Governing Accountability in China's Life Sciences: A Comparative Study of Stem Cell and GM Food Governance

Lead Research Organisation: University of Kent
Department Name: Sch of Social Pol Sociology & Social Res

Abstract

China's rise as a 'leading influence' in the organization and delivery of scientific innovation is Janus-faced (FCO and BIS, 2013). On the one hand, China presents new opportunities of maximizing the uptake and application of science in a climate of sluggish economic growth. On the other hand, a persistent deficiency in ensuring responsible research conduct casts a shadow on the public attitude towards research conducted in, and with, China. Cases such as locally authorized stem cell therapy and unsupervised GM food trials not only has the effect of damaging China's own scientific reputation, but also impairs global public trust of biotechnologies (Moreno, 2010, Qiu, 2012).

This project proposes a timely and ambitious study on the accountability problem in China's life science governance through a comparative study of stem cell research and GM foods. This draws on my extensive network and previous research in both fields. Through a combination of semi-structured interviews, focus groups and international workshops, this project engages with regulators, scientists and civil society actors in both China and the UK. It makes an important contribution to the co-production of alternative ways to address public accountability in the life sciences. The analytical focus will be on the following questions:

RQ1: What are the regulatory standards and procedures used in defining, selecting and sustaining accountable research practice in stem cell research and GM foods in China? How are the development of the 'legitimation devices' shaped by domestic and international debates?
RQ2: How are the power dynamics among scientists, regulators and bioethisists constructed in stem cell and GM food regulations? What are the similarities and differences in the legitimisation of research practice in both fields?
RQ3: What forms of communication are needed to make stem cell and GM research more accessible to, and assessable by, the public? How can China improve its effective accountability to its potential research users and collaborators?

Stem cell research and GM foods make for excellent case studies. They provide complementary views on the project's three core research questions. Stem cell and GM technologies are both highly visible and controversial fields in China, but they represent the opposite ends of risk framing. While China's GM food regulation consists of a 'strong precautionary element', China's stem cell regulation arguably resembles a 'proactionary' approach (Tiberghien, 2010; Zhang, 2012). Despite these differences, stem cell and GM technologies in China share a similar regulatory history and governing structure. Both are predominately regulated by the Ministry of Health, the China Food and Drug Authority and the Ministry of Science and Technology. This difference in regulatory rationales and overlap in governance structures will provide rich comparable data for the research questions.

Addressing the accountability problem is not only crucial for China's goal of becoming a trusted player in the competitive and skeptical global community, but is also important for enabling efficient international collaborations and promoting research integrity in the life sciences. Thus, this research will be important to a number of non-academic users, such as 1) regulators and research funders in both China and Europe; 2) transnational scientific societies; 3) international civil society organisations, such as patient advocacy groups, environmental NGOs and 4) hospitals and biotechnology enterprises. Given the interdisciplinary nature this research, this project also enriches academic debates in a variety of disciplines, such as sociology, governance studies, bioethics, China studies and the life sciences.

Planned outputs includes 1 academic monograph, 6 articles in science and social science journals, 1 policy report in both English and Chinese, 1 regularly updated project website for public audiences and 2 international workshops.

Planned Impact

As is reflected in the Letters of Support, I maintain a continuous dialogue with people who work in the regulation of the life sciences China and in Europe. This project presents a much needed systematic examination on China's scientific accountability problem, which has not only complicated the prospects for global scientific application but also risks public well-being. The project is designed to promote responsible scientific research, improve good governance and inform best practice in research both in and with China. As such, the outcome of this project will be of importance to a range of users.

There are 4 main groups on whom this research will impact, described below with examples of how the impact might occur (NB: * = have expressed clear interests as users and/or join the project Advisory Committee)

1) Regulators and research funders in both China and Europe
Example organisations: Ministry of Health (China)*, Ministry of Science and Technology (China)*, Department for Business, Innovation & Skills (UK)*

The findings on the effectiveness of different regulatory devices in sustaining public trust in China will not only benefit China but help improve policy frameworks in other countries on research collaborations, public engagement and research protocols. Regulators and funders in both China and Europe will further benefit from a better understanding of what constitutes effective accountability and how to promote it. This will help regulators and funders in both China and Europe improve funding schemes and administrative procedures that take full advantage of transnational collaborations and cutting-edge innovations.

2) Transnational scientific societies
Examples: the Royal Society Science Policy Centre, Chinese Life Scientists Society in the UK*, International Society for Stem Cell Research

Scientific societies will receive better working knowledge of how research accountability is monitored in China and the effect of international scholarly exchange. This helps scientific societies to promote and enhance professional codes of conduct across national borders.

3) International civil society organisations

Special interest groups, such as patient advocacy groups (New Sunshine Foundation (China)*) and environmental NGOs (Nature University (China)*, China Dialogue (UK)): This project will not only organise events that promote knowledge exchange between interest groups with policy and scientific communities, it also involve civil society members in the co-production of alternative ways to protect patients and consumer rights.

Civil society organisations that aim to promote responsible innovation (e.g. Sense about Science (UK)*, NESTA (UK), the International Council for the Life Sciences (USA)*) will benefit from a clearer picture of the accountability problem and how it is dealt with in China. This will improve their public campaigns and policy engagements.

4) Hospitals and biotechnology enterprises:
This project will raise social accountability awareness among the expanding number of hospitals and enterprises in both China and Europe that are promoting the application of biotechnology innovation. Currently the UK leads Europe in biotechnology investments (Ernst & Young, 2013, 52). In 2013, the UK Department of Health pledged an additional £4 million investment in NHS stem cell services (DOH, 2013). In this context, the findings on different social interpretations of scientific risk and regulatory change will inform their research and development (R&D) strategies, service provisions and product marketing.

Collaboration with users is an integral part of this research. Throughout the project, I will engage with different users in four main pathways (see Pathways to Impact for full details): 1) Sustained public engagement and knowledge sharing; 2) Co-organisation of research activities; 3) Wide involvement in refining research findings; and 4) Comprehensive user-appropriate publication plan.
 
Description Finding 1: 'Post-hoc pragmatism' and a dual 'lost-in-translation'

Interviews with key Chinese scientists, policy makers and interest groups in biomedical and environmental sciences identified that the field of life sciences in China is confronting two interrelated 'lost-in-translations'. One is the failed translation of its huge investment into quality application of its key research programmes, such as the delivery of marketable stem cell-based products and genetically modified foods. The other is the failed translation of a permissive policy stance into a supportive research environment.

This was due to what Dr. Zhang characterised as a 'post hoc pragmatic' regulatory ethos that remained dominant in China's governance of science in the past 15 years. This is to say, most of China's policies on the life sciences were not founded on systematic engagement with the wider social debates, but were introduced through a sequence of a 'pragmatic' patch-up of regulatory oversights as political responses to specific domestic or international public outcry. Additionally, China has historically governed the life sciences with 'soft centralisation' policies. Such policies include controlling research by restricting access to national funding and having multiple overlapping authorities that issue approvals. As the sources of research findings diversifies, such policies are growing less effective, weakening China's ability to regulate clinical stem cell research as well as genetically modified crops throughout the country.

This research project identified that post-hoc pragmatic policies have been particularly disruptive to the development of life sciences and largely contributed to China's poor reputation as a country lacking oversight. Effective governance of science will require China to address issues of accountability, jurisdiction, and enforcement of current policies. Governing bodies must engage with researchers, clinics, patients, businesses and others to develop policies that take into account their needs and interests. More transparent and inclusive frameworks will be essential for China to develop its ability to pre-empt or address public skepticism and ethical concerns.


Related project outputs:

Zhang, J. Y. (2017) 'Lost in Translation? Accountability and Governance of Clinical Stem Cell Research in China'. Regenerative Medicine. DOI:10.2217/rme-2017-0035.

Zhang, J. Y. (2017) The Problem with 'Problem Solving': Pragmatism in China's Ethical Governance of the Life Sciences. A set of working papers with a focus on biomedicine, bioscience and bioengineering. Delivered at Peking University Health Science Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences. and Zhejiang University in September 2017.



Finding 2: The 'credibility paradox' and the need for culture change

While Chinese science is racing ahead with generous investment on cutting-edge projects, its science communication is often characterised as lagging behind with a twentieth-century top-down model, with seemingly unenthusiastic scientists (Hu, 2010; Wu and Qui, 2012). In recent years, however, there has been a shift in Chinese scientists' attitudes towards public engagement. Almost all of the scientists this project interviewed explicitly acknowledged public communication as part of their social responsibilities and were willing to take part.

This new perception is partly a response to domestic concerns. For example, in 2008, the Chinese government initiated a 12-year plan to promote GM technology with a generous 25 billion RMB (US$3.6 billion) investment. But in the following years, public concerns over food safety have markedly curtailed scientists' original ambitions. Despite strong government endorsement, public acceptance of GM products remains low (Qiu, 2014). The global reach of research is another reason for Chinese scientists' renewed incentive to enhance transparency and public accountability of their work. The pressure to collaborate with international peers has made Chinese investigators more mindful of the societal perceptions of their research, which can have implications for future collaborations and funding opportunities.

However, one key, yet seemingly perplexing finding was a 'credibility paradox' in Chinese scientists' narrative of how effective public communication can be achieved. This is to say, the majority of them expressed scepticism, reluctance and even resistance towards participating in formal channels of science communication, such as responding to public queries through online or paper media. Rather, many scientists were more keen to act as 'informal risk communicators' on private occasions or grassroots events. This is because they believed speaking as an 'institutional scientist' would invite additional public scepticism and contention. An absence of visible institutional and official endorsements, conversely, would render them with more public credibility and lead to better conversations. This shared preference of being perceived as 'unofficial carriers' of information reveals the culturally and politically embedded power dynamics that conditions effective communication. There are at least two useful insights that can be drawn.

First, Chinese scientists' actions in and perceptions of science communication suggests that even
in authoritarian societies, 'civic' epistemology plays a tacit yet significant role in validating scientific knowledge. This is to say, without justifying and adapting its value-orientation according to wider cultural and social expectations, political directives alone fall short in mitigating a multiplicity of public interpretations and cannot guarantee public uptake of a given scientific agenda (Jasanoff, 2005). Scientists' reorientation of their position as informal risk communicators, despite financial and administrative monopoly by the government, is an involuntary restoration of a public reasoning of science (Wynne, 1980).

Second, China may represent an extreme case of asymmetrical power-relations between the state, scientific community and society. However, China is hardly unique in having the national government as the dominant and most powerful apparatus to direct public opinion and shape the conditions in which societies embrace or reject a new technology (Bell and Hindmoor, 2009: 77-78, 86; Leong et al., 2011). It is not the presence of government per se , but an over-politicisation of science that alienated the public (and the scientists) and paralysed effective communication in China. Thus, the credibility paradox urges a culture change among Chinese scientific institutions in conceptualising the relation between science and politics, which conditions the delivery and reception of scientific research. To promote a social uptake of emerging science, attentiveness to culturally entrenched knowledge-ways is crucial, but what is equally important is that it involves an intricate balancing act to maintain a level of reciprocity between a politicisation of science and a scientification of politics. For China to establish public engagement that matches its scientific ambition, coordinated culture change within institutions and capacity building of scientific practitioners are needed.

Related project outputs:

Zhang, J. Y. (2015) 'The "Credibility Paradox" in China's Science Communication: Views from Scientific Practitioners', Public Understanding of Science, 24(8), 913-927.

Zhang, J. Y. (2016) 'Public engagement: The next area of expansion in science', People's Daily (Overseas Edition) (In Chinese), page 6, 19 December

Zhang, J. Y. (2017) 'Transparency Is a Growth Industry', Nature, 545, S65.

Zhang, W, Zhang, J.Y and Liao, M (2017) 'Global leadership in science and China's engagement with public opinions' (in Chinese), Internal Policy Memo submitted to and reviewed by CASTED, Ministry of Science and Technology in November 2017.




Finding 3: Nesting a 'rhizomic' spread of new practices


How to encourage socially-responsible cutting-edge research amid embedded scientific uncertainties and conflicting views is a conundrum that confronts regulators around the world. But it may be especially pertinent to China, a new rising power in global science with diverse domestic needs. For example, food safety is an issue for everyone, but it is not the same issue for everyone. The public may not be responsive to the immediacy of every danger and security concern, but it is often the technological implications that speak to the intimacy of possible risks experienced at the personal level that captures the public's attention.

This project closely followed a number of successful non-governmental initiatives in encouraging critical discussions of industrial application of science and in repairing public trust. One insightful finding was how civil actors (including scientists working as 'informal risk communicators') orient themselves and their public engagement efforts with that of wider global and national communities. This is most evident in the nation-wide 'Good Food Movement' (Zhang, 2018), in which many grassroots organisations strive to restore public confidence in the food system. Whereas civil societies are well networked among the three cities studied in this project, they are also keen to protect locally-adapted heterogeneity in engaging with their respective publics. While notable international and national experiences served as an important resource of ideas, they were seen by Chinese civil actors more as a 'point of reference' rather than a model practice per se. Furthermore, Chinese activists interviewed were equally skeptical of an uncritical transplant of their successful practice to another Chinese city. In the eyes of interviewees, effective restoration of trust relations in China often rely on particular campaign adeptness at taking part in and benefiting from a 'rhizomic' spread of inspirations across geographic borders. That is, burgeoning new practices can be instigated by seed ideas afar but should be deeply rooted in the local context. But a 'rhizomic' spread of good practices entails more than just a 'tailored' programme. For sustained trust relation to take place, public engagement of science necessities the introduction and nesting of rules and norms at different levels in the local context.

This finding sheds light on what transnational dialogue and the social studies of science and science policies can do to help locate possible pathways of public engagement which are pertinent to Chinese particularities. As the next section specifies, to translate research findings into operational working methods to improve the public accountability of China's science, this project organised a UK-China multi-stakeholder public engagement workshop in Wuhan, developed a pilot 7-lecture EMR for Chinese universities, and submitted six specific policy recommendations to the Ministry of Science and Technology. The point was not to promote a singular engagement strategy or a particular set of curriculum, but to establish a dedicated experience sharing platform between Chinese practitioners and UK peers so as spark new ideas, and to embark on a join-exploration on how curriculum change may best prepare a new generation of Chinese scientists for their social responsibilities. At the same time, institutional adaptations from the top-down are also necessary to facilitate nesting new practices.

Related project outputs:

Zhang, J. Y. (2017) 'How to be modern? The social negotiation of "good food" in contemporary China'. Sociology, DOI: 10.1177/0038038517737475.

Zhang, J. Y. and Liao M. (2017) Educational Module Resource for Chinese Scientific Practitioners (in Chinese). Online access: https://www.kent.ac.uk/gsa/emr/index.html

Zhang, J. Y. (2018) 'Cosmopolitan risk community in a bowl: A case study of China's Good Food Movement', Journal of Risk Research, DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351473

Zhang, J. Y. and Barr, M. Understanding the transformative power of commoning and alternative food networks. Under review.
Exploitation Route 1.Educational Module Resource (EMR) on the public engagement of science

To systematically introduce the concept and practice of the public engagement of science to Chinese universities, in the summer of 2017, Dr. Miao Liao (CATSED, Ministry of Science in China) and Dr. Joy Zhang together developed a Educational Module Resource (EMR) on the public engagement of science for Chinese institutions. Launched in October 2017, this set of 7 lectures (equivalent to 10-12 hours of teaching material) combined both international experience and Chinese case studies to support scientific practitioners and educators learning about engagement-related skills and existing avenues.

There are two versions of the EMR. The Student Version provides core material for self-learning, while the Teacher's Version provides more detailed annotation and delivery instructions to facilitate flexible adaptation to existing modules. The Student Version is made publicly available on the project's website: www.kent.ac.uk/gsa/emr. Primary users of the EMR include 1) Chinese research institutions/training programmes and lecturers as teaching materials, 2) post-graduate students and early career researchers/postdocs in the sciences as self-studying resources, and 3) research institutions/university press offices as capacity building resources.

Since its launch, Professor Lu Gao (Chinese Academy of Science) and Dr. Miao Liao have successfully helped the assimilation of the EMR to existing curriculums in research groups within the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a number of universities (e.g. Peking University, Tsinghua University, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, and Yantai University in Shandong).

The weight of this pilot exercise is not limited to immediate curriculum adaptation in leading Chinese universities in research intensive regions. For public engagement education to be effective, curriculum change necessarily needs to evolve with public debates and to speak to local contexts. Thus, having top ranked National and Provincial Key institutions and the Chinese Academy of Sciences to first adopt public engagement training into their curriculum has significant showcase effects, which can inspire and incentivise other Chinese institutions to further develop and assimilate public engagement into the training routine of young scientists.

2.Policy recommendations to China's scientific governance

Public engagement takes time and it does not come naturally to everyone. Structural support and institutional incentives that recognises and values the time and effort scientists put into public dialogue are highly important for sustained and meaningful public dialogues on science.

To this end, policy recommendations on improving the public accountability of science co-authored by Professor Wenxia Zhang, Dr. Joy Zhang and Dr. Miao Liao, were submitted to China's Ministry of Science and Technology in November 2017. More specifically, based on the findings of this project, six action points were proposed: 1) to systematically upgrade China's 'popularisation of science (kepu)' programmes with more public dialogues, 2) to build public engagement training into the curriculum of university scientific majors, 3) to incentivise the inclusion of public engagement plans in research grants application and grant managements, 4) to improve the collection of public opinion, 5) to enhance interdisciplinary and international collaborations on responding to public concerns, 6) to strength participation in global ethical debates on science and technology.

This policy submission was favourably reviewed. For recommendations #2 and #5, successful pilot run of the EMR in leading Chinese universities and the founding of a multi-stakeholder UK-China Consortium on Scientific Risk and Public Engagement demonstrated the practicality and efficacy of these recommendations.
3. 'Scientific Risk and Public Communication' training workshop in Wuhan

The nascent state of science communication in China can also be seen from official government documents which lack the vocabulary to describe various interactions between science and the public. Currently, the term 'kexue puji ', or kepu for short, is used as a catch-all terminology to incorporate a range of science communication activities (MOST, 2012; State Council, 2006). Literally translated as 'science popularisation', kepu incorporates a spectrum of activities, ranging from one-way science education to interactive public dialogue, from one-off media events to sustained community engagements.

In March 2017, this project pioneered the public engagement of science in China by organising China's first multi-stakeholder public engagement training workshop at Huazhong University of Science and Technology. It brought together 60 delegates (i.e policy makers, leading scientists, bioethicists, sociologists, public engagement experts, journalists and relevant civil society staff) from both China and the UK to discuss both the failures and successes of existing public engagement avenues. This workshop led to the founding of a multi-stakeholder UK-China Consortium on Scientific Risk and Public Engagement, which advised on the research and development of an Educational Module Resource (EMR) on public engagement.

Workshop participant feedback lauded the EMR as an 'eye-opener' to help improve the social understanding of their research practice. China's official science newspaper, Science and Technology Daily, cited Dr Zhang's vision of China's public engagement of science at length and echoed her view that promoting a state-society collaboration in the building of risk communication and a risk responsive system is crucial for China's global research competitiveness (Liu. 2007).
Sectors Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Education,Government, Democracy and Justice,Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology,Other
URL https://www.kent.ac.uk/gsa/outputs-and-resources/index.html
 
Description 1) Achieved a milestone in promoting national policy change on the transparency and public engagement of science in China. On 3 January 2019, China's Ministry of Science and Technology officially accepted a set of five policy recommendations that were lead-authored by Zhang (a British citizen) as their 'Neican' (C1). Neican refers to valued official policy submissions which are put forward to high-level government officials, and 'has been a critical channel for the making and revision of politics and other regulatory changes' in China since its founding. The details of the five policy recommendation are as follows (a recommendations connection to Zhang's underpinning research is noted in the parentheses): a.Building ethics and public engagement teaching into the curriculum of undergraduate and postgraduate science and technology degrees b.Incorporating public engagement into research funding decisions and project management. c.Improving research and responsiveness to public attitudes towards science d.Capacity building through interdisciplinary and international exchanges e.A more proactive approach in joining international ethical governance discussions Given the closed nature of Chinese politics, for social research to be featured in Neican is highly uncommon even for academic projects funded by China. To accept Neican from a British sociologist and based on UK-funded project is exceptional. As writing of this Neican spanned over 15 months, and it has 'been reviewed and commented on by officials at various levels at the ministry', the process itself 'has instrumentally brought forward serious deliberations on improving public engagement of science'. For example, the national curriculum changes proposed in the Neican has already been followed by coordinated institutional actions. In March 2019, China's Research Institute for Science Popularization (CRISP), a science media centre with direct government backing, decided to systematically introduce textbooks on science communication with Zhang as an external expert. Given CRISP's unique nation-wide platform, when this textbook series is released in the next 2 years, it is expected to reach an audience of more than 4 million. 2) Ongoing curriculum change in China's higher education in science. To initiate Chinese universities to incorporate PE into their curriculums, Zhang developed a pilot Educational Module Resource (EMR) on PE with detailed teaching instructions in 2017. This set of 7 lectures are freely available online, and combine both international experience and Chinese case studies to support scientific practitioners and educators to learn about PE skills and how to best utilise existing communicative platforms. As of March 2021, the EMR has been fully or partially adopted into the teaching of at least 7 Chinese institutions with an annual reach of more than a 1,000 science students. This includes two institutes at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Institute for Microbiology and the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences), Tsinghua University, Communication University of China, Yantai University, Beijing University of Chemical Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology. The EMR was designed not simply to impart 'factual' knowledge on international experience, but to set up a model on 'how to inspire and sustain discussions' within the Chinese context. Students and instructors have described the EMR as an 'eye opener' on how PE can be effectively delivered in China, a country with limited public debate tradition. The 'demonstrative effect' (C4) of the successful experimentation with the EMR has further convinced CRISP's aforementioned investment on 'systematically introducing teaching materials and channel educational changes in China'. 3. Informing international science policies towards China In both 2018 and 2019, Zhang's research has been cited at length in Nature's annual special review on China. In addition, Zhang was one of the 50 delegates worldwide invited to present at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing, the most significant global meeting on the future of gene research governance. She also spoke at the 13th Berlin Debate on Science and Science Policy, an annual non-public forum that aimed for open and critical debate with a small number of high-ranking German and international decision-makers in science such as the President of the European Research Council, and Nature's Editor-in-Chief. In particular, China is the UK's key strategic partner in science. Since 2018, Zhang has been invited to share her research findings with the Royal Society's Foreign Secretary, the Executive Director and the Science Policy Expert Advisory Committee. Her inputs 'have all been materially helpful in informing the Society's strategic approach to China'
First Year Of Impact 2017
Sector Communities and Social Services/Policy,Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Education,Government, Democracy and Justice,Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology
Impact Types Cultural,Societal,Policy & public services
 
Description Advising China on its biomaterial regulation
Geographic Reach National 
Policy Influence Type Contribution to a national consultation/review
URL https://kar.kent.ac.uk/94062
 
