Crystallisation in the Real World: Delivering Control through Theory and Experiment

Lead Research Organisation: University of Leeds
Department Name: Sch of Chemistry

Abstract

Crystallisation is a fascinating process. From common observations such as the formation of ice on a window or scale in a kettle, crystallisation is important to virtually every area of science, and lies at the heart of processes as varied as the production of ceramics, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, nanomaterials and biominerals. Equally important is the prevention of unwanted crystallisation in the form of weathering, scale or kidney stones. Only by understanding how materials crystallise can we hope to control these processes.

Despite the importance of crystallisation, we still have a poor understanding of many of the mechanisms that underlie this fundamental phenomenon. This is due to the fact that crystallisation is governed by molecular scale processes that are very difficult to study experimentally. For example, while experiments can identify reaction conditions that generate specific crystal polymorphs, they cannot alone explain why this occurred.

This Programme Grant will couple experiment and theory to address this challenge. Our experimental programme brings to the fore such frontier analytical techniques as liquid-phase TEM and functional scanning probe microscopies that will allow us to study the changes in solid and solution during crystallisation as never before. With recent advances in modelling we shall be able to perform simulations of nucleation and growth processes on comparable time- and length-scales, providing a unique opportunity to fully understand crystal nucleation and growth at the nanoscale. These studies will be linked to simpler bulk experiments to provide a holistic view of crystallisation in the real world.

We will use this approach to address six major challenges in the crystallisation of inorganic compounds. Each challenge, as well as being of fundamental importance, is ultimately significant to industry and has practical applications as varied as scale prevention in dishwashers, dental remineralisation and tailoring particle shape for paper coatings. Investigations of homogeneous crystallisation in bulk solution will lay the foundation for our nucleation studies, revealing how we can direct nucleation pathways by varying solution and environmental conditions. We will then build on this work to explore the fascinating question of polymorphism, giving us predictive understanding of conditions which deliver specific crystal polymorphs. Turning then to the ubiquitous phenomenon of surface-directed crystallisation, both theory and cutting-edge analytical methods will bring new understanding of how surfaces - and the changes they cause in the adjacent solution - govern crystallisation. This naturally leads us to a search for effective nucleating agents, which, despite the promises of classical nucleation theory, are known for only a small number of systems. Control of crystal growth to generate particles with defined shapes and sizes is another topic of great industrial importance, and soluble additives are widely used to achieve this goal. By understanding crystal/ additive interactions we aim to pre-select additives to grow crystals with target properties, or to inhibit unwanted crystallisation. Finally, we will study crystallisation within confined volumes; this will ultimately enable us to use confinement to control crystallisation.

These ambitious objectives can only be met within the framework of a Programme Grant, which provides the flexibility and long-term funding to bring together the very different disciplines of theory and experiment. While each of the individual tasks focuses on a distinct problem in crystallisation, they are intimately linked over the entire project by common methods and understanding, and developments in one task will drive advances in others.

Planned Impact

This project will deliver major new capability in understanding and controlling inorganic crystallisation under conditions relevant to real world applications. This will be achieved through a combined experimental and theory approach, led by innovations in experimental methods and theory. The impact will therefore be extremely broad, encompassing all who research, manufacture or use crystalline materials in sectors ranging from the Chemical Industry, to Environment, Healthcare, Formulated Products, Oil and Gas, Water, Mining and Advanced Materials.

Industry: As indicated by our industrial collaborators in their letters of support, a greater understanding of crystallisation processes is required in a huge range of applications. The ability to generate specific crystal polymorphs is required in the field of nanomedicine (eg vaterite as soluble drug-delivery agents), while papers coated with aragonite rather than calcite exhibit superior brightness, opacity and strength. Nucleants in washing detergent can reduce crystal deposition on clothing, while the remediation of buildings from weathering relies on crystallisation in porous media. We need to enhance the mechanical properties of building materials such as gypsum, while controlling crystallisation on surfaces is critical to issues as diverse as scale inhibition in heating systems and oil wells, and bone and tooth regeneration. These are all topics addressed in the research programme, where direct collaboration with our industrial partners Proctor and Gamble, Unilever, BP, Lubrizol and Saint Gobain will ensure that technological and economic impact are achieved. Members of the consortium have had considerable success in translating research results to end-users and this embeds valuable experience in the Programme and provides a model that could be followed.

Training: The training and mentoring of early-stage researchers is an essential part of the project. They will acquire a wide range of technical and transferable skills, which will be of value both during this project and in their subsequent careers in industry and academia. We also place a high priority on training in communication and engagement with end users. The project will improve staff skills (science and team-working) via collaboration, through visits and secondments to our academic collaborators and through interactions with industry partners.

Dissemination: Industry and interest groups will be engaged via multiple channels, including our annual "Crystallisation day", specialist workshops, reports to learned societies and policy-makers, through social media, briefing documents and our web presence. We will promote new opportunities for academic-academic and academic-industry partnerships, beyond the consortium and partners. In this way we will seek to build a network for the benefit of the UK as a whole in the short, medium and long-terms. Our results will be published (after IP protection if necessary) in leading journals and presented at national and international scientific meetings. Papers will be available on the open access portals of our institutions and we will archive data in accordance with RCUK best practice.

Outreach and Advocacy: Crystallisation lends itself to impact through public engagement and outreach. All our institutions have well-established outreach programmes including annual Festivals of Science and presentations for teachers/sixth formers and all have dedicated academic outreach officers. We will also exploit all opportunities available to promote advocacy for the Engineering and Physical Sciences within the UK. As the project embodies fundamental interdisciplinary science whilst also being strongly linked to issues of major public interest such as healthcare and the environment, it will be an excellent vehicle for engaging decision makers. We will also empower our industrial partners to act as advocates for the promotion of the project's science and activities.
 
Description TA1: Homogeneous nucleation
• We have built a minimal-physics model which captures nucleation from solution in the presence of impurities. The model reveals a surfactant-like mechanism for enhancing nucleation within certain parameter regimes. We have built a map of how this behaviour varies with the sign and strength of the impurity interactions, revealing a rich behaviour encompassing solution stabilisation, impurities as nucleants and cross nucleation of solute onto impurity clusters.

• An additional generic minimal-physics model with nucleation of competing phases has been developed. Tuning of this model yields a system in which the nucleation product is highly sensitive to conditions, allowing us to observe both stable and long-lived metastable phases under similar conditions and with minimal computational expense. We have shown how populations of nuclei in each phase can be determined by the diffusivity of solute species and will now explore additional mechanisms of control in TA2, TA4 and TA6.

• We are addressing a limitation of the above models which restricts us to the limit of fast solute transport from the surrounding medium. Early results show that canonical molecular simulations which neglect solute depletion may be leading to highly spurious results incorrect by several orders of magnitude. We have explored modifications to classical nucleation theory which predict changes of nucleation barrier and critical size as a function of confinement.

• We have developed a correlated methodology for experimentally studying nucleation in the electron microscope via the consideration of the different issues affecting liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM), cryo TEM and conventional TEM on dried samples at various timepoints.

• We have extensively investigated time-resolved cryogenic TEM and have also explored different sample preparation methods for conventional "dry sample" TEM. Each method suffers from its own drawbacks and artefacts including radiolytic damage by the electron/X-ray beam, sample confinement and sample preparation artefacts, however a correlated approach which can be benchmarked against cryo-TEM appears to be the best way forward.

• We have investigated the role of disordered intermediates - emerged as key features of the electrical double layer in graphite/water interfaces (see TA3) - in the nucleation of NaCl from aqueous solution with atomistic simulations. Building on configurational sampling obtained with well tempered metadynamics we have collected independent unbiased trajectories sampling the growth and dissolution of NaCl clusters with a wide range of internal structures. We used this information to build a Markov State Model able to reveal the existence of multiple pathways to nucleation, suggesting that pathways involving disordered intermediates might be favourable in supersaturated systems below the spinodal decomposition regime.

• An analysis of data using the first nucleation theorem has shown that, in typical experimental conditions, calcium carbonate nucleates through the formation of critical nuclei consisting of only a few formula units. Such nuclei are too small to be classified as a particular polymorph, suggesting that bulk structure selection takes place later on, during stable growth.

TA2: Polymorph Selection
• We have calibrated a liquid cell transmission electron microscope (LCTEM) holder to study crystallisation and phase transformation at the micro/nanoscale in-situ and in real time. The effects of electron beam exposure have been modelled using chemical speciation software and the effects of the confined reactor volume on kinetics have been characterised. We have developed a work flow whereby LCTEM is correlated by cryo-TEM studies which do not suffer from either confinement effects and where beam damage is minimised.

• A repeatable LCTEM study of the real time hydration of calcium sulphate (bassanite nanorods to gypsum needles) has been undertaken and hydration appears to be complete within a few minutes for the setup used via dissolution-repreciiptation. This has been benchmarked against time-resolved cryoTEM. The study is now being extended to the direct crystallisation of gypsum from solution and initial results suggest that bassanite per se is not an intermediate in the crystallisation process .

• Polymorph selection for the calcium carbonate system has been experimentally investigated as a function of supersaturation, temperature and calcium: carbonate molar ratios. We have experimental evidence from cryoTEM for a dense liquid phase pre-cursor prior to the formation of amorphous calcium carbonate and subsequently crystalline polymorphs. We have also identified the spinodal limit for the spontaneous breakdown of this dense liquid phase into amorphous calcium carbonate.

• We have shown that cationic polyamines ranging from small molecules to large polyelectrolytes can exert exceptional control over calcium carbonate polymorph, promoting aragonite nucleation at extremely low concentrations, but suppressing its growth at high concentrations, such that calcite or vaterite form. The aragonite crystals form via particle assembly, giving nanoparticulate structures analogous to biogenic aragonite, and subsequent growth yields stacked aragonite platelets comparable to structures seen in developing nacre. This mechanism of polymorph selectivity is captured in a theoretical model based on these competing nucleation and growth effects and is completely distinct from the activity of magnesium ions, which generate aragonite by inhibiting calcite.

• Using computational simulations, we have considered the effect of the calcium: carbonate ratio on polymorph selection and observed reduced proto-nuclei formation at certain concentrations of carbonate. We have also examined the role of water ordering at interfaces and how this might encourage proto-nuclei formation.

• We have developed a forcefield for use in nitrate systems that correctly models both the structures of all the alkali metal halides and also gets the correct relative energetic stabilities for their various phases. This forcefield has been extended to include interactions with water so we can examine nucleation of nitrate systems.

• A new methodology for generating the interfacial free energy of crystals in solution has been produced. The scripts required to apply it using the LAMMPS code have been made publicly available. This approach allows us to consider the importance of entropy in the stability of surfaces and is applicable for many types of interface, including surfaces, aqueous interfaces and grain boundaries. We have applied this to sulphate and carbonate systems to understand the relative stabilities of the nuclei of different polymorphs. We have demonstrated that the entropy of formation of these interfaces is usually negative (demonstrating the increased order in the solvent phase produced by interface formation) and its effect is too large to be ignored or for simple approximations to be used. The entropy effect explains why calcite surfaces are more stable than aragonite surfaces resolving issues within the literature.

TA3: Surface-Directed Crystallisation
• A key advance has been the use of electrokinetic mixing inside nanopipettes to induce, and simultaneously measure, precipitation where the electric field can be controlled. Applied to both aqueous and non-aqueous systems, various solids (inorganic, metal-organic framework, organic) have been formed by selective use of applied voltage and then characterised with electron microscopy. Finite element (FEM) simulation confirmed the role of the field in the selectivity. Parallel studies have revealed the nature of the nanoscale mixing process in exquisite detail for future applications.

• Crystal growth kinetics are determined by the interfacial supersaturation which depends on the interplay between mass transport from the bulk solution to crystal surface and surface kinetics. The critical step length at screw dislocation growth hillocks has been identified and proven to be a sensitive yardstick for interfacial supersaturation, by analysis of atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of calcite growth and the development of a FEM model for mass transport in an AFM fluid cell. The analysis should be generally applicable to any crystal growth process and in-situ technique where steps or hillocks are visualised. The speciation model used for these studies has been translated to other areas, including the electroreduction of CO2, which is of intense interest for future energy systems.

• Atomic level detail of the interfacial region is revealed in molecular dynamics simulations of the graphite-sodium chloride interface. For the first time, the rich layered structure of the interface is used to explain trends in the differential capacitance that contradict the prevailing Gouy-Chapman-Stern model. This work provides a platform to understand how electrochemical interfaces can be tailored to promote crystal growth.

• The effect of surface (applied) potential on crystallisation at surfaces has been explored in several systems. An impinging jet flow cell has been set up to allow control over mass transport and composition at crystallising interfaces, with crystallization monitored by: optical microscopy, quartz crystal microbalance measurements or attenuated total reflection - infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy.

• We have introduced interference reflection microscopy (IRM) as a powerful in-situ visualisation method for following crystallization, with the possibility of monitor 3D growth kinetics at several crystals within a population simultaneously.

• A combined scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) - IRM technique has been designed built and tested that allows multiple crystallisation experiments in the confined droplet at the end of a nanopipette in meniscus contact with a surface. This has been applied to study the effect of applied potential on the nucleation and growth of calcium carbonate and gypsum at self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold electrodes and of sodium chloride on graphene and graphene. A single channel SECCM pipette can be employed, but it is also possible to execute nanoscale mixing on demand via an applied electric field.

• The apparent qualitative discrepancy between simplified mesoscopic models of mass transfer at the solid/liquid interface, and atomistic simulations of electrolyte solutions at exchanging and non-exchanging surfaces have been examined, highlighting how non-idealities should be incorporated in mean field models to obtain consistent models across scales, informed by atomistic simulations.

• When mass transport (partly) limits growth, the interfacial solution conditions are difficult to determine, precluding quantitative measurement. We have demonstrated that the critical step length in growth hillocks is a measure of the local supersaturation, allowing the surface-controlled kinetics to be obtained. The method has allowed a reanalysis and rationalization of data from atomic force microscopy measurements of calcite, resolving disparities between growth rates measured under different mass transport conditions. Our approach expands the scope of in situ microscopy by decoupling quantitative measurement from the influence of mass transport.

TA4: Nucleant-Controlled Crystallisation
• Our simulations have focused on the role of surface defects. We have built different surface defects into self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and examined their interaction with water and calcium carbonate. Our results have demonstrated that the surface defects may interact differently with the ions due to added flexibility of the SAMs caused by under-bonding. This couples with additional changes to water organisation and dynamics in these areas which may affect the ability of ions to move freely across the surface. Hence surface defects can act as centres both to generate localised high ion concentrations and to stimulate and stabilise clusters. The key role of these surface defects helps explain how classical nucleation theory works in heterogeneous systems. Although the basic model expects nucleation to occur freely across the surface, our work indicates the importance of the limited numbers of sites that are available as nucleation points (the equivalent of the pre-nucleation clusters sometimes proposed in homogeneous nucleation).

• We have studied the behaviour of KNO3 at a self-assembled monolayer surface, looking at three different concentrations (1M, 4M and 7M) and two pH levels (4 and 9). We have compared our results with a continuum space-charge model, numerically solving the non-linear 1-D Grahame equation. This enables us to include effects of speciation in the solution and the variation of species activity with ionic strength using the Truesdell-Jones model. Whilst the space-charge model provides a good approximation for a charged SAM surface, we find that at low pH, where the SAM surface is only mildly charged, the surface-ion interactions are dominated by shorter-ranged van der Waals interactions rather than electrostatics.

• The efficacy of heterogeneous nucleants is dependent not only on surface chemistry, but also surface topography. We are investigating nucleation on substrates exhibiting surface cracks and have demonstrated that these can provide favourable sites for the nucleation of crystals including calcium carbonate. We have also demonstrated that we can place cracks into a surface and thus intentionally programme where crystals form.

• Hair is used as a nucleant in technologically important crystallisation processes. Preventing the deposition of calcium mineral scale on hair is an important consideration for the efficacy of products in the hair care industry. We have characterised the surface chemistry and local charge on hair (with scanning ion conductance microscopy), using techniques developed in TA3, and investigated correlations with the crystallisation of both potassium nitrate and calcium carbonate, to reveal how local variations in the properties of hair (human and animal) effect crystallisation.

• We have been exploring the use of surface topography to control crystal nucleation and growth. Thin films of metal are deposited on PDMS, whose flexibility causes the metal film to crack. Calcium carbonate deposited on these substrates almost exclusively grows in the cracks, where this effect can be enhanced by functionalising the substrate with self-assembled monolayer (SAMs). Detailed investigations have been carried out on the influence of the crack dimensions and surface chemistry, and the early stages of crystallisation within the surface cracks has been explored.

• We have built systems for simulating nucleant effects with a variety of charges and topologies in simulation and combined this with constant chemical systems so we can determine the "effective" concentration at the surface at variety of experimental conditions.


TA5: Additive-Directed Crystal Growth
• TA5 seeks to develop a microscopic understanding of how the presence of additional species in the host solution and the crystal can affect the kinetics of growth, and influence structural and morphological outcomes.

• We have developed a comprehensive set of mesoscopic models to address various aspects of the growth of calcite in the presence of additives. One of the fundamental insights is that the competition between step nucleation at screw dislocations and from 2-d island formation can be shifted in favour of the latter through the inhibition of step propagation brought about by additives, leading to blunted crystalline morphologies with the creation of piled-up edges that form pseudo-faces. A second insight is that boundary layer diffusion control of the kinetics is often present in crystal growth experiments, and that this brings about size-dependent shifts in morphology.

• Models of the kinetics of pseudo-face creation and roughening have been constructed using a set of modified Becker-Döring rate equations. The effects arise from diffusion-driven step aggregation followed by preferential additive attachment at multisteps leading to their relative immobilisation. Further work is ongoing to understand the formation of concave and convex pseudofaces.

• A complete set of calculations of the free energy surfaces characterising ion attachment at kink sites in calcite has been undertaken. A new insight is that ions can initially attach in elevated positions relative to the lattice site, and are brought down into place only upon attachment of the next ion. Furthermore, such a multistep kink propagation mechanism seems to present no significant free energy barriers, neither from dehydration nor reordering, suggesting that diffusion to the surface is the more important rate determining step in the kinetics.

• Metadynamics in combination with Hamiltonian replica exchange has been tested as an efficient method for computing free energy profiles for species attachment to surfaces. It appears to be a more powerful approach as an alternative to metadynamics defined by rigid choices of collective variables.

• Efficient parallel computation of surface growth modelled by kinetic Monte Carlo has been explored using GPU resources. Novel ideas for the mapping of a large surface onto semi-independent tiles allows a speed-up of several orders of magnitude in some cases. Extension to three dimensions and further application is under development.

• It has been debated for some time whether CaCO3 nucleates classically with the attainment of a critical cluster size or nonclassically with the restructuring of a prenucleation cluster (PNC). We have determined from the nucleation kinetics of CaCO3 that the transition state is composed of about 10 formula units, irrespective of the supersaturation. Crucially, this is considerably smaller than the average PNC size estimated from experimental characterisation. This size discrepancy suggests the PNCs are uninvolved in nucleation, and the kinetics indicate that if CaCO3 nucleates classically, the transition state must be an abnormally unstable (anti-magic) cluster.

• Amino acid assisted occlusion of dye molecules into calcite has been investigated in a wide ranging set of experiments, suggesting several mechanisms might be operating. It has been suggested that the Asp amino acid disrupts the hydration layer at the surface, facilitating attachment of the much larger dye molecules. Another suggestion is that the amino acids bind to the dye in solution and chaperone the latter into an occluded position.

• Ptychographic X-ray computed tomography (PXCT) was, used to visualise the 3D internal structures of micron-scale nanocomposite calcite crystals containing diblock copolymer worms and vesicles. The results provided valuable information about the distribution of the polymer nano-objects within entire crystals at nanometre spatial resolution and revealed how occlusion is governed by factors including the supersaturation and calcium concentration.

• Crystallisation has been studied in the presence of coloured dye molecules, where this has enabled us to explore the pathway from adsorption on the crystal surface to occlusion, and to investigate how the solvent influences occlusion.


TA6: Crystallisation in Confinement
• We have developed an imaging-based strategy that exploits confinement effects to track the evolution of a population of individual crystals in 3D, and use it to characterize complex crystallization processes. Focusing on the hotly-debated calcium sulphate system, precipitation is carried out within nanoporous media in which the crystals are fixed in position and develop slowly. The evolution of the size, shape and polymorphs of the crystals are then tracked in situ using synchrotron X-ray computed tomography and diffraction computed tomography. Our study reveals formation of an amorphous phase and long-lived bassanite (CaSO4·0.5H2O) in aqueous solution at room temperature, and importantly demonstrates that the thermodynamically stable phase gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) can precipitate by different pathways according to reaction environment. This confirms current hypotheses about the transformation of the amorphous phase into crystalline forms of calcium sulphate.

