Platform Driving The Ultimate Connectivity
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Strathclyde
Department Name: Electronic and Electrical Engineering
Abstract
The research of the TITAN platform is geared towards the ultimate network of networks and is structured in six strongly interconnected lighthouse projects which reflect all network elements - 1) the core, 2) optical fibre, 3) radio frequency (RF) including cellular and wireless networks, 4) emerging optical wireless networks for access and backhaul, 5) non-terrestrial networks involving satellites, aerial and underwater networks, and finally 6) quantum communication networks.
The research on the core network focuses on a new architecture and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques that enable the integration of multi-access technologies for a seamless end-to-end service delivery by considering advanced requirements in terms of data rate, latency, security and energy efficiency. TITAN will conduct novel research that aims at orchestrating the different existing and emerging RF networks (3G, 4G, 5G, 6G, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.) towards a single network by developing techniques that would optimally select the respective RF network, or networks, and develop the respective protocols to enable a seamless end-to-end connection. Because of the undisputed need for new spectrum in future networks, TITAN will crucially include new networks that are built around the terahertz and optical spectrum. Since these networks will benefit from new intelligent reflecting surfaces as part of a new network element, TITAN will include research on the networking aspects and the integration of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) by building on the work on AI and machine learning (ML) developed for other parts of the network, such as edge and core. Optical fibre networks are an important element of a network of networks. Therefore, TITAN will address research questions on the optimum integration of advanced optical fibre technologies such as hollowcore fibres and new agile transceiver technologies to support key network requirements such as latency. Universal service availability and what is described as the 'digital divide' represent an increasing societal challenge. Therefore, TITAN will conduct critical research on the integration of non-terrestrial networks which include aerial, satellite and underwater networks all geared towards a seamless end-to-end service provision which is achieved by the holistic approach of TITAN. Lastly, TITAN will meaningfully integrate new quantum network technologies alongside conventional networks and will provide important guidance on the optimum use of both fundamental networks. An important consideration of TITAN is the extraction of sensing information from networks. All network elements have particular features and, in conjunction with ML techniques, important side information can be extracted. TITAN will investigate this capability for each network segment, but crucially brings the independent sensing information together to achieve an ultra-cognitive network which exhibits the highest level of self-x (configuration, healing, automation, optimisation).
The research on the core network focuses on a new architecture and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques that enable the integration of multi-access technologies for a seamless end-to-end service delivery by considering advanced requirements in terms of data rate, latency, security and energy efficiency. TITAN will conduct novel research that aims at orchestrating the different existing and emerging RF networks (3G, 4G, 5G, 6G, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.) towards a single network by developing techniques that would optimally select the respective RF network, or networks, and develop the respective protocols to enable a seamless end-to-end connection. Because of the undisputed need for new spectrum in future networks, TITAN will crucially include new networks that are built around the terahertz and optical spectrum. Since these networks will benefit from new intelligent reflecting surfaces as part of a new network element, TITAN will include research on the networking aspects and the integration of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) by building on the work on AI and machine learning (ML) developed for other parts of the network, such as edge and core. Optical fibre networks are an important element of a network of networks. Therefore, TITAN will address research questions on the optimum integration of advanced optical fibre technologies such as hollowcore fibres and new agile transceiver technologies to support key network requirements such as latency. Universal service availability and what is described as the 'digital divide' represent an increasing societal challenge. Therefore, TITAN will conduct critical research on the integration of non-terrestrial networks which include aerial, satellite and underwater networks all geared towards a seamless end-to-end service provision which is achieved by the holistic approach of TITAN. Lastly, TITAN will meaningfully integrate new quantum network technologies alongside conventional networks and will provide important guidance on the optimum use of both fundamental networks. An important consideration of TITAN is the extraction of sensing information from networks. All network elements have particular features and, in conjunction with ML techniques, important side information can be extracted. TITAN will investigate this capability for each network segment, but crucially brings the independent sensing information together to achieve an ultra-cognitive network which exhibits the highest level of self-x (configuration, healing, automation, optimisation).