Description Capacity building - curriculum change and self-learning resources for scientific practitioners.
Geographic Reach Asia 
Policy Influence Type Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
Impact While Chinese science is racing ahead with generous investment on cutting-edge projects, its science communication is often characterised as lagging behind with a twentieth-century top-down model, with seemingly unenthusiastic scientists. Zhang's work initiated curriculum change in leading science institutions by developing an Educational Module Resource (EMR) on the public engagement of science that speaks to Chinese particularities. The impact is maximised by close collaboration with China's Ministry of Science and Technology over three years and is sustained by establishing a multi-stakeholder UK-China Consortium on Scientific Risk and Public Engagemen. To date, 5 Chinese National Key Universities, 1 Provincial Key University and a number of institutions of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) have assimilated the pilot multi-media Educational Module Resource (EMR) on public engagement of science Zhang's research team has developed for the Chinese context. Launched in October 2017, this set of 7 lectures (equivalent to 10-12 hours of teaching material) combine both international experience and Chinese case studies to support scientific practitioners and educators learning about engagement-related skills and existing avenues. This is the first time the concept and practice of the public engagement of science has been systematically introduced into Chinese universities. As the EMR aims to build communicative skills among scientific practitioners, there are three primary users of the EMR. It is intended to be used by 1) Chinese research institutions/training programmes and lecturers as teaching materials, 2) post-graduate students and early career researchers/postdocs in the sciences as self-studying resources, and 3) research institutions/university press offices as capacity building resources. Secondary audience includes key persons involved in national policy making, such as senior staff at the Ministry of Science and Technology's research division and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (who are part of the UK-China Consortium) and science based media professionals.) Users feedback from CAS and six participating universities (i.e. Peking University, Tsinghua University, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Huangzhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan and Yantai University in Shandong) lauded that the EMR as an 'eye-opener' to help improving social understanding of their research practice. The weight of this impact is not limited to immediate curriculum adaptation in leading Chinese universities in research intensive regions. As Zhang's work has argued, for public engagement education to be effective, curriculum change necessarily needs to evolve with public debates and to speak to local contexts. Thus, having 6 top ranked National and Provincial Key institutions and the Chinese Academy of Sciences to first adopt public engagement training into their curriculum has significant showcase effects, which can inspire and incentivise other Chinese institutions to further develop and assimilate public engagement into the training routine of young scientists. To ensure the sustainability of this impact, Zhang established the UK-China Consortium on Scientific Risk and Public Engagement (e.g. members from Ministry of Science, Peking University, Zhejiang University, Tsinghua University in China and Sense about Science, National Coordination Centre for Public Engagement in the UK) to provide guidance on the development and implementation of EMR in different Chinese universities. Not only were the pilot lectures researched and written under the guidance of members of the Consortium, but more importantly, given China's restricted access to Western academic resources, this Consortium serves as a valuable experience sharing platform between Chinese practitioners and UK peers on issues of scientific communication and its education, which has the potential to expand collaborations on public engagement in China.
URL http://www.kent.ac.uk/gsa/emr
 
Description Informing the Royal Society's strategy on science collaboration with China
Geographic Reach National 
Policy Influence Type Contribution to a national consultation/review
Impact Since 2018, I have contributed to the Royal Society's international work, particularly with regard to the our bilateral engagement with China. As noted by Andrew Allen, Director of Foreign Affairs at the Royal Society, my presentation at the Policy Dialogue on genetic technologies in 2018, the briefing meeting held for our Foreign Secretary and Executive Director before their trip to Beijing in May 2019, and my remarks at the discussion held by our Science Policy Expert Advisory Committee, have all 'been materially helpful in informing the Society's strategic approach to China'.
 
Description Joining ISSCR's task force
Geographic Reach Multiple continents/international 
Policy Influence Type Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
Impact The resulting white paper is likely to have a normative effect on when and how public engagement on human embryo research are carried out in different regions of the world, and may shape ethical discussions and policies on relevant issues.
 
Description Policy Recommendation Accepted by China's Science Ministry
Geographic Reach National 
Policy Influence Type Contribution to a national consultation/review
Impact On 3 January 2019, Ministry of Science and Technology in China has officially accepted my policy recommendations on increasing transparency and public accountability of Chinese science and have circulated these recommendations in their Neican. 'Neican' refers to valued policy submissions which are put forward to ministers and other high-level officials. For social research to be featured in Neican is highly uncommon even for academic projects funded by China and would be considered as a 'major research achievement' within China. To accept Neican from a British sociologist and based on UK-funded project is even more rare. This set of recommendations were based on empirical findings from this ESRC project and includes five action points: 1) capacity building among stakeholders on public dialogues and embedding engagement and public outreach throughout scientific projects; 2) making 'self-assessment on social responsibility' as a requirement for funding applications and grants' period reviews; 3) a shift to proactive and precautionary governance ethos, informed by both quantative and qualitative studies of public opinion (qualitative studies were rare); 4) promoting interdisciplinary and transnational exchanges on ethical governance through regular academic and regulatory meetings; and 5) encourage participation in global ethics and regulatory dialogues at all levels. This Neican publication is a significant and welcome signal that Chinese authorities are exploring ways to enhance transparency and accountability of its science.
URL https://www.kent.ac.uk/gsa/whats-new/?view=258
 
Description Policy recommendations to China's scientific governance
Geographic Reach Asia 
Policy Influence Type Contribution to a national consultation/review
Impact China is the second largest investor in science and technology in the world. Today about 10% of the world's English language journal articles come out of China. In the past decade, the citation rate for Chinese papers on science and technology has increased by 30 percent a year on average. Yet its public engagement programme is still at a nascent stage. A persistent deficiency in ensuring responsible research conduct casts a shadow on the public attitude towards research carried out in, and with, China. A series of studies on accountability and transparency in China's life sciences led by Dr Joy Zhang has identified where Chinese institutional reform is needed. Zhang's work actively informed policies on the expansion of China's 'popularisation of science (kepu)' programmes to public engagement of science programmes by having a set of policy recommendations officially accepted as Neican (valued policy submissions which are put forward to ministers and other officials) by China's Ministry of Science and Technology in November 2017. The recommendations have been favourably reviewed, and Zhang was subsequently invited to take the lead in developing a policy report on this topic for the Central Government. In this Novemeber piece, Zhang drew on her three published work in particular and proposed six action points: 1) to systematically upgrade China's 'popularisation of science (kepu)' programmes with more public dialogues, 2) to build public engagement training into the curriculum of university scientific majors, 3) to incentivise the inclusion of public engagement plans in research grants application and grant managements, 4) to improve the collection of public opinions, 5) to enhance interdisciplinary and international collaborations on responding to public concerns, 6) to strength participation in global ethical debates on science and technology. Zhang's policy submission was favourably reviewed by Ministry officials. For recommendations #2 and #5, Zhang's successful pilot run of the Eucational Module Resource (www.kent.ac.uk/gsa/emr) in leading Chinese universities and the founding of a multi-stakeholder UK-China Consortium on Scientific Risk and Public Engagement demonstrated practicality and efficacy of these recommendations. Zhang was subsequently invited to take the lead in developing a policy report on this topic for the Central Government. It is important to note that given the closed door nature of Chinese politics, for social research to be featured in Neican is highly uncommon even for academic projects funded by China and would be considered as a 'major research achievement' within China. To invite a non-Chinese national (Zhang is a UK citizen) to submit a top-level policy report is even more rare. Arguably, this invitation alone is a strong confirmation of the importance and timeliness of Zhang's research. Activities associated with Zhang's research has received highly favourable feedbacks from Chinese stakeholders. For example, Professor Xian'en Zhang, China's former Director General of Basic Research at the Ministry of Scienceand Technology, highly commended Dr. Zhang's work for it made a convincing case of how social research can contribute to the rational governance of scientific practices in China. China's official science newspaper, Science and Technology Daily, cited Dr Zhang's vision of China's public engagement of science at length and echoed her view that promoting a state-society collaboration in the building of risk communication and a risk responsive system is crucial for Chin a's global research competitiveness. As an official media outlet, Science and Technology Daily is a key communicative channel of the Chinese government for its scientific strategies.
 
Description GCRF Impact Fund
Amount £4,484 (GBP)
Organisation University of Kent 
Sector Academic/University
Country United Kingdom
Start 01/2019 
End 05/2019
 
Description National Science Foundation, USA
Amount $399,165 (USD)
Funding ID 2112906 
Organisation Arizona State University 
Sector Academic/University
Country United States
Start  
 
Description Newton Fund Researcher Links Workshop
Amount £43,200 (GBP)
Funding ID 2018-RLWK10-10359 
Organisation British Council 
Sector Charity/Non Profit
Country United Kingdom
Start 01/2019 
End 01/2020
 
Description US Department of State
Amount $18,840 (USD)
Funding ID SCH50021GR3081 
Organisation Arizona State University 
Sector Academic/University
Country United States
Start 09/2021 
End 09/2022
 
Description University of Kent Impact Fund (Developing an Educational Module Resource (EMR) on the Public Engagement of Science for Key Chinese Institutions)
Amount £2,500 (GBP)
Organisation University of Kent 
Sector Academic/University
Country United Kingdom
Start 07/2017 
End 09/2017
 
Description Arizona State University 
Organisation Arizona State University
Country United States 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution In late 2019, Kathleen Vogel (PI, Arizona State University), Sonia Ben Ouagrham-Gormley(Co-I, George Mason University) and myself (Co-I) was awarded standard grant from the National Science Foundation in the US on the project Ethical Issues Surrounding Human Germline Genome Editing. Our focus in on the comparison between Chinese and American germline research regulations. Our project was halted by the pandemic and has resumed in late 2021.
Collaborator Contribution All three investigators work together to develop a Delphi survey that is to be sent out to scientists and bioethicists in both countries. We will also have an equal share of responsibilities in analysing them.
Impact N/A. We are currently developing co-authored journal articles and a book. But all at preliminary stage.
Start Year 2018
 
