal_Test/22710040
 
Title BAE T1A Hawk Starboard Wing Modal Test 
Description Modal testing data pertaining to a test campaign conducted in 2022 on the starboard wing of a BAE systems T1A Hawk aircraft at the LVV in Sheffield.All data is in the self-describing .hdf5 format and can be opened in any hdf5 viewer by accessing the SBW_header.hdf5 file. Please see the attached README.pdf for instructions on how to access the data using the provided python package.A preprint of a paper demonstrating the usage of the dataset can be found at https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.04478. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2024 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://orda.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/BAE_T1A_Hawk_Starboard_Wing_Modal_Test/22710040/2
 
Title Burst Random Amplitude Ramp : 0.4V 
Description This is a zip file that contains 10 repetitions for burst random (multiple white noise) excitation at 0.4V LMS output voltage. This test is performed on the starboard wing of the BAE T1A Hawk housed at the Labratory for Verification and Validation (lvv.ac.uk). The wing is excited using a single shaker and data is recorded using 55 uni-accelerometers and the excitation load cell. The significance of the naming conventions is explained in the "ORDA_Readme.pdf" file. This file also contains the code needed to load the file into python for analysis called "hdf5_loader.py". This contains a function called load_hdf5 that takes the path of the hdf5 file and loads it into a single dictionary. The dictionary is separated into "Meta" for the testing parameters and the sensor names to identify the sensor of interest. For the sensor names, the naming convention is described in the readme file along with what types of data are included and the citation reference. The uploaded *.zip file contains all the repetitions for the testing parameters (nominally 10 repetitions). This test was performed under the Alan Turing Institute funded project Digital Twins for High-Value Engineering Systems (DTHIVE) with continuing support from the EPSRC funded project Digital Twins for Improved Dynamic Design (DigiTwin). For more information, please contact the PI, Professor David Wagg. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2022 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Burst_Random_Amplitude_Ramp_0_4V/21739466
 
Title Burst Random Amplitude Ramp : 0.4V Repetition 1 
Description First repetition for burst random (white noise) excitation at 0.4V LMS output voltage. This test is performed on the starboard wing of the BAE T1A Hawk housed at the Labratory for Verification and Validation (lvv.ac.uk). The wing is excited using a single shaker and data is recorded using 55 uni-accelerometers and the excitation load cell. The significance of the naming conventions is explained in the "ORDA_Readme.pdf" file. This file also contains the code needed to load the files into python for analysis. The testing parameters is stored is the "BR_AR_1_test_info.pickle" file. The data is separated into one pickle file per accelerometer. These files contain both time and frequency information with more details in the readme file. This test was performed under the Alan Turing Institute funded project Digital Twins for High-Value Engineering Systems (DTHIVE) with continuing support from the EPSRC funded project Digital Twins for Improved Dynamic Design (DigiTwin). For more information, please contact the PI, Professor David Wagg. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2022 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Burst_Random_Amplitude_Ramp_0_4V_Repetition_1/21400008
 
Title Burst Random Amplitude Ramp : 0.8V 
Description This is a zip file that contains 10 repetitions for burst random (multiple white noise) excitation at 0.8V LMS output voltage. This test is performed on the starboard wing of the BAE T1A Hawk housed at the Labratory for Verification and Validation (lvv.ac.uk). The wing is excited using a single shaker and data is recorded using 55 uni-accelerometers and the excitation load cell. The significance of the naming conventions is explained in the "ORDA_Readme.pdf" file. This file also contains the code needed to load the file into python for analysis called "hdf5_loader.py". This contains a function called load_hdf5 that takes the path of the hdf5 file and loads it into a single dictionary. The dictionary is separated into "Meta" for the testing parameters and the sensor names to identify the sensor of interest. For the sensor names, the naming convention is described in the readme file along with what types of data are included and the citation reference. The uploaded *.zip file contains all the repetitions for the testing parameters (nominally 10 repetitions). This test was performed under the Alan Turing Institute funded project Digital Twins for High-Value Engineering Systems (DTHIVE) with continuing support from the EPSRC funded project Digital Twins for Improved Dynamic Design (DigiTwin). For more information, please contact the PI, Professor David Wagg. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Burst_Random_Amplitude_Ramp_0_8V/21878745
 
Title Burst Random Amplitude Ramp : 1.2V 
Description This is a zip file that contains 10 repetitions for burst random (multiple white noise) excitation at 1.2V LMS output voltage. This test is performed on the starboard wing of the BAE T1A Hawk housed at the Labratory for Verification and Validation (lvv.ac.uk). The wing is excited using a single shaker and data is recorded using 55 uni-accelerometers and the excitation load cell. The significance of the naming conventions is explained in the "ORDA_Readme.pdf" file. This file also contains the code needed to load the file into python for analysis called "hdf5_loader.py". This contains a function called load_hdf5 that takes the path of the hdf5 file and loads it into a single dictionary. The dictionary is separated into "Meta" for the testing parameters and the sensor names to identify the sensor of interest. For the sensor names, the naming convention is described in the readme file along with what types of data are included and the citation reference. The uploaded *.zip file contains all the repetitions for the testing parameters (nominally 10 repetitions). This test was performed under the Alan Turing Institute funded project Digital Twins for High-Value Engineering Systems (DTHIVE) with continuing support from the EPSRC funded project Digital Twins for Improved Dynamic Design (DigiTwin). For more information, please contact the PI, Professor David Wagg. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Burst_Random_Amplitude_Ramp_1_2V/21878766
 
Title Burst Random Amplitude Ramp : 1.6V 
Description This is a zip file that contains 10 repetitions for burst random (multiple white noise) excitation at 1.6V LMS output voltage. This test is performed on the starboard wing of the BAE T1A Hawk housed at the Labratory for Verification and Validation (lvv.ac.uk). The wing is excited using a single shaker and data is recorded using 55 uni-accelerometers and the excitation load cell. The significance of the naming conventions is explained in the "ORDA_Readme.pdf" file. This file also contains the code needed to load the file into python for analysis called "hdf5_loader.py". This contains a function called load_hdf5 that takes the path of the hdf5 file and loads it into a single dictionary. The dictionary is separated into "Meta" for the testing parameters and the sensor names to identify the sensor of interest. For the sensor names, the naming convention is described in the readme file along with what types of data are included and the citation reference. The uploaded *.zip file contains all the repetitions for the testing parameters (nominally 10 repetitions). This test was performed under the Alan Turing Institute funded project Digital Twins for High-Value Engineering Systems (DTHIVE) with continuing support from the EPSRC funded project Digital Twins for Improved Dynamic Design (DigiTwin). For more information, please contact the PI, Professor David Wagg. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Burst_Random_Amplitude_Ramp_1_6V/21878775
 
Title Burst Random Amplitude Ramp : 2.0V 
Description This is a zip file that contains 10 repetitions for burst random (multiple white noise) excitation at 2.0V LMS output voltage. This test is performed on the starboard wing of the BAE T1A Hawk housed at the Labratory for Verification and Validation (lvv.ac.uk). The wing is excited using a single shaker and data is recorded using 55 uni-accelerometers and the excitation load cell. The significance of the naming conventions is explained in the "ORDA_Readme.pdf" file. This file also contains the code needed to load the file into python for analysis called "hdf5_loader.py". This contains a function called load_hdf5 that takes the path of the hdf5 file and loads it into a single dictionary. The dictionary is separated into "Meta" for the testing parameters and the sensor names to identify the sensor of interest. For the sensor names, the naming convention is described in the readme file along with what types of data are included and the citation reference. The uploaded *.zip file contains all the repetitions for the testing parameters (nominally 10 repetitions). This test was performed under the Alan Turing Institute funded project Digital Twins for High-Value Engineering Systems (DTHIVE) with continuing support from the EPSRC funded project Digital Twins for Improved Dynamic Design (DigiTwin). For more information, please contact the PI, Professor David Wagg. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Burst_Random_Amplitude_Ramp_2_0V/21878787
 
Title C-C beam from Indirect reduced-order modelling: using nonlinear manifolds to conserve kinetic energy 
Description Nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex engineering structures modelled using commercial finite element (FE) software is computationally expensive. Indirect reduced-order modelling strategies alleviate this cost by constructing low-dimensional models using a static solution dataset from the FE model. The applicability of such methods is typically limited to structures in which (a) the main source of nonlinearity is the quasi-static coupling between transverse and in-plane modes (i.e. membrane stretching); and (b) the amount of in-plane displacement is limited. We show that the second requirement arises from the fact that, in existing methods, in-plane kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible. For structures such as thin plates and slender beams with fixed/pinned boundary conditions, this is often reasonable, but in structures with free boundary conditions (e.g. cantilever beams), this assumption is violated. Here, we exploit the concept of nonlinear manifolds to show how the in-plane kinetic energy can be accounted for in the reduced dynamics, without requiring any additional information from the FE model. This new insight enables indirect reduction methods to be applied to a far wider range of structures while maintaining accuracy to higher deflection amplitudes. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated using an FE model of a cantilever beam. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/C-C_beam_from_Indirect_reduced-order_modelling_using_nonlin...
 
Title C-C beam from Indirect reduced-order modelling: using nonlinear manifolds to conserve kinetic energy 
Description Nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex engineering structures modelled using commercial finite element (FE) software is computationally expensive. Indirect reduced-order modelling strategies alleviate this cost by constructing low-dimensional models using a static solution dataset from the FE model. The applicability of such methods is typically limited to structures in which (a) the main source of nonlinearity is the quasi-static coupling between transverse and in-plane modes (i.e. membrane stretching); and (b) the amount of in-plane displacement is limited. We show that the second requirement arises from the fact that, in existing methods, in-plane kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible. For structures such as thin plates and slender beams with fixed/pinned boundary conditions, this is often reasonable, but in structures with free boundary conditions (e.g. cantilever beams), this assumption is violated. Here, we exploit the concept of nonlinear manifolds to show how the in-plane kinetic energy can be accounted for in the reduced dynamics, without requiring any additional information from the FE model. This new insight enables indirect reduction methods to be applied to a far wider range of structures while maintaining accuracy to higher deflection amplitudes. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated using an FE model of a cantilever beam. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/C-C_beam_from_Indirect_reduced-order_modelling_using_nonlin...
 
Title C-F beam from Indirect reduced-order modelling: using nonlinear manifolds to conserve kinetic energy 
Description Nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex engineering structures modelled using commercial finite element (FE) software is computationally expensive. Indirect reduced-order modelling strategies alleviate this cost by constructing low-dimensional models using a static solution dataset from the FE model. The applicability of such methods is typically limited to structures in which (a) the main source of nonlinearity is the quasi-static coupling between transverse and in-plane modes (i.e. membrane stretching); and (b) the amount of in-plane displacement is limited. We show that the second requirement arises from the fact that, in existing methods, in-plane kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible. For structures such as thin plates and slender beams with fixed/pinned boundary conditions, this is often reasonable, but in structures with free boundary conditions (e.g. cantilever beams), this assumption is violated. Here, we exploit the concept of nonlinear manifolds to show how the in-plane kinetic energy can be accounted for in the reduced dynamics, without requiring any additional information from the FE model. This new insight enables indirect reduction methods to be applied to a far wider range of structures while maintaining accuracy to higher deflection amplitudes. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated using an FE model of a cantilever beam. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/C-F_beam_from_Indirect_reduced-order_modelling_using_nonlin...
 
Title C-F beam from Indirect reduced-order modelling: using nonlinear manifolds to conserve kinetic energy 
Description Nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex engineering structures modelled using commercial finite element (FE) software is computationally expensive. Indirect reduced-order modelling strategies alleviate this cost by constructing low-dimensional models using a static solution dataset from the FE model. The applicability of such methods is typically limited to structures in which (a) the main source of nonlinearity is the quasi-static coupling between transverse and in-plane modes (i.e. membrane stretching); and (b) the amount of in-plane displacement is limited. We show that the second requirement arises from the fact that, in existing methods, in-plane kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible. For structures such as thin plates and slender beams with fixed/pinned boundary conditions, this is often reasonable, but in structures with free boundary conditions (e.g. cantilever beams), this assumption is violated. Here, we exploit the concept of nonlinear manifolds to show how the in-plane kinetic energy can be accounted for in the reduced dynamics, without requiring any additional information from the FE model. This new insight enables indirect reduction methods to be applied to a far wider range of structures while maintaining accuracy to higher deflection amplitudes. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated using an FE model of a cantilever beam. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/C-F_beam_from_Indirect_reduced-order_modelling_using_nonlin...
 
Title Clamped-clamped beam model from Detecting internal resonances during model reduction 
Description Finite Element model of beam used in our study. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2021 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/Clamped-clamped_beam_model_from_Detecting_internal_resonanc...
 
Title Clamped-clamped beam model from Detecting internal resonances during model reduction 
Description Finite Element model of beam used in our study. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2021 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/Clamped-clamped_beam_model_from_Detecting_internal_resonanc...
 
Title Data for Figures 2 and 4 from Simultaneous normal form transformation and model-order reduction for systems of coupled nonlinear oscillators 
Description In this paper, we describe a direct normal form decomposition for systems of coupled nonlinear oscillators. We demonstrate how the order of the system can be reduced during this type of normal form transformation process. Two specific examples are considered to demonstrate particular challenges that can occur in this type of analysis. The first is a 2 d.f. system with both quadratic and cubic nonlinearities, where there is no internal resonance, but the nonlinear terms are not necessarily ?1-order small. To obtain an accurate solution, the direct normal form expansion is extended to ?2-order to capture the nonlinear dynamic behaviour, while simultaneously reducing the order of the system from 2 to 1 d.f. The second example is a thin plate with nonlinearities that are ?1-order small, but with an internal resonance in the set of ordinary differential equations used to model the low-frequency vibration response of the system. In this case, we show how a direct normal form transformation can be applied to further reduce the order of the system while simultaneously obtaining the normal form, which is used as a model for the internal resonance. The results are verified by comparison with numerically computed results using a continuation software. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2019 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/Data_for_Figures_2_and_4_from_Simultaneous_normal_form_transformati...
 
Title Data for Figures 2 and 4 from Simultaneous normal form transformation and model-order reduction for systems of coupled nonlinear oscillators 
Description In this paper, we describe a direct normal form decomposition for systems of coupled nonlinear oscillators. We demonstrate how the order of the system can be reduced during this type of normal form transformation process. Two specific examples are considered to demonstrate particular challenges that can occur in this type of analysis. The first is a 2 d.f. system with both quadratic and cubic nonlinearities, where there is no internal resonance, but the nonlinear terms are not necessarily ?1-order small. To obtain an accurate solution, the direct normal form expansion is extended to ?2-order to capture the nonlinear dynamic behaviour, while simultaneously reducing the order of the system from 2 to 1 d.f. The second example is a thin plate with nonlinearities that are ?1-order small, but with an internal resonance in the set of ordinary differential equations used to model the low-frequency vibration response of the system. In this case, we show how a direct normal form transformation can be applied to further reduce the order of the system while simultaneously obtaining the normal form, which is used as a model for the internal resonance. The results are verified by comparison with numerically computed results using a continuation software. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2019 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/Data_for_Figures_2_and_4_from_Simultaneous_normal_form_transformati...
 
Title Dataset for Paper "Digital twin based testing for cyber-physical systems: A systematic literature review" 
Description An excel spreadsheet containing exported metadata collected during a systematic literature review on digital twin based testing for cyber-physical systems. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2022 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Dataset_for_Paper_Digital_twin_based_testing_for_cyber-...
 
Title Dataset for Paper "Digital twin based testing for cyber-physical systems: A systematic literature review" 
Description An excel spreadsheet containing exported metadata collected during a systematic literature review on digital twin based testing for cyber-physical systems. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2022 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Dataset_for_Paper_Digital_twin_based_testing_for_cyber-...
 
Title FE model of cantilever beam from Nonlinear mapping of non-conservative forces for reduced-order modelling 
Description Non-intrusive or indirect reduced-order modelling strategies, such as the implicit condensation and expansion method, are applicable to geometrically nonlinear structures modelled using commercial finite-element (FE) software. Traditionally, the non-conservative forces acting on the structure are reduced via a linear projection onto the space spanned by the reduced modeshapes. As such, only the forces acting directly on these reduced modes can be captured, while any energy gained or dissipated by the statically condensed modes is neglected. This can lead to significant inaccuracies in the reduced-order model (ROM) predictions, which is demonstrated here using a 2-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) oscillator, and an FE model of a cantilever beam. It is shown that the non-conservative forces acting on the statically condensed modes can be captured using a nonlinear mapping of the physical DOFs into the reduced coordinates. This introduces additional terms in the reduced equations of motion, which we describe as force compensation. Excellent agreement is observed between the forced response curves of the full-order models and those of our proposed ROMs, both for the oscillator as well as the cantilever beam under different external excitation conditions (i.e. a constant-direction force and a follower force). 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2022 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/FE_model_of_cantilever_beam_from_Nonlinear_mapping_of_non-c...
 
Title FE model of cantilever beam from Nonlinear mapping of non-conservative forces for reduced-order modelling 
Description Non-intrusive or indirect reduced-order modelling strategies, such as the implicit condensation and expansion method, are applicable to geometrically nonlinear structures modelled using commercial finite-element (FE) software. Traditionally, the non-conservative forces acting on the structure are reduced via a linear projection onto the space spanned by the reduced modeshapes. As such, only the forces acting directly on these reduced modes can be captured, while any energy gained or dissipated by the statically condensed modes is neglected. This can lead to significant inaccuracies in the reduced-order model (ROM) predictions, which is demonstrated here using a 2-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) oscillator, and an FE model of a cantilever beam. It is shown that the non-conservative forces acting on the statically condensed modes can be captured using a nonlinear mapping of the physical DOFs into the reduced coordinates. This introduces additional terms in the reduced equations of motion, which we describe as force compensation. Excellent agreement is observed between the forced response curves of the full-order models and those of our proposed ROMs, both for the oscillator as well as the cantilever beam under different external excitation conditions (i.e. a constant-direction force and a follower force). 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2022 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/FE_model_of_cantilever_beam_from_Nonlinear_mapping_of_non-c...
 
Title Real-Time Hybrid Testing of Strut-Braced Wing Under Aerodynamic Loading Using an Electrodynamic Actuator 
Description Dataset for: "Real-Time Hybrid Testing of Strut-Braced Wing Under Aerodynamic Loading Using an Electrodynamic Actuator". Authors: V. Ruffini, C. Szczyglowski, D.A.W. Barton, M. Lowenberg, S.A. Neild Journal: Experimental Techniques. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/3r79185tdczil24hfny9m1i7y6/
 
Title Source code for Table 1 from A methodology for identifying optimum vibration absorbers with a reaction mass 
Description Matlab code for obtaining the results in Table 1 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2019 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/Source_code_for_Table_1_from_A_methodology_for_identifying_optimum_...
 
Title Source code for Table 1 from A methodology for identifying optimum vibration absorbers with a reaction mass 
Description Matlab code for obtaining the results in Table 1 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2019 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/Source_code_for_Table_1_from_A_methodology_for_identifying_optimum_...
 
Title Source code for Table 3 from A methodology for identifying optimum vibration absorbers with a reaction mass 
Description Matlab code for obtaining the results in Table 3 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2019 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/Source_code_for_Table_3_from_A_methodology_for_identifying_optimum_...
 
Title Source code for Table 3 from A methodology for identifying optimum vibration absorbers with a reaction mass 
Description Matlab code for obtaining the results in Table 3 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2019 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/Source_code_for_Table_3_from_A_methodology_for_identifying_optimum_...
 
Title abaqus_static_fil from Indirect reduced-order modelling: using nonlinear manifolds to conserve kinetic energy 
Description Nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex engineering structures modelled using commercial finite element (FE) software is computationally expensive. Indirect reduced-order modelling strategies alleviate this cost by constructing low-dimensional models using a static solution dataset from the FE model. The applicability of such methods is typically limited to structures in which (a) the main source of nonlinearity is the quasi-static coupling between transverse and in-plane modes (i.e. membrane stretching); and (b) the amount of in-plane displacement is limited. We show that the second requirement arises from the fact that, in existing methods, in-plane kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible. For structures such as thin plates and slender beams with fixed/pinned boundary conditions, this is often reasonable, but in structures with free boundary conditions (e.g. cantilever beams), this assumption is violated. Here, we exploit the concept of nonlinear manifolds to show how the in-plane kinetic energy can be accounted for in the reduced dynamics, without requiring any additional information from the FE model. This new insight enables indirect reduction methods to be applied to a far wider range of structures while maintaining accuracy to higher deflection amplitudes. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated using an FE model of a cantilever beam. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/abaqus_static_fil_from_Indirect_reduced-order_modelling_usi...
 
Title abaqus_static_fil from Indirect reduced-order modelling: using nonlinear manifolds to conserve kinetic energy 
Description Nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex engineering structures modelled using commercial finite element (FE) software is computationally expensive. Indirect reduced-order modelling strategies alleviate this cost by constructing low-dimensional models using a static solution dataset from the FE model. The applicability of such methods is typically limited to structures in which (a) the main source of nonlinearity is the quasi-static coupling between transverse and in-plane modes (i.e. membrane stretching); and (b) the amount of in-plane displacement is limited. We show that the second requirement arises from the fact that, in existing methods, in-plane kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible. For structures such as thin plates and slender beams with fixed/pinned boundary conditions, this is often reasonable, but in structures with free boundary conditions (e.g. cantilever beams), this assumption is violated. Here, we exploit the concept of nonlinear manifolds to show how the in-plane kinetic energy can be accounted for in the reduced dynamics, without requiring any additional information from the FE model. This new insight enables indirect reduction methods to be applied to a far wider range of structures while maintaining accuracy to higher deflection amplitudes. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated using an FE model of a cantilever beam. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/abaqus_static_fil_from_Indirect_reduced-order_modelling_usi...
 
Title compute_ROMs from Indirect reduced-order modelling: using nonlinear manifolds to conserve kinetic energy 
Description Nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex engineering structures modelled using commercial finite element (FE) software is computationally expensive. Indirect reduced-order modelling strategies alleviate this cost by constructing low-dimensional models using a static solution dataset from the FE model. The applicability of such methods is typically limited to structures in which (a) the main source of nonlinearity is the quasi-static coupling between transverse and in-plane modes (i.e. membrane stretching); and (b) the amount of in-plane displacement is limited. We show that the second requirement arises from the fact that, in existing methods, in-plane kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible. For structures such as thin plates and slender beams with fixed/pinned boundary conditions, this is often reasonable, but in structures with free boundary conditions (e.g. cantilever beams), this assumption is violated. Here, we exploit the concept of nonlinear manifolds to show how the in-plane kinetic energy can be accounted for in the reduced dynamics, without requiring any additional information from the FE model. This new insight enables indirect reduction methods to be applied to a far wider range of structures while maintaining accuracy to higher deflection amplitudes. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated using an FE model of a cantilever beam. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/compute_ROMs_from_Indirect_reduced-order_modelling_using_no...
 
Title compute_ROMs from Indirect reduced-order modelling: using nonlinear manifolds to conserve kinetic energy 
Description Nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex engineering structures modelled using commercial finite element (FE) software is computationally expensive. Indirect reduced-order modelling strategies alleviate this cost by constructing low-dimensional models using a static solution dataset from the FE model. The applicability of such methods is typically limited to structures in which (a) the main source of nonlinearity is the quasi-static coupling between transverse and in-plane modes (i.e. membrane stretching); and (b) the amount of in-plane displacement is limited. We show that the second requirement arises from the fact that, in existing methods, in-plane kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible. For structures such as thin plates and slender beams with fixed/pinned boundary conditions, this is often reasonable, but in structures with free boundary conditions (e.g. cantilever beams), this assumption is violated. Here, we exploit the concept of nonlinear manifolds to show how the in-plane kinetic energy can be accounted for in the reduced dynamics, without requiring any additional information from the FE model. This new insight enables indirect reduction methods to be applied to a far wider range of structures while maintaining accuracy to higher deflection amplitudes. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated using an FE model of a cantilever beam. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/compute_ROMs_from_Indirect_reduced-order_modelling_using_no...
 
Title freq analysis from Indirect reduced-order modelling: using nonlinear manifolds to conserve kinetic energy 
Description Nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex engineering structures modelled using commercial finite element (FE) software is computationally expensive. Indirect reduced-order modelling strategies alleviate this cost by constructing low-dimensional models using a static solution dataset from the FE model. The applicability of such methods is typically limited to structures in which (a) the main source of nonlinearity is the quasi-static coupling between transverse and in-plane modes (i.e. membrane stretching); and (b) the amount of in-plane displacement is limited. We show that the second requirement arises from the fact that, in existing methods, in-plane kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible. For structures such as thin plates and slender beams with fixed/pinned boundary conditions, this is often reasonable, but in structures with free boundary conditions (e.g. cantilever beams), this assumption is violated. Here, we exploit the concept of nonlinear manifolds to show how the in-plane kinetic energy can be accounted for in the reduced dynamics, without requiring any additional information from the FE model. This new insight enables indirect reduction methods to be applied to a far wider range of structures while maintaining accuracy to higher deflection amplitudes. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated using an FE model of a cantilever beam. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/freq_analysis_from_Indirect_reduced-order_modelling_using_n...
 
Title freq analysis from Indirect reduced-order modelling: using nonlinear manifolds to conserve kinetic energy 
Description Nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex engineering structures modelled using commercial finite element (FE) software is computationally expensive. Indirect reduced-order modelling strategies alleviate this cost by constructing low-dimensional models using a static solution dataset from the FE model. The applicability of such methods is typically limited to structures in which (a) the main source of nonlinearity is the quasi-static coupling between transverse and in-plane modes (i.e. membrane stretching); and (b) the amount of in-plane displacement is limited. We show that the second requirement arises from the fact that, in existing methods, in-plane kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible. For structures such as thin plates and slender beams with fixed/pinned boundary conditions, this is often reasonable, but in structures with free boundary conditions (e.g. cantilever beams), this assumption is violated. Here, we exploit the concept of nonlinear manifolds to show how the in-plane kinetic energy can be accounted for in the reduced dynamics, without requiring any additional information from the FE model. This new insight enables indirect reduction methods to be applied to a far wider range of structures while maintaining accuracy to higher deflection amplitudes. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated using an FE model of a cantilever beam. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/freq_analysis_from_Indirect_reduced-order_modelling_using_n...
 
Title generate_ROM from Indirect reduced-order modelling: using nonlinear manifolds to conserve kinetic energy 
Description Nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex engineering structures modelled using commercial finite element (FE) software is computationally expensive. Indirect reduced-order modelling strategies alleviate this cost by constructing low-dimensional models using a static solution dataset from the FE model. The applicability of such methods is typically limited to structures in which (a) the main source of nonlinearity is the quasi-static coupling between transverse and in-plane modes (i.e. membrane stretching); and (b) the amount of in-plane displacement is limited. We show that the second requirement arises from the fact that, in existing methods, in-plane kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible. For structures such as thin plates and slender beams with fixed/pinned boundary conditions, this is often reasonable, but in structures with free boundary conditions (e.g. cantilever beams), this assumption is violated. Here, we exploit the concept of nonlinear manifolds to show how the in-plane kinetic energy can be accounted for in the reduced dynamics, without requiring any additional information from the FE model. This new insight enables indirect reduction methods to be applied to a far wider range of structures while maintaining accuracy to higher deflection amplitudes. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated using an FE model of a cantilever beam. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/generate_ROM_from_Indirect_reduced-order_modelling_using_no...
 
Title generate_ROM from Indirect reduced-order modelling: using nonlinear manifolds to conserve kinetic energy 
Description Nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex engineering structures modelled using commercial finite element (FE) software is computationally expensive. Indirect reduced-order modelling strategies alleviate this cost by constructing low-dimensional models using a static solution dataset from the FE model. The applicability of such methods is typically limited to structures in which (a) the main source of nonlinearity is the quasi-static coupling between transverse and in-plane modes (i.e. membrane stretching); and (b) the amount of in-plane displacement is limited. We show that the second requirement arises from the fact that, in existing methods, in-plane kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible. For structures such as thin plates and slender beams with fixed/pinned boundary conditions, this is often reasonable, but in structures with free boundary conditions (e.g. cantilever beams), this assumption is violated. Here, we exploit the concept of nonlinear manifolds to show how the in-plane kinetic energy can be accounted for in the reduced dynamics, without requiring any additional information from the FE model. This new insight enables indirect reduction methods to be applied to a far wider range of structures while maintaining accuracy to higher deflection amplitudes. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated using an FE model of a cantilever beam. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/generate_ROM_from_Indirect_reduced-order_modelling_using_no...
 
Title readme from Indirect reduced-order modelling: using nonlinear manifolds to conserve kinetic energy 
Description Nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex engineering structures modelled using commercial finite element (FE) software is computationally expensive. Indirect reduced-order modelling strategies alleviate this cost by constructing low-dimensional models using a static solution dataset from the FE model. The applicability of such methods is typically limited to structures in which (a) the main source of nonlinearity is the quasi-static coupling between transverse and in-plane modes (i.e. membrane stretching); and (b) the amount of in-plane displacement is limited. We show that the second requirement arises from the fact that, in existing methods, in-plane kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible. For structures such as thin plates and slender beams with fixed/pinned boundary conditions, this is often reasonable, but in structures with free boundary conditions (e.g. cantilever beams), this assumption is violated. Here, we exploit the concept of nonlinear manifolds to show how the in-plane kinetic energy can be accounted for in the reduced dynamics, without requiring any additional information from the FE model. This new insight enables indirect reduction methods to be applied to a far wider range of structures while maintaining accuracy to higher deflection amplitudes. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated using an FE model of a cantilever beam. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/readme_from_Indirect_reduced-order_modelling_using_nonlinea...
 
Title readme from Indirect reduced-order modelling: using nonlinear manifolds to conserve kinetic energy 
Description Nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex engineering structures modelled using commercial finite element (FE) software is computationally expensive. Indirect reduced-order modelling strategies alleviate this cost by constructing low-dimensional models using a static solution dataset from the FE model. The applicability of such methods is typically limited to structures in which (a) the main source of nonlinearity is the quasi-static coupling between transverse and in-plane modes (i.e. membrane stretching); and (b) the amount of in-plane displacement is limited. We show that the second requirement arises from the fact that, in existing methods, in-plane kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible. For structures such as thin plates and slender beams with fixed/pinned boundary conditions, this is often reasonable, but in structures with free boundary conditions (e.g. cantilever beams), this assumption is violated. Here, we exploit the concept of nonlinear manifolds to show how the in-plane kinetic energy can be accounted for in the reduced dynamics, without requiring any additional information from the FE model. This new insight enables indirect reduction methods to be applied to a far wider range of structures while maintaining accuracy to higher deflection amplitudes. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated using an FE model of a cantilever beam. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/readme_from_Indirect_reduced-order_modelling_using_nonlinea...
 
Title static_analysis_AMF from Indirect reduced-order modelling: using nonlinear manifolds to conserve kinetic energy 
Description Nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex engineering structures modelled using commercial finite element (FE) software is computationally expensive. Indirect reduced-order modelling strategies alleviate this cost by constructing low-dimensional models using a static solution dataset from the FE model. The applicability of such methods is typically limited to structures in which (a) the main source of nonlinearity is the quasi-static coupling between transverse and in-plane modes (i.e. membrane stretching); and (b) the amount of in-plane displacement is limited. We show that the second requirement arises from the fact that, in existing methods, in-plane kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible. For structures such as thin plates and slender beams with fixed/pinned boundary conditions, this is often reasonable, but in structures with free boundary conditions (e.g. cantilever beams), this assumption is violated. Here, we exploit the concept of nonlinear manifolds to show how the in-plane kinetic energy can be accounted for in the reduced dynamics, without requiring any additional information from the FE model. This new insight enables indirect reduction methods to be applied to a far wider range of structures while maintaining accuracy to higher deflection amplitudes. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated using an FE model of a cantilever beam. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/static_analysis_AMF_from_Indirect_reduced-order_modelling_u...
 
Title static_analysis_AMF from Indirect reduced-order modelling: using nonlinear manifolds to conserve kinetic energy 
Description Nonlinear dynamic analysis of complex engineering structures modelled using commercial finite element (FE) software is computationally expensive. Indirect reduced-order modelling strategies alleviate this cost by constructing low-dimensional models using a static solution dataset from the FE model. The applicability of such methods is typically limited to structures in which (a) the main source of nonlinearity is the quasi-static coupling between transverse and in-plane modes (i.e. membrane stretching); and (b) the amount of in-plane displacement is limited. We show that the second requirement arises from the fact that, in existing methods, in-plane kinetic energy is assumed to be negligible. For structures such as thin plates and slender beams with fixed/pinned boundary conditions, this is often reasonable, but in structures with free boundary conditions (e.g. cantilever beams), this assumption is violated. Here, we exploit the concept of nonlinear manifolds to show how the in-plane kinetic energy can be accounted for in the reduced dynamics, without requiring any additional information from the FE model. This new insight enables indirect reduction methods to be applied to a far wider range of structures while maintaining accuracy to higher deflection amplitudes. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated using an FE model of a cantilever beam. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/static_analysis_AMF_from_Indirect_reduced-order_modelling_u...
 
Title CE-ABC: Cross-Entropy Approximate Bayesian Computation 
Description CE-ABC is a framework for uncertainty quantification in mechanistic epidemic models defined by ordinary differential equations, which combines the cross-entropy method for optimization and approximate Bayesian computation for statistical inference. 
Type Of Technology Software 
Year Produced 2024 
Open Source License? Yes  
URL https://codeocean.com/capsule/5200426/tree/v2
 
Title CE-ABC: Cross-Entropy Approximate Bayesian Computation 
Description CE-ABC is a framework for uncertainty quantification in mechanistic epidemic models defined by ordinary differential equations, which combines the cross-entropy method for optimization and approximate Bayesian computation for statistical inference. 
Type Of Technology Software 
Year Produced 2022 
Open Source License? Yes  
URL https://codeocean.com/capsule/5200426/tree/v1
 
Description Digital Twin Workshop 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Study participants or study members
Results and Impact This workshop was hosted jointly between the University of Sheffield Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre and Faculty of Engineering, and was held in the state-of-the-art AMRC Factory 2050 on the Sheffield Advanced Manufacturing Park. The purpose of the workshop was to bring together leading UK based researchers currently working on topics related to digital twin. The contributions included both application specific, and basic research presentations. The event helped to promote the 'Gemini Principles', the 'National digital twin', and the EPSRC funded `DigiTwin' project.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/digital-twin-workshop-tickets-77298831887#
 
Description Engineering Digital Twins in Practice 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact The purpose of the workshop was to bring together leading UK based researchers currently working on topics related to digital twins. We were particularly keen to showcase the latest research activities for the key research groups around the UK. We showcased both application specific, and basic research type talks
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description The 3rd Sheffield Workshop on Structural Dynamics 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact Over 200 people attended a 3 day online workshop hosted by Prof Keith Worden (DigiTwin Investigator/Member of Management committee) The main body of the workshop had three distinct themes: physics-informed machine learning, population-based SHM, and digital-twins and their validation. The agenda for the workshop allowed time for question and discussions for all attendees. The workshop also provided an opportunity to showcase updates and research within the DigiTwin project.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020
URL https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/the-3rd-sheffield-workshop-on-structural-dynamics-online-event-ticket...
 
Description The 4th Sheffield Workshop on Structural Dynamics 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact Just under 100 people attended a 3 day online workshop hosted by Prof Keith Worden (DigiTwin Investigator/Member of Management committee) The main body of the workshop had three distinct themes: physics-informed machine learning, population-based SHM, and digital-twins and their validation. The agenda for the workshop allowed time for question and discussions for all attendees. The workshop also provided an opportunity to showcase updates and research within the DigiTwin project.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022