Dynamic Dewetting: Designing and Breaking Novel Morphologies of Liquid Films
Lead Research Organisation:
Nottingham Trent University
Department Name: School of Science & Technology
Abstract
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Organisations
People |
ORCID iD |
| Carl Brown (Principal Investigator) | |
| Michael Newton (Co-Investigator) |
Publications
Brown C
(2020)
Bubble Control, Levitation, and Manipulation Using Dielectrophoresis
in Advanced Materials Interfaces
Edwards A
(2020)
Electrostatic control of dewetting dynamics
in Applied Physics Letters
Edwards A
(2020)
A viscous switch for liquid-liquid dewetting
in Communications Physics
Edwards AMJ
(2021)
Controlling the breakup of toroidal liquid films on solid surfaces.
in Scientific reports
Ruiz-Gutiérrez É
(2021)
Lattice Boltzmann Simulations of Multiphase Dielectric Fluids.
in Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids
Ruiz-Gutiérrez É
(2022)
Dielectrowetting on curved surfaces
in Applied Physics Letters
| Description | The fundamental aim of this project was to investigate and control the de-wetting of liquids on surfaces with patterned and switchable regions of wettability in fluid-fluid systems of widely differing viscosity and density contrasts ranging from liquid-in-air to liquid-in-liquid and air-in-liquid systems. We have produced key findings of interest in our studies of all three of these systems. 1. Liquid in air - Exploration of the dewetting and stability of liquid films of non-circular initial morphologies in air: We used electrostatic forces to create a rectangular shaped spread film of a liquid on a normally liquid repellent flat solid surface. We demonstrated the "dewetting" of this film in which the liquid retracts and changes shape after being released (i.e. we switch the electrostatic forces off) and evolves to become a ball shape ("spherical cap shape") sitting proud on the surface. We found that if we reduce the magnitude of the electrostatic forces, rather than completely removing them, this allowed us to program the degree of repellency of the solid surface as the film retracted and hence we could voltage-select the final contact angle and height of the spherical cap. We found excellent agreement between our experimental prediction of the functional dependence of the retraction timescale on the final contact angle with the theoretically expected scaling, for a wide range of voltage-selected final contact angles. We further demonstrated "dewetting" from square, rectangle and ring shaped films. For example, we showed repeatable switching between a ring shaped film of an electrically insulating liquid and patterns of droplets of well-defined dimensions confined to a ring geometry. We demonstrated here how our programming of the degree of repellancy of the solid surface as the film retracted could select the final number of droplets into which the ring breaks up, between 1 and 7 droplets. 2. Liquid in liquid - Exploration of the dewetting of a liquid film immersed in a second immiscible liquid: We used electrostatic forces to create a disk-shaped spread film of a liquid - liquid 1 - on a liquid repellent flat solid surface, and again demonstrated the "dewetting" of this film of liquid 1 initiated by us switching off the electrostatic forces. Intuitively you might expect that the more repellent the surface is to liquid 1, then the higher the speed with which the film retracts and changes into a ball shape. However, when liquid 1 is immersed in liquid 2, we observed something counter-intuitive. We performed experiments covering five decades of the viscosity of the outer liquid 2 as a ratio of the viscosity of liquid 1. At small viscosity ratio, dewetting is slower on low liquid 1-repellency surfaces, whilst at high viscosity ratios it is the other way around and there is slower dewetting on high liquid 1-repellency surfaces. The switch effect is a consequence of the interplay between the excess energy due to the surface energy, which drives the dewetting process, and the dissipation due to the geometry of the fluid flow, which resists it. 3. Air in liquid - Exploration of the electrostatic forced dewetting of bubbles from solid surfaces and their subsequent actuation: We used electrostatic forces to force a captive air bubble to detach away from an inverted solid surface. We showed that we could then hold the detached bubble stationary in place below the surface at a distance controlled by the voltage. In this "levitated" state, the bubble is separated from the surface by liquid layer with a voltage-selected thickness at which the electrostatic force exactly counterbalances the gravitational buoyancy force. We demonstrated the repeatable ability to cycle between bubble detachment, levitation, and then reattachment. We observed detachment-reattachment hysteresis in which bubble levitation is maintained with voltages in an order of magnitude lower than those used to create detachment. 4. Relevant to all the above systems, particularly Liquid in air and Liquid in Liquid. We have formulated and validated against experimental results a new lattice-Boltzmann method capable of modelling the dynamics of immiscible dielectric fluids coupled with electric fields within a single framework, thus eliminating the need for using separate algorithms to solve the electrostatic and fluid dynamics equations. |
| Exploitation Route | In circumstances where a film coating is applied to a surface in the presence of another liquid phase. |
| Sectors | Chemicals,Electronics,Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology |
| URL | https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-020-0284-8 |
| Description | Control of liquid film shapes is important in industrial processes such as printing and microscale patterning. The inverse sitation of controlling bubbles at surfaces within liquids is important for heat transfer. This project has established a new experimental technique for creating liquid film shapes in precise spatial arrangements, such as squares, semi-circles, ring and other shapes, which are programmable between droplet and film states. It allows novel morphologies to be created which under other circumstances would suffer from instability and break into separate domains of liquid. It also allows pathways to dewetting and instabilities to be controlled and for the formation, detachment and reattachment of bubbles to be controlled. In "Slippery when wet: mobility regimes of confined drops in electrowetting" (doi: 10.1039/C9SM01107B) we were able to use our knowledge to study the directed transport of the liquid droplets using the related technique of electrwetting. In "Electrostatic control of dewetting dynamics" (doi: 10.1063/5.0010443) we were able to show how a stripe of liquid in air dewet surfaces in a similar manner to axisymmetric films of liquids. We were also able to create complex liquid shapes, such as a torus on a solid, and study the competition between dewetting and the Rayleigh-Plateau instability. In "Controlling the breakup of toroidal liquid films on solid surfaces" (doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87549-5) we demonstrated that electric fields could control and determine the breakup pathways of instabilities. The dewetting dynamics are usually considered to be controlled by the viscous dissipation occurring within a liquid, particularly when the region close to the contact line is an acute wedge-like shape. In "a viscous switch for liquid-liquid dewetting" (doi: 10.1038/s42005-020-0284-8) we were able study dewetting when the outer medium was another viscous liquid. We were able to consider the inner to out liquid viscosity ratio of a remarkable range of five orders of magnitude and do so for both equilibrium droplets with shallow and high contact angles (acute and obtuse shapes near the contact line). This revealed a counter-intuitive effect that, unexpectedly, a surrounding viscous phase can switch the overall dewetting speed so that films retract slower with increasing surface repellency. An effect we were able to both explain theoretically and model numerically. In a further experimental contribution, we were able to study the inverse situation to a droplet in air of a bubble in a liquid. Here we showed that bubbles could be controlled, levitated and manipulated using dielectrophoresis (doi: 10.1002/admi.202001204). To complement experimental work we developed detailed theoretical models validate using lattice-Boltzmann simulations of multiphase dielectric fluids (doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00606). |
| First Year Of Impact | 2017 |
| Sector | Education,Other |
| Description | 2019 - Workshop on Fundamental Fluid Dynamics Challenges in Inkjet Printing (Lorentz Center@Oort - Leiden, Netherlands) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | 2019 - Workshop on Fundamental Fluid Dynamics Challenges in Inkjet Printing (Lorentz Center@Oort - Leiden, Netherlands) 22/7/19-26/7/19 Invited Research Talk: Spreading of droplets & dewetting of liquid films 25/7/19 Glen McHale EP/R036837/1 (EP/R042276/1) and EP/K014803/1 (EP/K015192/1) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | 2019 BIFD - Bifurcations and Instabilities in Fluid Dynamics 2019 (University of Limerick) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | 2019 BIFD - Bifurcations and Instabilities in Fluid Dynamics 2019 (University of Limerick) 16/7/19-20/7/20 Contributed Research Talk - Liquid dielectrophoresis-enabled studies of dewetting 16/7/19 Glen McHale |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | 2019 Science Festival - Palace of Science - Meet the Scientist (Wylam Brewery, Newcastle, UK) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | 2019 Science Festival - Palace of Science - Meet the Scientist (Wylam Brewery, Newcastle, UK) 12/3/19 Public Understanding Exhibition Glen McHale |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| URL | http://www.palaceofscience.co.uk |
| Description | 2019 Seminar - Biomimetic Materials of Tribology (BMT) Group, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | 1. 2019 Seminar - Biomimetic Materials of Tribology (BMT) Group, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) 21st September 2019 2018 Seminar - From Superhydrophobic to Super-Slippery Surfaces Glen McHale EP/R036837/1 (EP/R042276/1) and EP/K014803/1 (EP/K015192/1) EP/P005896/1 (EP/P005705/1) EP/L026899/1 (EP/L026341/1, EP/L026619/1) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| Description | 2020 - 4. Institute of Physics Printing & Graphics Science and Dielectric & Electrostatics Groups, Joint Early Career Event (Webinar), |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | 2020 - Institute of Physics Printing & Graphics Science and Dielectric & Electrostatics Groups, Joint Early Career Event (Webinar),15/12/20-16/12/2020. Contributed Research Talk - "Mode-selection pathways in the Plateau-Rayleigh instability on liquid rings" (15/12/2020) given by Dr. Elfego Ruiz-Gutierrez |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | 2020 - Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, University of Edinburgh, UK |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | 2020 - Invited Research Talk - "Smart Slippery Surfaces". Glen McHale. Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, University of Edinburgh, UK (23/10/2020) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | 2020 - Wetting Dynamics, Bonn, Germany |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | 2020 - Wetting Dynamics, Bonn, Germany, 28-30 September 2020. Contributed Research Talk - "Switchable Wetting to Define and Control Liquid Shapes and Instabilities" (29/9/020). Talk given by Glen McHale. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| Description | 2021 - Dielectrophoresis 2020, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | 2021 - Dielectrophoresis 2020, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA. 26-28 July 2021. Contributed Research Talk - "Lattice Boltzmann Simulations of Dielectrowetting" (27/7/21). Talk given by Élfego Ruiz-Gutiérrez. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://dep2020.org/ |
| Description | 2021 - Droplets 2021 (5th International Conference on Droplets), Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | 2021 - Droplets 2021 (5th International Conference on Droplets), Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany 16-19 September 2021. Contributed Research Talk - "Dynamic dewetting from complex liquid film shapes" (27/7/21). Talk given by Carl Brown. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://www.sfb1194.tu-darmstadt.de/droplets_2021/index.en.jsp |
| Description | 2021 - Droplets 2021 (5th International Conference on Droplets), Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | 2021 - Droplets 2021 (5th International Conference on Droplets), Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany 16-19 September 2021. Contributed Research Talk - "Negative Dielectrowetting of Thick and Thin Films" (27/7/21). Talk given by Andrew M.J. Edwards. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://www.sfb1194.tu-darmstadt.de/droplets_2021/index.en.jsp |
| Description | 2021 - Invited Research Seminar - Collaborative Research Center "Interaction between Transport and Wetting Process", TU Darmstadt, Germany. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | 2021 - Invited Research Seminar - "Controlling Wettability of Solid and Liquid Surfaces". Glen McHale. Collaborative Research Center "Interaction between Transport and Wetting Process", TU Darmstadt, Germany (7/5/2021). |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | 2021 - Invited Research Seminar - Continuum Mechanics & Industrial Mathematics Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Local |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | 2021 - Invited Research Seminar - "Controlling Wettability of Solid and Liquid Surfaces". Glen McHale. Continuum Mechanics & Industrial Mathematics Group, Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK (16/3/2021). |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | 2021 - Invited Research Seminar - Instituto de Fisica, de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IFUNAM), Mexico. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | 2021 - Invited Research Seminar - "Mode-selection pathways in the Plateau-Rayleigh instability on liquid rings. Élfego Ruiz-Gutiérrez. Instituto de Fisica, de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IFUNAM), Mexico (22/3/21). |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | 2021 - UK Fluids Conference 2021, University of Southampton, UK. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | 2021 - UK Fluids Conference 2021, University of Southampton, UK 8-10 September 2021. Contributed Research Talk - "Controlling the breakup of toroidal liquid films on solid surfaces" (10/9/21). Talk given by Glen McHale. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | 2021 - XXVII Congreso de la División de Dinámica de Fluidos, Sociedad Mexicana de Física, Mexico (On-line) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | XXVII Congreso de la División de Dinámica de Fluidos, Sociedad Mexicana de Física Mexico (On-line) 10/11/2021-12/11/2021 Contributed Research Talk - Theory and Simulations on the Dynamics of Dielectrowetting 10/11/2021 Dr. Elfego Ruiz-Guttierez |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://www.fluidos.mx/congreso |
| Description | 2022 - NPE International Series Forum XIII (On-line). |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | International Forum on Nanotechnology & Precision Engineering (NPE) NPE International Series Forum XIII (On-line) 8/11/2022 Invited Research Talk - A Tale of Two Surfaces: How do we Make Surfaces Slippery to Liquids? 8/11/2022 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| URL | https://aip.scitation.org/npe/info/webinar |
| Description | 2022 - Nature Inspired Surface Engineering (NISE 2022) - Dewetting Topic |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | 2022 - Nature Inspired Surface Engineering (NISE 2022) Seoul, Korea 17/08/2021-19/08/2022 Contributed Research Poster - Wetting and Dewetting on Electrically Switchable Surfaces 17-19/08/2022 Glen McHale |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
| URL | https://ameriscience.org/nise-2021/ |
| Description | Big Bang Fair East Midlands 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | Took our "Natures Raincoats" interactive exhibit to Big Bang Fair East Midlands 2019 Thursday, 27 Jun 2019. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| URL | https://nearme.thebigbangfair.co.uk/view/?eve_id=1947 |
| Description | Contributed oral presentation "Controlling the breakup of toroidal liquid films on solid surfaces" at UK Fluids Conference 2021 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Contributed oral presentation "Controlling the breakup of toroidal liquid films on solid surfaces" at UK Fluids Conference 2021, 8-10 September 2021, online, hosted by University of Southampton, UK |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://www.southampton.ac.uk/engineering/news/events/2021/09/10-uk-fluids-conference-2021.page |
| Description | Contributed oral presentation "Theory and Simulations of Dielectrowetting" at Droplets 2021 Conference |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Contributed oral presentation "Theory and Simulations of Dielectrowetting" at 5th International Conference on Droplets, Online Event, 16-18 August 2021, hosted by the Institute for Technical Thermodynamics, TU Darmstadt, Germany. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://www.sfb1194.tu-darmstadt.de/droplets_2021/index.en.jsp |
| Description | Contributed oral presentation, selected for Session Keynote, at Bubble and Drop conference 2019 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Contributed oral presentation, selected for Session Keynote: "Controlling Bubbles with Electric Fields", C.V. Brown, G. McHale, A.M.J. Edwards, A. Roberts, M.I. Newton, I.C. Sage, R. Ledesma-Aguilar, Bubble and Drop conference 2019, Sofia, Bulgaria, 24-28 June 2019. https://bd2019.eu/ |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| URL | https://bd2019.eu/ |
| Description | Early Career Researcher Workshop |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Early Career Researcher event. Run by the Institute of Physics, jointly organised by the Printing and Graphics Science, Dielectrics and Electrostatics and Early Career Members groups. The event ran over the 15th and 16th of December 2020. Organised by project team member Dr A.M.J. Edwards. It was aimed at both postgraduate students and ECR's giving an opportunity to present their work to a wide academic and industrial audience, meet likeminded peers and receive career advice from our 3 dedicated workshop sessions. The majority of the event was focused on the career building workshop so students and ECR's working in fields not related to the Printing and Graphics Science and Dielectrics and Electrostatics focus were also able to gain value from attending the event. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | https://www.iopconferences.org/iop/frontend/reg/thome.csp?pageID=1000489&eventID=1598 |
| Description | Early Career Researcher Workshop |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Third UK Fluids Network Early Career Researcher Event. Co-sponsored by the "Droplet and flow interactions with bio-inspired and smart surfaces" and "Fluid Dynamics of Liquid Crystalline Materials" Special Interest Groups of the UK Fluids Network. Held 10 January 2020 in Newcastle. Attended by 24 participants from 3 different institutions (Nottingham, Durham, Newcastle). |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
| URL | https://fluids.ac.uk/sig/LiquidCrystals |
| Description | Nuffield Future Researchers Programme |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Schools |
| Results and Impact | Nuffield Future Researchers Programme, Aimed at Y12 A-level students, remotely delivered projects. Placement Project Title: Droplet Spreading in Woven Materials. Number of students for this project 1. Length 3 Weeks (02/08/2021 to 20/08/2021) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| URL | https://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/students-teachers/nuffield-research-placements#tab-for-students |
| Description | Oral presentation at Droplets 2019 conference, 16-18 Sept 2019, Durham, UK |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Oral presentation 030: "Controlling Bubbles with Electric Fields", G. McHale, C.V. Brown, A. M. J. Edwards, A. Roberts, M.I. Newton, I.C. Sage, R. Ledesma-Aguilar. https://droplets2019.co.uk/, 16-18 SEPTEMBER 2019: DURHAM, UK |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| URL | https://droplets2019.co.uk/ |
| Description | Poster presentation at Droplets 2019 conference, 16-18 Sept 2019, Durham, UK |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Poster: "Liquid-in-Liquid Dewetting Dynamics", A. M. J. Edwards, R. Ledesma-Aguilar, M. I. Newton, C. V. Brown, and G. McHale. https://droplets2019.co.uk/ 16-18 SEPTEMBER 2019: DURHAM, UK |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
| URL | https://droplets2019.co.uk/ |
| Description | Seminar "Controlling Wettability of Solid and Liquid Surfaces" at Strathclyde University, UK |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | Regional |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Seminar delivered (online) by Professor Glen McHale to the Continuum Mechanics & Industrial Mathematics Group at Strathclyde University, UK on 16 March 2021 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
| Description | Seminar "Controlling Wettability of Solid and Liquid Surfaces" at TU Darmstadt, Germany |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Seminar delivered (online) by Professor Glen McHale at the Collaborative Research Center, TU Darmstadt, Germany on 7 May 2021 |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |