A New Effect in Ultrafast X-ray Scattering
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Oxford
Department Name: Oxford Chemistry
Abstract
Light triggers many important chemical reactions. These include photosynthesis (converting sunlight to chemical energy), human vision (detecting photons via light-induced changes in molecules), and new technologies such as photodynamic therapy for cancer, photocatalysis, fluorescent tags for healthcare diagnostics, and photovoltaics. Light-triggered processes in molecules are difficult to study experimentally and involve a complex interplay of concerted changes in molecular structure and rapid rearrangements of the electrons in the molecule.
Conical intersections play a decisive role for the outcome of photochemical reactions, analogous to that of a transition state in standard ground-state chemistry. These are regions on photochemical pathways where molecules can transition efficiently between electronic states. Being able to map the path of molecules through conical intersections would open avenues to controlling photochemical reactivity via modification of excited state dynamics. To achieve this we must simultaneously observe the electronic characteristics of the molecule and the corresponding changes in molecular structure. The challenge is compounded by the short timescales involved, on the order of femtoseconds. Notably, there are as many femtoseconds in a second as there are seconds in 30 million years. In contrast, standard techniques for structural determination require long observation times.
New facilities known as X-ray Free-Electron Lasers (XFELs) deliver extremely short pulses of intense high-energy x-ray photons, making completely new types of measurements possible. In recent work, we have demonstrated that we can track the changes in molecular structure in excited molecules and, in separate experiments, detect the nearly instantaneous re-arrangement of electrons when molecules absorb light. Exploiting these advances, the proposed project will develop measurements that track the motion of electrons alongside the motion of the nuclei, allowing conical intersections to be identified, and the structure of molecules at conical intersections to be determined. The resulting experimental technique will yield a powerful tool for fundamental research and provide images of electrons and nuclei that can be used to customise photoactive molecules, ultimately contributing to new technologies in catalysis, new cancer treatments, and energy harvesting from sunlight.
Conical intersections play a decisive role for the outcome of photochemical reactions, analogous to that of a transition state in standard ground-state chemistry. These are regions on photochemical pathways where molecules can transition efficiently between electronic states. Being able to map the path of molecules through conical intersections would open avenues to controlling photochemical reactivity via modification of excited state dynamics. To achieve this we must simultaneously observe the electronic characteristics of the molecule and the corresponding changes in molecular structure. The challenge is compounded by the short timescales involved, on the order of femtoseconds. Notably, there are as many femtoseconds in a second as there are seconds in 30 million years. In contrast, standard techniques for structural determination require long observation times.
New facilities known as X-ray Free-Electron Lasers (XFELs) deliver extremely short pulses of intense high-energy x-ray photons, making completely new types of measurements possible. In recent work, we have demonstrated that we can track the changes in molecular structure in excited molecules and, in separate experiments, detect the nearly instantaneous re-arrangement of electrons when molecules absorb light. Exploiting these advances, the proposed project will develop measurements that track the motion of electrons alongside the motion of the nuclei, allowing conical intersections to be identified, and the structure of molecules at conical intersections to be determined. The resulting experimental technique will yield a powerful tool for fundamental research and provide images of electrons and nuclei that can be used to customise photoactive molecules, ultimately contributing to new technologies in catalysis, new cancer treatments, and energy harvesting from sunlight.
Organisations
Publications
Acheson K
(2023)
Robust Inversion of Time-Resolved Data via Forward-Optimization in a Trajectory Basis
in Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation
Acheson K
(2023)
Automatic Clustering of Excited-State Trajectories: Application to Photoexcited Dynamics.
in Journal of chemical theory and computation
Bertram L
(2023)
Mapping the photochemistry of cyclopentadiene: from theory to ultrafast X-ray scattering
in Faraday Discussions
Coe JP
(2022)
Efficient Computation of Two-Electron Reduced Density Matrices via Selected Configuration Interaction.
in Journal of chemical theory and computation
Craciunescu L
(2023)
Excited-state van der Waals potential energy surfaces for the NO A2S+ + CO2X1Sg+ collision complex
in The Journal of Chemical Physics
Donovan R
(2022)
Heavy Rydberg and ion-pair states: chemistry, spectroscopy and theory
in International Reviews in Physical Chemistry
Moreno Carrascosa A
(2022)
Towards high-resolution X-ray scattering as a probe of electron correlation
in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
Northey T
(2024)
Extracting the electronic structure signal from X-ray and electron scattering in the gas phase.
in Journal of synchrotron radiation
Odate A
(2022)
Brighter, faster, stronger: ultrafast scattering of free molecules
in Advances in Physics: X
Razmus WO
(2022)
Multichannel photodissociation dynamics in CS2 studied by ultrafast electron diffraction.
in Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP