Proto-bone: an integrated protocell/matrix paradigm for prototissue calcification

Protocells are cytomimetic architectures that are integrated with cell-like active traits, such as supramolecular compartmentalization
and signal communication. Assembly of three-dimensional protocellular consortia into emergent prototissues provides an
opportunity to mimic the complexity and structural integrity of higher-order living systems and promotes the development of
animate materials. Although dynamic interactive processes between cells and their localized extracellular matrix environments play a
key role in diverse biological activities such as bone tissue biomineralization, artificial tissue-like systems that concurrently mimic cell/
matrix interactivity have not yet been achieved. The aim of the proposed project is to develop a prototissue model capable of extraprotocellular
calcification and the formation of a calcified synthetic tissue - proto-bone. To achieve this, a new prototissue model
based on the structural and functional integration of interconnected synthetic protocells within an extra-protocellular matrix (EPM)
will be developed. Implementation of the project will provide a new mode of prototissue construction, demonstrate the first example
of protocell-mediated EPM remodeling, and develop a route to the fabrication of new tissue-like mineral/matrix composites. The new
methodology for constructing prototissues with integrated protocell/matrix organization will provide new opportunities for
constructing protoliving models in synthetic biology, as well as developing new biomimetic platforms and routes to animate
materials capable of autonomous self-formation and degeneration. Outcomes from the proposed project will contribute to the
development of materials-based bioengineering within the European community, and could have long-term applications in
regenerative medicine (tissue repair, proto-bone implants etc).