Publications
A Fainman
(2025)
Decentralized Learning with Approximate Finite-Time Consensus
Ahmed M
(2023)
Privacy-Preserving Distributed Beamformer Design Techniques for Correlated Parameter Estimation
in IEEE Sensors Journal
Alazwary K
(2023)
Rate Splitting for 6G Optical Wireless Networks
Altuna R
(2024)
Power Over Fiber and Analog Radio Over Fiber Simultaneous Transmission Over Long Distance in Single Mode, Multicore, and Hollow Core Fibers
in Laser & Photonics Reviews
Related Projects
| Project Reference | Relationship | Related To | Start | End | Award Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP/X04047X/1 | 30/04/2023 | 31/03/2024 | £2,030,861 | ||
| EP/X04047X/2 | Transfer | EP/X04047X/1 | 31/03/2024 | 29/04/2026 | £2,626,189 |
| Description | In C. Xu et al., "Noncoherent Orthogonal Time Frequency Space Modulation," in IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 10072-10090, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.1109/TWC.2024.3368406. We have shown that the proposed noncoherent OTFS scheme is capable of substantially outperforming its coherent counterparts relying on CSI estimation and coherent detection. C. Xu et al., "Integrated Positioning and Communication Relying on Wireless Optical OFDM," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2025.3543532. These results demonstrate that the proposed VLPC-DCO-OFDM scheme - which simultaneously supports the triple functionalities of illumination, bi-static sensing and communication - is capable of achieving centimeter-level positioning accuracy and Giga-bits-per-second data rate. C. Xu et al., "Optical OTFS is Capable of Improving the Bandwidth-, Power- and Energy-Efficiency of Optical OFDM," in IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 938-953, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2023.3326494. The proposed Layered asymmetrically clipped optical (LACO) OTFS is also capable of providing a 7 dB power-efficiency gain over its LACO-OFDM counterpart, where the low PAPR of single-carrier transmission is retained. Other research highlights - Multi-modal Learning: Development of new semi-supervised auto-encoder for feature abstraction in multi-modal datasets, patent in preparation (TRL3). - Introduced innovative digital twin frameworks for real-time simulation, data augmentation, and predictive analytics to support intelligent network control (TRL2). - E2E integration (NTN to TN): Functioning portable UWOC prototype, providing real-time underwater sensing and communications (one-way to satellite) (TRL3). - Deployed a warehouse digital twin based on Omniverse and Sionna to simulate robot operations - Completed the intelligent programmable control for the 60 GHz sensing and imaging system as situational awareness for robotics. - Indoor CF-mMIMO: Experimentally confirmed technique for target positioning, first ever indoor CF-mMIMO prototype being built (TRL2). - Cyber-Physical Systems: A novel way to predict channels in indoor and urban environments for mm-wave communications (TRL2). - THz Sensing and Communication: New ISAC designs in mixed-field for THz, new integrated designs of ISAC and SWIPT, a database for THz channels (TRL1). - Indoor CF-mMIMO: Developed Joint Optimisation Algorithm which outperforms both heuristic baseline schemes and full OMA scheme in terms of spectral efficiency (TRL2). - O-ISAC: Successful hardware demonstrations and showcasing the practicality. - Solar panels for simultaneous energy harvesting and data reception with 3 granted patents (TRL3), new spin-out company (in process of developing minimum viable product). - Security by design: CDF-based security technique has been experimentally demonstrated in a converged fibre-wireless network (TRL4). - All-optical access systems: Have experimentally demonstrated HCF power-and-data-over-fibre transmission over 1.2 km using two different transmission windows (TRL3). - NTN design: Patent in preparation "A deviation-aware split federated learning framework". - Quantum NTNs: Lattice-Reduction Aided Quantum Annealing algorithm for precoding. New Hybrid Quantum-Classical quantum neural network framework for E2E communications (TRL1). - Dual-window transmission over a hollow-core fibre for simultaneous power and data. - A TITAN mini-project has led to the award of an ORC Advanced Fellow position. - TITAN co-initiator and Rapporteur of ETSI ISG on Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) - These projects have resulted in over: 75 publications, 30 conference/engagement activities, 15 industrial engagement activities, 5 invention disclosures, 2 patents (in preparation), and 2 spin-outs in preparation. |
| Exploitation Route | The outcomes will be used to drive economic growth and enhance productivity. To this end, we have generated an IPR pool and developed a strategy to maximise impact in standardisation. TITAN partners have initiated two ETSI Industry Specification Groups (ISGs) on reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) and multi-user access technologies. TITAN will create new spin-out companies, license technology, and collaborate with industry within standardisation bodies and beyond. |
| Sectors | Aerospace Defence and Marine Agriculture Food and Drink Communities and Social Services/Policy Creative Economy Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software) Education Electronics Energy Healthcare Leisure Activities including Sports Recreation and Tourism Manufacturing including Industrial Biotechology |
| Description | - The research in TITAN has contributed to two UKTIN whitepapers. - TITAN findings have been presented at the Mobile World Congress 2025. - Findings have been included in DSIT policy papers for international engagements with Japan, South Korea, India, Germany, Ireland, and the USA. - Findings have contributed to DSIT's vision paper on future connectivity. - TITAN outputs have contributed to a joint UK-EU 6GSNS/6GIA workshop. - TITAN partners have collaborated with 37 industrial partners. |
| First Year Of Impact | 2024 |
| Sector | Aerospace, Defence and Marine,Creative Economy,Electronics,Environment,Healthcare,Leisure Activities, including Sports, Recreation and Tourism |
| Impact Types | Societal Economic Policy & public services |
| Description | Contribution to ETSI Industry Specifications Group (ISG) on Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) |
| Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
| Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
| Impact | The technology is included in the technical report of ETSI ISG RIS for 6G pre-standardization. |
| URL | https://www.etsi.org/committee/1966-ris |
| Description | Establishment of ETSI Industry Specifications Group on Multiple Access Techniques for 6G. |
| Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
| Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
| Impact | The technology RSMA has been submitted for 6G by multiple industry partners and is now considered as a potential technology for pre-6G and 6G standardization. |
| URL | https://www.etsi.org/newsroom/press-releases/2484-etsi-launches-new-group-on-multiple-access-techniq... |
| Description | DASA |
| Amount | £300,000 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | DSTL0000020567 |
| Organisation | Ministry of Defence (MOD) |
| Department | Defence and Security Accelerator |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 09/2023 |
| End | 12/2024 |
| Description | Digital Teaching Lab for Master Students |
| Amount | £184,000 (GBP) |
| Organisation | Keysight Technologies |
| Sector | Private |
| Country | United States |
| Start | 07/2023 |
| End | 08/2025 |
| Description | North Wales Growth Deal |
| Amount | £1,810,000 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | NWGD DSP (Y2 and Y3) |
| Organisation | Government of Wales |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Start | 01/2024 |
| End | 04/2025 |
| Description | U.S.-Ireland R&D Partnership: NeTS: Small: Fungibility in Mobile Networks for Resilient 6G |
| Amount | £299,876 (GBP) |
| Funding ID | 2421362 |
| Organisation | National Science Foundation (NSF) |
| Sector | Public |
| Country | United States |
| Start | 12/2024 |
| End | 11/2028 |
| Description | BT Collaboration |
| Organisation | BT Group |
| Department | BT Research |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Private |
| PI Contribution | Experimental demonstrations implementing use cases defined by BT on the topic of power-and-data-over-fibre. Delivered seminar to the partner. Knowledge exchange through joint supervision of PhD student |
| Collaborator Contribution | PhD CASE studentship and co-supervision. In-kind support through loan of equipment. |
| Impact | Two publications at international conferences. Deliverables to the DSIT REASON project which co-funded the work. BT were directly involved in this project, through which they defined the use case for which we developed and demonstrated a solution. A demonstrated was recorded and communicated to partners and the public. |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Collaboration with Alight on 1330nm VCSEL for optical wireless communication |
| Organisation | Alight Technologies |
| Country | Denmark |
| Sector | Private |
| PI Contribution | Characterising and establishing an optical wireless communication link using the VCSEL |
| Collaborator Contribution | Alight provided samples of 1300 nm VCSEL that are not commercially available. |
| Impact | Ongoing project and expected outcome includes publications |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Collaboration with Ferdinand Braun Institute on far-UV LEDs |
| Organisation | Leibniz Association |
| Department | Ferdinand-Braun-Institut |
| Country | Germany |
| Sector | Academic/University |
| PI Contribution | Characterise the far-UV LEDs and establish optical wireless communications links. |
| Collaborator Contribution | Provided mounted 233nm-LEDs samples. |
| Impact | Ongoing activities; expected outcome includes publications |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | Ongoing collaboration with MBDA |
| Organisation | MBDA Missile Systems |
| Department | MBDA UK Ltd |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Sector | Private |
| PI Contribution | Investigating beyond line-of-sight optical wireless communication for defence-specific application |
| Collaborator Contribution | Joint supersivion of the reserach, provision of use-case scenario and test facilities. |
| Impact | Collaboration at its early stage of recruiting a researcher. |
| Start Year | 2024 |
| Description | 10-hour short course at IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | 10-hour short course titled "Multi-Agent Optimization and Learning" at IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Soul, South Korea. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| URL | https://2024.ieeeicassp.org/education-short-courses-2/ |
| Description | DSP Centre Open House Event |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
| Results and Impact | Showcasing the DSP Centre's research achievements |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024,2025 |
| Description | FORCE Workshop - Chalmers University |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Participation in workshop and delivery of invited presentation. The event resulted in establishing a research collaboration between our University and two other parties. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| Description | Invitation to present at Workshop on Multi-band communications at ECOC 2024 (P Petropoulos) |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | Presented outline of research in the area and participated in panel discussion on the prospect of Multi-band systems (WS4 - Workshop in ECOC 2024, Frankfurt) |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| Description | Invited talk at Advanced Photonics Congress |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Iman Tavakkolnia is invited to present at Advanced Photonics Congress. He will present the latest TITAN achievements and strategic views to foster further international collaboration. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2025 |
| URL | https://www.optica.org/events/congress/advanced_photonics_congress/program/invited_speakers/ |
| Description | Invited talk at Microsoft Research |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Iman Tavakkolnia gave an invited talk at Microsoft Research in Cambridge discussing TITAN achievements in optical free space communication. There were lots of discussions on potential applications of the technologies presented during and after the talk. There were positive discussions on potential future collaborations as well. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2025 |
| Description | Keynote at Graph Signal Processing Workshop |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
| Results and Impact | Keynote titled "Beyond Consensus-Based Methods for Decentralized Learning: Where Graph Signal Processing and Optimization Meet" at the Graph Signal Processing Workshop, Delft, Netherlands. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| URL | https://gspworkshop.org/2024/ |
| Description | Keynote on "Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: A New Frontier in Wave Domain Processing," IEEE ISWCS 2024, Brazil. July 2024. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Keynote speech as major conference |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| URL | https://iswcs2024.usuarios.rdc.puc-rio.br/keynote-speakers/ |
| Description | Organised an International Workshop in IEEE INFOCOM 2024 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | The hubs co-investigators in collaboration with other telecom hubs organised an international workshop "The First Workshop on Shaping the Future of Telecoms - Networks for Joint Intelligence, Sustainability, Security, and Resilience". This workshop was well received at the submission stages with more than 30 submission from international research groups. The aim is to showcase the hubs' outcomes and foster further international collaborations. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2025 |
| URL | https://infocom2025.ieee-infocom.org/first-workshop-shaping-future-telecoms-call-papers |
| Description | Organised an International Workshop on Optical Wireless Communication in IEEE Globecom 2024 |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | The workshop was organised as part of the flagship IEEE conference in Cape Town, South Africa. This included ten paper presentations (accepted among the 25 papers submitted) from around the world and a keynote in the field of Optical Wireless Communication, which is the Light House Project 3 in TITAN. Some outcomes of TITAN were presented and very interesting discussion happened afterwards. In fact, the keynote speak, Prof MOHAMED-SLIM ALOUINI - King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, was very interested in further collaboration with TITAN. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| URL | https://globecom2024.ieee-globecom.org/workshop/ws-20-workshop-optical-wireless-communications-energ... |
| Description | Plenary Talk International Conference in Computational Intelligence and Data Engineering, (ICCIDE), 2024, |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
| Results and Impact | The focus of the invited plenary talk was on signal processing and machine learning. The session was attended by facuty members and PhD students in India. The main theme of the conference was on Data Analytics for Engineering, |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| URL | https://iccide.in/ |
| Description | Presentation at Rank Prize Symposium on Optical Wireless Communications in Challenging Environments |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | The symposium brought together leading and early career researchers to discuss recent and prospective developments in OWC technologies specifically for deployment in challenging environments (including underwater, in space, in turbulent and/or highly absorbing/scattering atmosphere, non-line-of-sight communications and quantum communications between fixed and moving platforms, and in spectral regions including the ultraviolet, visible and infrared). The uniqueness of the meeting was, it considered these topics together in a common discussion forum, to encourage technical exchange across sub-discipline boundaries in what is a very rapidly evolving field. This is also an area where the UK is very strongly represented, with many of the internationally leading groups being based here, so in many respects the meeting was able to capture the state of the art. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| URL | https://www.rankprize.org/symposia/optical-wireless-communications-in-challenging-environments/ |
| Description | Rank Prize Symposium on Optical Wireless Communications in Challenging Environments |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Martin Dawson, Richard Penty and Sujan Rajbhandari organised the event. Jonathan McKendry presented the work on UV-based optical wireless communication. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| URL | https://www.rankprize.org/symposia/optical-wireless-communications-in-challenging-environments/ |
| Description | Skill training provision |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
| Results and Impact | provide skill training tailored to the industrial sector |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023,2024,2025 |
| Description | Talk at Rank Prize Symposium on Optical Wireless Communications in Challenging Environments |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | National |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Tilahun Gutema and Wasiu Popoola presented their research on resilient waveform design for optical wireless communications at the Rank Prize Symposium on Optical Wireless Communications in Challenging Environments, held from 9-12 September 2024 at Leeming House Hotel, Lake District, UK. |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| URL | https://www.rankprize.org/symposia/optical-wireless-communications-in-challenging-environments/ |
| Description | Tutorial on "Electromagnetic Signal and Information Theory: Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces and Holographic Surfaces," IEEE WCNC 2024. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | 3h Tutorial |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| Description | Tutorial on "Electromagnetic signal and information theory: Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces and holographic surfaces," IEEE SPAWC 2024. |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | 3h Tutorial |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| Description | Workshop on Intelligent Surfaces and Analog Computing for Wireless Communications |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Workshop on Intelligent Surfaces and Analog Computing for Wireless Communications |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| URL | https://sites.google.com/view/ieee-comsoc-rcc-sig-bdris/events/workshop-2024 |
| Description | Workshop on Signal Processing for Multi-functional and Intelligent Wireless Systems |
| Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
| Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
| Geographic Reach | International |
| Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
| Results and Impact | Workshop on Signal Processing for Multi-functional and Intelligent Wireless Systems |
| Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
| URL | https://sites.google.com/view/ieee-comsoc-wtc-sig-rsma/events/rsma-sig-workshop |