Protecting public-facing professionals and their dependents online (3PO)

Lead Research Organisation: Sheffield Hallam University
Department Name: College of Business, Technology & Eng

Abstract

Police officers are public-facing professionals. This means they operate in the public eye with at times dramatic repercussions for their private lives (e.g., 'trial by social media', unwanted identification, online harassment and threats to themselves or their families). While this is often framed as a way to 'redress police injustices' or as a democratising potential of 'watching back', it threatens officers' social standing as well as mental and physical health outside of their professional role. Their loved ones (spouses, children, other close family members) are involved directly and immediately, either because they are also targeted or because they have to live with fears and accept restrictions to their online participation in order to safeguard their police family members. Due to this, public-facing professionals police personnel (LPFPs) and their dependents clearly face strong challenges and risks to their rights and opportunities as citizens online. 3PO takes the unusual and pioneering step to re-focus the theme of protecting citizens online to the law enforcement domain, which is often treated as the one 'citizens need protection from'. However, at present neither the extent of online risks for officers, let alone their dependents, is known nor do credible plans exists for safeguarding this citizen group online.

The 3PO project will address these gaps through a user-centred approach that will deliver a series of targeted outcomes. Firstly, 3PO will create in-depth knowledge about the extent, nature, drivers, mechanisms and consequences of online risks and harms for LPFPs and their dependents. This will lead to important refinements in current understandings of privacy and consent as collective concepts that need to be negotiated in (family/professional) groups and create a taxonomy of LPFP-specific online risks and harms. A major focus will be on the co-creation of three user-focused tools for LPFPs and dependents for reactive and proactive protection: (1) a Harm Reporting Application for LPFPs and/or their dependents to report incidents, problematic events or concerns to instigate support and protection measures, (2) a Vulnerability Assessment ("self-check") App to assess their own online presence and account settings to identify potential risks, (3) an AI-based harm mitigation and risk assessment platform for police organisations consisting of AI-based analysis capabilities and a dashboard for the visualisation of reactive analysis and proactive monitoring of individual and organisational harm profiles. Thirdly, 3PO will produce design and policy recommendations and specialised police training and awareness campaigns.

The project will do so by utilising a highly experienced consortium of applied and policy researchers from Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, UCL and Napier led by the globally connected security research Centre of Excellence in Terrorism, Resilience, Intelligence and Organised Crime Research (CENTRIC) at Sheffield Hallam University. To guarantee outcomes are co-developed with and fully pertinent for our target group, 3PO comprises six UK police forces (Metropolitan Police, Police Scotland, Police Service Northern Ireland, South Yorkshire Police, Lancashire Police, Humberside Police) and the Home Office as active research partners.

3PO results will benefit societal groups outside police and law enforcement, as knowledge and products transfer to other public-facing professions faced with the same challenge such politicians, teachers, emergency services, NHS staff, journalists, amongst others. Hence, 3PO's results and products will be relevant for a large number of groups crucial for societal functioning and resilience.

Publications

10 25 50
 
Description 3PO Consortium Meeting - Cambridge 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact 3PO Partners (academics, police partners, home office) and Abvisory Board Members attended the first 3PO Consortium Meeting in Cambridge. The event took place on the 29th and 30th of September 2022 at the Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge. It was organised by the project leader, the Centre of Excellence in Terrorism, Resilience, Intelligence and Organised Crime Research (CENTRIC) at Sheffield Hallam University, a globally renowned, leading research institution in security research. Participants had the opportunity to discuss project advancements and investigate the 3PO infrastructure, its challenges, impact, and potential solutions in greater detail. By bringing together consortium, academic, police, and Home Office partners, as well as Advisory Board members the meeting aimed to promote discussions regarding the progress and activities of the 3PO project in relation to its main objectives, achievements to date, challenges, plans, and risks, as well as the harmonisation of the various tools and technologies used. This event also provided an opportunity for networking by facilitating the planning of future meetings and actions.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description 3PO Launch Event 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The 3PO Launch Event in April 2022 was a chance for project partners and advisory board members to celebrate the start of the project and launch research activities.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description 3PO Mutli-stakeholder Symposium 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact On October 3, 2023, the 3PO Project hosted its first multi-stakeholder symposium in Edinburgh. The symposium was a fantastic opportunity to showcase what the project has achieved to date. Project partners presented research findings that provide much-needed insight into how police officers and staff, as well as their families, are affected by online harms and how they cope with them. The symposium was also an opportunity to explore solutions to online harms, ranging from policy guidance to training and proposals for technological tools.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description 3PO Podcast - A Conversation with Dr Oliver Merry 
Form Of Engagement Activity A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Published a podcast episode with 3PO Researcher Dr Oliver Merry about the impact of online harms on him as a partner of a police officer.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://3po-project.co.uk/news/3po-podcast-police-officers-and-online-sphere-dr-oliver-merry
 
Description 3PO Presentation 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Overview 3PO Presentation to EU DG Home, South Yorkshire Police, HO, Met, and UKIR 30 January 2023
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description 3PO Presentation at the REPHRAIN Showcase in London 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Two 3PO researchers presented the project at the REPHRAIN Showcase on the 19th January 2023 at the Goodenough College in London. Further information about the event can be found here: https://www.rephrain.ac.uk/rephrain-showcase-january-2023
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description 3PO Project Consortium 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact The 3PO Project held their third Consortium in Edinburgh in October 2023. It was a chance for all Consortium members to meet and discuss the project and further activities.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description 3PO Sheffield Workshop 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact At the end of 2023, projects members came together to meet in person for a one day workshop with the aim of discussing dissemination and publications going forward.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description 3PO UCL Consortium Meeting 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact 3PO Consortium Meeting held at UCL in March 2023 - a chance for the whole Consortium to come together to discuss plans for the project.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description American Society of Criminology Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Professor Liz Aston, Dr Shane Horgan and Dr Yen Need Wong presented about Managerial and Leadership perspectives on public facing professionals' online safety. American Society of Criminology Conference, Philladelphia. 18/11/23
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description As part of MSc Criminology Course at Hochschule Polizei Brandenburg (Germany) 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact Information from 3PO project was used in MSc Criminology Course at Hochschule Polizei Brandenburg (Germany)
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Awareness Raising at https://www.governmentevents.co.uk/event/the-digital-policing-conference/#event_agenda 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Professor Liz Aston raised awareness about the 3PO Project in Chair's opening for Government Events' Digital Policing Conference
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023,2024
 
Description Blog post on 3PO website and 3PO social media channels 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact Dr Marcel Obst (CENTRIC) published a blog post about the Online Safety Bill and how the 3PO Project interacts with the bill.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.3po-project.com/news/addressing-online-harms-public-facing-professionals-3po-research-pe...
 
Description British Psychological Society Article 
Form Of Engagement Activity A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The 3PO Project was a featured article on the British Psychological Society's website.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.bps.org.uk/news/project-investigates-protecting-police-officers-and-their-families-risin...
 
Description Conference Attendance 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Joined the event virtually but the event was being held in Taliesin Arts Centre, Swansea. It was run by CYTREC and called 'COPRNET Launch'. In attendance were a mix of academics and security organisatons included; South Wales Police, , CyberWales, Police Cyber Alarm, Welsh Victim Support, Some form of Digital Policing reps.
Shared information about the project and what we plan to produce which fits perfectly with the aims and objectives of the conference so I'll wait to see if anyone is interested enough to get in touch.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Cyber Secruity 2023 Conference Attendance 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Third sector organisations
Results and Impact Members of the 3PO Team attended the Cyber Security 2023 Conference. This conference was the main event in the 2023 CyberScotland Week (running from the 27th February - 5th March 2023). Armed with 3PO flyers the team attended the conference with the aim to raise awareness of the 3PO Project to 3rd sector professionals and businesses.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description European Society of Criminology Presentation 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Professor Liz Aston, Dr Shane Horgan, Dr Yen Nee Wong all of whom work in Work Package 4 of the 3PO Project presented their work at the European Society of Criminology in September 2023.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Face to face presentation of project overview at Rephrain All Hands Meeting, March 2 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Presentation of 3PO at the REPHRAIN All Hands Meeting in March 2022.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Internal stakeholder meeting about supporting the research by one of the participating police forces 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact One of the police partners held an internal meeting with key stakeholders to discuss supporting the project and which department this would suitable fit within. This has resulted in additional points of contact joining the project team as well as a pathway/area for the project to operate within the force.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Invited Plenary Presentation at Future Scot's 'Digital Justice and Policing' Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Invited plenary presentation at Future Scot's 'Digital Justice & Policing' Conference, 13th October 2022, Glasgow. In this invited plenary presentation ('A Just Future for Digital Policing') which was part of the closing plenary session 'The Future of justice Technology' the opportunity was taken to raise awareness of the 3PO project to a large audience comprising technology, policing, regulatory and academic partners.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Invited Presentation - Police Scotland Wellbeing Event 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Police Scotland Specialist Crime Division Wellbeing Event. 3PO awareness and findings presentations to Police Scotland Officers. ca 175 attendees. Held a 3PO stall for the duration of the event.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description Invited Presentation to Regional Organised Crime Units 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Members of the 3PO Project presented to the project to Regional Cyber Crime Units
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Lancaster Security Seminar 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Dr Ingolf Becker was invited to speak at the Lancaster Security Seminar in February 2024.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description Launch of the 3PO Quarterly Newsletter 
Form Of Engagement Activity A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact We launched the 3PO Quarterly Newsletter. We launched a successful campaign to get sign ups for the Newsletter from the public and from partners across the project.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://us18-campaign--archive-com.translate.goog/?u=aab2bcaba1d8bd5756dbc4a79&id=d4c5772fa0&_x_tr_s...
 