• The effects of confinement on calcium sulfate crystallisation were investigated by precipitating crystals within the cylindrical pores of track-etched membranes with different pore diameters and revealed that oriented gypsum forms in 200 nm diameter pores, bassanite in 25-100 nm pores and anhydrite in 10 nm pores. The crystallization pathways were studied by coating the membranes with an amorphous titania layer prior to mineralization to create electron transparent nanotubes and we show that the product single crystals derive from multiple nucleation events, orientation is determined at early reaction times, and the gypsum crystals form likely via bassanite dissolution-reprecipitation. The transformation of bassanite to gypsum within the membrane pores is studied using experiment and potential mean force calculations and is shown to proceed by localized dissolution/ reprecipitation.

• Graphene nanomaterials (GNMs) have been explored as novel nucleants that can enhance nucleation rates and even direct crystal polymorph. The beauty of GNMs is that they are electron transparent and their conformation can be readily explored using cryo electron tomography. This system therefore enables us to examine how crystals form in situ within the confines of the wrinkles and folds of the GNMs. Experimental results are complemented by modelling studies, where we can directly employ the experimental data on the conformation of the GNMs in the simulations.

• Simulations were carried out of a colloidal system undergoing two-step nucleation to support the studies of crystallisation in the nanopockets present in graphene samples and were performed in the presence of surfaces of varying geometry. Multiple unbiased simulations show that the dense liquid intermediate tends to form inside the concave geometry as this maximises the interaction between particles in the dense liquid and the internal 'walls' of the surfaces. The effect of the interfaces was also analysed by constructing Markov State Models from multiple, independent reactive trajectories.

• We have investigated the behaviour of the multi-species model from TA1 using system size as a proxy for confinement. We have demonstrated that the most easily nucleated phase can be controlled with system size. A prototype lattice-Boltzmann implementation is now being coupled to our model to allow us to quantity this effect under semi-open conditions represent confinement experiemnts.

• Following an analysis of nucleation rate data for calcium carbonate, it has been concluded that polymorph selection does not take place at the time of critical cluster formation. The clusters are too small to possess the bulk properties or crystalline order of the available polymorphs. Instead, selection will take place during the stable growth of an amorphous cluster, within a time frame where it is still small enough for thermal fluctuations to allow the adoption of a variety of different structures. This hypothesis holds promise in the interpretation of experimental data on polymorph selection in confined geometries, where growth occurs in parallel with cluster attachment and detachment from surfaces, which might provide an intermittent templating effect that would promote a more adaptable, and potentially more metastable, polymorph.
Exploitation Route The key impacts of the proposed work relate to the development of new understanding, and from these methods to control inorganic crystallisation under conditions relevant to real world applications. Specifically, we expect to deliver outcomes including the ability to: (1) identify well-defined reaction conditions for generating specific crystal polymorphs; (2) select nucleants that promote crystallisation of selected compounds; (3) use confinement to control crystallisation; (4) design surfaces that can promote (or prevent) crystallisation; (5) select or design additives that give crystals with desired shapes and sizes; (6) select additives that inhibit unwanted crystallisation and (7) create composite crystals with tuneable properties. The range of beneficiaries is therefore extremely broad, and includes all of those who research, manufacture or use crystalline materials in sectors ranging from the Fine Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Formulated Products, Oil and Gas, Water, Mining/ Separation and Advanced Materials.
Sectors Agriculture

Food and Drink

Chemicals

Environment

Manufacturing

including Industrial Biotechology

Culture

Heritage

Museums and Collections

URL https://realworldcrystals.leeds.ac.uk/
 
Description The SECCM and SICM methods being developed are being used in a project with Unilever to investigate the action of weak acids on dental enamel and assess treatments to prevent acid attack. The SECCM method is further part of a study with ETEX to assess understand the hemihydrate-gypsum transformation. The nucleation simulation methods developed within the context of TA1 and TA3, as well as the model systems characterised in these context have led to industry-sponsored collaboration with Pfizer, Abbvie, and Xtalpi at UCL Chemical Engineering.
First Year Of Impact 2021
Sector Construction,Healthcare,Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology,Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology
Impact Types Societal

Economic

 
Description Dr. Helen Freeman has been awarded a Parliamentary Academic Fellowship at the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. From January to October 2021 she will work 2 days per week writing a research briefing for MPs and Peers titled NetZero: Decarbonising Construction, with a focus on the role of low carbon materials for a sustainable transition. Details here: https://post.parliament.uk/approved-net-zero-and-decarbonising-construction/. This secondment is funded by the QR-SPF (£12,000).
Geographic Reach National 
Policy Influence Type Implementation circular/rapid advice/letter to e.g. Ministry of Health
URL https://post.parliament.uk/approved-net-zero-and-decarbonising-construction/
 
Description 3D Nanoscale chemical analysis: a FIBSEM-SIMS facility optimised for soft and composite materials
Amount £1,726,123 (GBP)
Funding ID EP/V028855/1 
Organisation Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 06/2021 
End 06/2025
 
Description Analytical electron and ion beam microscopy to enable precision engineering of complex chemical products for high value technology sectors
Amount £1,500,000 (GBP)
Funding ID EP/X040992/1 
Organisation Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 03/2024 
End 02/2028
 
Description Core Equipment at the University of Leeds
Amount £549,999 (GBP)
Funding ID EP/T024488/1 
Organisation Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 02/2020 
End 08/2021
 
Description Cryogenic electron microscopy for native state analysis of nanoparticles in liquids
Amount £196,879 (GBP)
Funding ID EP/R043388/1 
Organisation Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 08/2018 
End 02/2021
 
Description EPSRC IAA 2022-2025 (High throughput screening platform...)
Amount £24,401 (GBP)
Organisation Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 03/2023 
End 09/2023
 
Description Flow-Xl: A New UK Facility for Analysis of Crystallisation in Flow Systems
Amount £1,129,048 (GBP)
Funding ID EP/T006331/1 
Organisation Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 03/2020 
End 01/2023
 
Description High Throughput Modelling of Molecular Crystals Out of Equilibrium (ht-MATTER)
Amount £1,723,608 (GBP)
Funding ID EP/X033139/1 
Organisation Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 01/2023 
End 12/2027
 
Description Investigating the Interfacial Biochemistry of Dental Enamel by Multifunctional SICM
Amount £150,000 (GBP)
Organisation Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 09/2021 
End 09/2025
 
Description Physicochemical processes in droplets
Amount £45,000 (GBP)
Organisation Syngenta International AG 
Department Syngenta Crop Protection
Sector Private
Country United Kingdom
Start 09/2021 
End 09/2025
 
Title Cryo-liftout of TEM lamella using cryogrippers 
Description Using cryo-cooled mechanical grippers we have successfully developed a protocol for performing in-situ liftout of cryogenically coolled TEM lamella thinned by the ion beam milling in a dual beam FIBSEM. This is highly important for the study of soft matter microstructures in their native state, We offer this capability to both internal and external users 
Type Of Material Improvements to research infrastructure 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? No  
Impact Extended abaility to look at beam sensitive and vacuum sensitive materials in their native state, 
 
Title CCDC 1958254: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination 
Description Related Article: Eva Oswald, Anna-Laurine Gaus, Julian Kund, Maria Küllmer, Jan Romer, Simon Weizenegger, Tobias Ullrich, Alexander K. Mengele, Lydia Petermann, Robert Leiter, Patrick R. Unwin, Ute Kaiser, Sven Rau, Axel Kahnt, Andrey Turchanin, Max Delius, Christine Kranz|2021|Chem.-Eur.J.|27|16896|doi:10.1002/chem.202102778 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2021 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/services/structure_request?id=doi:10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc23qqh2&sid=DataCite
 
Title CmuMD for PLUMED2 
Description This repository hosts the implementation for PLUMED 2 of the CmuMD method. This method allows for mimicking open boundary conditions in NVT molecular simulations involving solid/fluid interfaces and enables the simulation of concentration-driven fluxes through porous membranes. The method, with an application to crystal growth, is described in the paper: [1] Molecular dynamics simulations of solutions at constant chemical potential. C Perego, M Salvalaglio, M Parrinello, J Chem Phys (14), 144113, 2015. The adaptation of CmuMD to model concentration-driven membrane fluxes is described in the paper: [2] Concentration gradient driven molecular dynamics: a new method for simulations of membrane permeation and separation A Ozcan, C Perego, M Salvalaglio, M Parrinello, O Yazaydin Chem Sci 8 (5), 3858-3865, 2017 The method is described and discussed in the review work: Non-Equilibrium Modelling of Concentration-Driven Processes with Constant Chemical Potential Molecular Dynamics Simulations T Karmakar, A Finney, M Salvalaglio, AO Yazaydin, C Perego, Accounts of Chemical Research, 2023. 
Type Of Material Computer model/algorithm 
Year Produced 2022 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact Reproducing the published work and enabling the adoption of methods in independently run research projects. 
URL https://github.com/mme-ucl/CmuMD
 
Title Dataset for 'Serial Small- and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering with Laboratory Sources' 
Description This dataset contains measurements used in the paper, 'Serial Small- and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering with Laboratory Sources' from the journal, IUCrJ (doi: 10.1107/S2052252522007631). Included are the raw SAXS, WAXS, and XRD patterns used in the evaluation of different samples, sample environments, and X-ray scattering instruments. From these data, the authors determined that it is feasible to perform serial SAXS/WAXS analysis of materials using laboratory X-ray sources with the aid of micro- and milli-fluidic sample environments. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2022 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://archive.researchdata.leeds.ac.uk/1010/
 
Title Dataset from Electron Transparent Nanotubes Reveal Crystallization Pathways in Confinement 
Description Data includes characterisation of calcium sulfate crystals formed in confinment inside nanopores. Bulk material analysis with powder X-ray diffraction and Raman. Imaging of samples using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Nanaoscale elemental analyisis using energy dispersive X-ray and nanoscale materials analysis from selected area electron diffraction. These experimental data are supported by molecular dynamics simulations of water approaching and moving within bassanite crystal structures and COMSOL flux modelling of material movement to a crystal forming within a confined pore. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://archive.researchdata.leeds.ac.uk/1122/
 
Title NaCl (aq) nucleation rates: computational results and experimental measurements 
Description A repository that hosts the data used to map computational predictions and experimental measurements of nucleation rates of NaCl(aq) as discussed in "Molecular simulation approaches to study crystal nucleation from solutions: Theoretical considerations and computational challenges, A. Finney, M. Salvalaglio, WIREs Computational Molecular Science, 2024." ( https://doi.org/10.1002/wcms.1697) 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact Enable a critical comparison between computational methods for the estimate of nucleation rates and their comparison with experiments. Will be periodically updated with data from new papers. 
URL https://github.com/mme-ucl/NaCl_water_Nucleation_Rates
 
Description Collaboration with Andre Geim and Marcelo Lozada-Hidalgo (University of Manchester) 
Organisation University of Manchester
Department National Graphene Institute
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution We applied the state of the art SECCM technique to understand the charge transfer properties of suspended graphene, in particular identifying sites for proton transport
Collaborator Contribution Supplied well characterised devices and samples, deep engagement in the science and data, including modelling through additional collaboration.
Impact A paper is under review/revision.
Start Year 2021
 
Description Collaboration with WMG, Warwick 
Organisation University of Warwick
Department Warwick Manufacturing Group
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Through the award of this funding, and the unique experimental capability we will establish, we are creating new collaborations with WMG (Geoff West and Mel Loveridge) to do some pump priming experiments.
Collaborator Contribution The link is through Pat Unwin, Warwick Chemistry.
Impact Just started.
Start Year 2020
 
Description Copenhagen-Sheffield Collaboration 
Organisation University of Copenhagen
Country Denmark 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Simulations exploring the binding of molecules at polar surfaces.
Collaborator Contribution Costs for travel and subsistence. Atomic force microscopy experiments. HPC facilities in Copenghagen University.
Impact New research. PhD award Dr Beatriz Fonseca 2022 Publication DOI 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111602
Start Year 2019
 
Description Quorum Cryo-liftout 
Organisation Quorum Review- Independent Review Board
Country United States 
Sector Private 
PI Contribution Collaboration with company Quorum on in-situ liftout of frozen TEM samples
Collaborator Contribution Collaboration with company Quorum on in-situ liftout of frozen TEM samples
Impact none so far
Start Year 2017
 
Description Warwick - Politecnico di Milano collaboration 
Organisation Polytechnic University of Milan
Country Italy 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Expertise in umbrella sampling and other rare event sampling techniques in lattice Monte Carlo. Link to problems in simulations of open chemical systems in the context of nucleation from solution.
Collaborator Contribution Acceleration of simulations using the n-fold way Monte Carlo technique and the implementation of this within contexts of relevance to the simulating nucleation under confinement.
Impact No outputs yet.
Start Year 2023
 
Description iCASE Award on corrosion 
Organisation TATA Steel
Country India 
Sector Private 
PI Contribution This project is focused on the corrosion of battery casings and coatings and will make use of the glovebox-scanned electrochemical probe microscope set up that we are setting up for "Quantitative imaging of Multi-Scale Dynamic Phenomena at Electrochemical Interfaces"
Collaborator Contribution Pat Unwin is supervisor of the project and Geoff West (WMG, Warwick) is cosupervisor.
Impact Recently started.
Start Year 2019
 
Title Einstein IFE 
Description Scripts for LAMMPs code to perform calculations for the calculation of interfacial free energies using an Einstein reference state Material is freely available using github 
Type Of Technology Software 
Year Produced 2023 
Impact Presentation given at workshop (Brunel, Sept 2023) 
URL https://github.com/syeandel/Einstein_IFE
 
Title GASP - GPU Accelerated Solute Precipitation 
Description This is software for performing massively parallel simulations of the 2D Ising model. It has capability to simulate one replica of the mode per CUDA-core of an Nvidia GPU, allowing for simulations in which many thousands of replicas run concurrently on a single GPU device. It can be used to produce nucleation statistics for unbiased estimates of nucleation rate, and for rapid calculation of the committor probability given an input configuration for the 2D grid. 
Type Of Technology Software 
Year Produced 2024 
Open Source License? Yes  
Impact Software is being used to generate training data for a machine-learned model of the committor as a test case for future accelerated sampling methods. 
 
Description 'Chalk to Chocolate' workshop at Famile Day, University of Warwick at end of British Association of Science Annual meeting 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact This was one of a number of demonstrations at a Family Day, which an estimated 800 people attended. This particular eveny reacjed several hundred people.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description 7 Science lessons with the RSC Spectroscopy in a Suitcase program 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact Ian McPherson (PDRA on the crystallisation programme grant) delivered 7 Science lessons with the RSC Spectroscopy in a Suitcase program
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description After school club event on crystals 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact Ian McPherson organised an after school club event on crystals with other researchers from the University of Warwick Electrochemistry Group
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Annual Royal Microscopical Society School in Elecron Microscopy - every Spring or Summer 2008 onwards 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact Week long Training School for users of the technique
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021
 
Description Be Curious Science Outreach event 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact Microscopy Demonstrations
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
URL https://www.leeds.ac.uk/news-university/news/article/5058/explore-learn-and-create-at-be-curious-202...
 
Description Be Curious Science Outreach event 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact Microscopy Talk, Activities and Display at Be Curious Festival at University of Leeds, Annual event every March
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016,2017,2018,2019,2020
URL http://www.leeds.ac.uk/info/4000/around_campus/460/be_curious_festival-about_leeds_and_yorkshire
 
Description Be Curious Scientific Outreach event 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Microscopy Demonstrations
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.leeds.ac.uk/news-university/news/article/5287/inspire-create-and-explore-at-be-curious-2...
 
Description Blog on science communication from team member Peter Morris (associated PhD student) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact Blog by associated PhD student, Peter Morris, on communicating research to policymakers
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://www.wiley.com/network/researchers/latest-content/5-tips-for-communicating-research-to-policy...
 
Description Co-organisation of Royal Society Discussion Meeting, Dynamic in-situ microscopy relating structure and function 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Fast-track discussion meeting organised by Dame Pratibha Gai FREng FRS, Professor Edward Boyes, Professor Rik Brydson and Professor Richard Catlow FRS.
October 21-22 2019
This meeting evidenced and advanced development in dynamic in-situ environmental electron, scanning probe, optical and fast time resolved microscopy and computer modelling studies of vital interest in the chemical, physical and life sciences, underpinning technologies of high commercial and societal value. It focused on the pivotal role of imaging and spectroscopy for dynamic processes across the sciences to access previously invisible aspects of real world processes.
An accompanying journal issue for this meeting was published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://royalsociety.org/science-events-and-lectures/2019/10/in-situ-microscopy/
 
Description Concluding Remarks, Next Generation Nanoelectrochemistry Faraday Discussion, Dec 2021 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact I was invited to give Concluding Remarks, Next Generation Nanoelectrochemistry Faraday Discussion, Dec 2021. The meeting was held online and reached a large international audience. I summarised the key developments from the meeting, placing the work in a historical context. I further used this opportunity to predict how the field of nanoelectrochemistry may develop in the future.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
 
Description Crystallisation Day 2024 Industry-Academia panel 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Participated in a panel discussion on Industry and academia open questions and challenges in the field of crystallization processes.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description Crystallization Day 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact We organised a one-day "Crystallization Day" with invited speakers from the UK, Europe and the USA. The meeting was followed by a reception and poster session. It was well-attended by researchers from across the country
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description Distinguished Lecture, iNano, Aarhus 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact Invited lecture as part of the iNano Distinguished Lecture series, leading to dissemination of our activities in SECCM to a diverse audience in nanoscience.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Exhibition of scientific images 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Exhibition of images of crystals at the North Bar, Leeds
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Exhibition of scientific images 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact 6 week exhibition of images of crystals at the North Bar Leeds
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018,2019
 
Description Invited Keynote at 15th International Fischer Symposium, Kloster Seeon, Germany 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact I have an invited keynote at 15th International Fischer Symposium, Kloster Seeon, Germany. This meeting covers a broad range of electrochemistry and I was able to raise awarenes of our recent work on SECCM and high resolution electrochemical imagining.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Invited Talk at Surface Energies Workshop 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Workshop to discuss the best practice for surface calculations. Invitation to Dr Stephen Yeandel due to impact of work on programme. Decisions made on informing the wider community and for future code development. Outcome was to use our new methodology in a future version of the main molecular dynamics code LAMMPs.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Invited lecture - Nanoscience Days, Finland 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact I was an invited speaker at the longrunning Nanoscience Days conference, University of Jyväskylä. I was able to present our SECCM studies to a broad audience in nanoscience, raising awareness of our innovative methods.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Invited lecture at AstraZeneca 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact Lecture on our latest activities in crystallisation to AstraZeneca Scientists at Macclesfield (in person/online), Sweden (online) and USA (online)
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Invited talk Gordon Conference on Biomineralization 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Talk on "In Vitro Approaches to Understanding Calcite/ Aragonite Polymorphism in Biomineralization"
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Keynote presentation at The Third Middle-Eastern Materials Science Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Talk on "Controlling Crystallisation using Surface Topography"
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Presentation (Goldschmidt): Why no Aragonite? Polymorph selection in the early stages of calcium carbonate nucleation 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Talk given at international conference resulting in debate/discussion and collaboration
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description Presentation (MRS): Simulating the effect of organic molecules on clustering in calcium carbonate and phosphate 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Presentation given at international meeting (MRS) giving rise todebate/discussion
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description Presentation at Industry Day 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact Presentation of the Programme Grant activity to members of the Industry Club (20 members) of the Institute of Process Research and Development at Weetwood Hall, Leeds
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Presentation of research at the East Midlands Big Bang Fair on Saturday 9th February. 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Presentation of research at the East Midlands Big Bang Fair on Saturday 9th February, with over 4000 people attending. PM used the crystallisation of cocoa butter (aka chocolate) to explain polymorphism while IM discussed the importance of crystals in nature using the Meldrum group's impressive collection of biological crystals and scanning electron micrographs.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Recorded industry focussed panel discussion 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact As part of "Crystallization Day 2024" we held a panel discussion with participants from industry and academia focussing on key questions on crystallization, and problems facing industry. This was professionally recorded and a transcript produced so is available to all.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description Royce Institute Workshop for PhD students 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact A three day residential workshop for 15-20 PhD students, particularly targeted at those in CDTs, to showcase (mostly) Royce facilities at Leeds. Basic structure was lectures then demonstrations.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020
 
Description Scientific Organisation of Microscience Microscience Microscopy Congresses MMC2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Attendance and presentation at conferences
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2013,2015,2017,2019,2021
URL https://www.mmc-series.org.uk/
 
Description Simulation group workshop 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Sponsored workshop to discuss techniques to simulate free energies of interfaces. New methods developed make available to users of the LAMMPs code by uploading scripts and examples onto Github
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://github.com/syeandel/Einstein_IFE
 
Description Solvay Workshop on Nucleation: multiple pathways multiple outcomes 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Talk on "Controlling Crystallisation using Confinement and Surface Topography"
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Talk at Gordon Conference on Crystal Growth and Assembly 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Invited talk on "Controlling Crystallisation using Confinement and Surface Topography"
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Timms Symposium Bristol 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Timms lecturer
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.bristol.ac.uk/chemistry/news/2023/timms-symposium-2023.html
 
Description Workshop on Forcefield Development 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Workshop on theory of simulation methods to develop and use atomic forcefields.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://www.ccp5.ac.uk/node/305