Description News articles on the 3PO Website 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Continued to update the 3PO Website with news about events, papers, articles etc.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023,2024
URL https://3po-project.co.uk/
 
Description Participation at REPHRAIN All Hands Meeting - Bath 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Discussions around 'Online Harms' and the various projects funded through REPHRAIN and UKRI's impacts on this knowledge including 3PO. Made people aware of the project throughout the two-day event and a variety of activities.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Participation in REPHRAIN All Hands Meeting 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Discussions around Sandpits, Data Sharing and Testbeds to which 3PO could contribute. Interactions with the various projects funded through REPHRAIN and UKRI's impacts on this knowledge including 3PO. Made people aware of the project throughout the two-day event and a variety of activities.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Participation in REPHRAIN All Hands Meeting - Edinburgh 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Attendance at the REPHRAIN All Hands Meeting in Edinburgh.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Police partner sharing information about 3PO 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact One of the 3PO Project's police partners shared 3PO Research to members of staff and officers (internal communication).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Police partner sharing information about 3PO 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact One of the 3PO Project's police partners shared 3PO Research to members of staff and officers.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Presentation at REPHRAIN Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Presentation on Work Package 2 interviews with specialist officers at REPHRAIN Conference, Kings College London
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Presentation at an informal seminar at the Criminology Centre of Oxford University 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Dr Lasara Kariyawasam and Dr Katrin Mueller-Johnson presented their 3PO Project findings concerning the teenagers and children of police officers at an informal seminar at the University of Oxford.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description Presentation of 3PO at a confidential event in Australia 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Presentation of the 3PO Project at a confidential security event in Australia.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Presentation to Senior Leadership Team at Regional Organised Crime Units 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Presentation to Regional Organised Crime Units as a forerunner for further research participation with 3PO
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Presentation to the 'What Works Network' with Lancashire Constabulary 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Edward Pryor (previous project manager) and Dr Yen Nee Wong presented elements of Work Package 4 (organisational solutions) of the 3PO Project to the 'What Works Network' with the Lancashire Constabulary.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Publication in Policing Insight 
Form Of Engagement Activity A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact 3PO published in Policing Insight on 31 Jan 24. Titled: New project explores online risks and harms facing police officers, staff and families
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://policinginsight.com/feature/interview/new-project-explores-online-risks-and-harms-facing-pol...
 
Description Radio Interview about the 3PO Project 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Radio interview about 3PO project, Hallam FM & Greatest Hits Radio South Yorkshire
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Raised awareness at the Future Scot Digital Justice and Policing Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Professor Liz Aston Raised awareness about 3PO whilst Chairing the Future Scot Digital Justice and Policing Conference 7/11/23 https://futurescot.com/futurescot-events/digital-justice-policing-2024/
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Security and Policing Home Office event 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Attended the Security and Policing event hosted by the Home Office's Joint Security & Resilience Centre
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Sheffield Hallam University press release on organisational website 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Sheffield Hallam University released a press release on the organisation's website regarding the beginnings of the 3PO Project. Led to an invitation to a radio interview to introduce 3PO to a broader general audience.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
URL https://www.shu.ac.uk/news/all-articles/latest-news/centric-3po-project
 
Description Social Media Updates - LinkedIn 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact Continued to update social media with a particular focus on LinkedIn to boost engagement about our activities.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023,2024
URL https://www.linkedin.com/company/83495990/admin/feed/posts/
 
Description Strategic overview of 3PO presented during a High-Level Knowledge Exchange hosted at CENTRIC (Sheffield) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact EU DG Home, Head of Counter Terrorism Policing NE, Science and Technology Director Home Office, Horizon EU, Alan Turing Institute
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description Symposium at British Psychological Society's Cyberpsychology Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact Members of the 3PO Project organised a 3PO Smyposium at the Cybercriminology Conference 2023 of the British Psychology Society' and presented findings to an audience of mainly academics. As a result the 3PO Project was invited to feature on the British Psychology Society's website.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.bps.org.uk/event/cyberpsychology-section-annual-conference-2023
 
Description Twitter, Linkedin and General Social Media Activity 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact The 3PO Project has successfully set up various social medias (with the primary being Twitter and LinkedIn). Over the course of the project we aim to expand these social medias accounts with the hope of reaching as many people as possible. We are regularly Tweeting and post on LinkedIn about the project activities as well as highlighting the events of REPHRAIN and others related.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022,2023
URL https://twitter.com/3PO_project
 
Description Website Blog Posts and Updates 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact We have continually been updating the 3PO Website with news about the endeavors that the project has undertaken.
https://3po-project.co.uk/news
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022