Description Expert Consultant to improve China's scientific governance 
Organisation Ministry of Science and Technology
Country China 
Sector Public 
PI Contribution I am acting as the 'Expert Consultant' for the project 'Survey on Scientific Workers' Awareness of Research Ethics', commissioned by the China Association for Science and Technology. For this project, I work with China's Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST)'s research team. My main task has been helping them to design and carry out a small sample interview in three cities. This qualitative data forms the basis of their national survey on research ethics. Currently, we are still processing the survey data. The main expected outcome is to feed into the Ministry's governing guidelines.
Collaborator Contribution The partner team at MOST builds fieldwork contacts, facilitates interview, designs and carries out the national survey.
Impact One of the expected policy outcome is to submit a policy recommendation to MOST on improving codes of conduct in science governance.
Start Year 2014
 
Description 13th Berlin Debate on Science and Science Policy 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact On 7 November 2018, Zhang was invited to map out her view on the funding and regulatory implications of China's scientific rise at the 13th Berlin Debate on Science and Science Policy hosted by the Robert Bosch Stiftung Foundation. This is an annual non-public and independent forum that aimed for open and critical debate with a small number of high-ranking German and international decision-makers in science. Participants of this year's debate include President of the ERC Jean-Pierre Bourguignon, Professor Helga Nowotny, UK's Minister for Higher Education London Sam Gyimah, and Nature's Editor-in-Chief Magdalena Skipper. The event was moderated by Vivienne Parry OBE. A report of this event will be released early 2019. A full agenda can be accessed here: https://www.bosch-stiftung.de/sites/default/files/documents/2018-11/Berlin_Debate_2018_List_of_participants.pdf
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://www.bosch-stiftung.de/en/project/berlin-science-debate
 
Description BBC Documentary on Chinese science 
Form Of Engagement Activity A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact I contributed to both episodes of BBC's documentary China's Great Science Leap. They were first broadcasted on Radio 4 then on BBC World Service. Details can be found here: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct2lcp
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
 
Description Blog on GM Debates in China 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Invited contribution to 'China Policy Institute: Analysis' blogsite. Zhang analysed the GM debate in China and its policy implications for the general public in an accessible language.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
URL https://cpianalysis.org/2016/12/19/gm-debates-with-chinese-characteristics/
 
Description Bridging European-Chinese HE Cooperation 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact I led a panelist discussion on how EU higher education should engage with Chinese academic organised by the Universities in Europe (SGroup) on 21 May 2021. A key point in on continuing in-person engagement with China. Fellow panelist members include
Dr. Vincent Eechaudt, Policy Advisor - Research Ethics, Dual-Use, Artificial Intelligence & Human Rights, Gent University
Dr. Marcin G rski, Director of Project Management Center, Silesian University of Technology
Prof. Dr. Kathleen O'CONNOR, Vice-President International Relations, University of Lille
Dr. Joy Y. Zhang, MBBS, MSc, PhD, Director of Studies, Sociology; University of Kent
Dr Arnim Heinemann, SGroup President
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
 
Description Briefing the Science Policy Expert Advisory Committee at the Royal Society. 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact I gave a short talk at the Royal Society's Science Policy Expert Advisory Committee (SPEAC) on 12th December on how to promote accountable and productive international science collaborations, especially in relation to China.This was a series of my engagement with the Royal Society on informing their international strategies with China. This was reflected in a later email from Andrew Allen, Director of International Affairs at the Royal Society: ' I wanted to write to you to thank you for your contribution to the Royal Society's international work over the past two years, particularly with regard to the our bilateral engagement with China. Your presentation at the Policy Dialogue on genetic technologies in 2018, the briefing meeting held for our Foreign Secretary and Executive Director before their trip to Beijing in May 2019, and your remarks at the recent dinner discussion held by our Science Policy Expert Advisory Committee, have all been materially helpful in informing the Society's strategic approach to China.'
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description China's first multi-stakeholder scientific risk and public engagement training workshop 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Dr Joy Zhang's ESRC project, 'Governing Scientific Accountability in China', pioneers public engagement of science in China by organising China's first multi-stakeholder public engagement training workshop between 25 and 26 March 2017. Extensive fieldwork from this ESRC study has found that in contrast to China's increasing research power, the public engagement of science remains at a nascent stage. Although there is good will from both scientific practitioners and civil society groups, as well as heavy investment from the Chinese government, a key hindrance for (re)building trust and accountability of science in China is a lack of public engagement skills amongst scientists and civic practitioners. The event brings together 50 delegates from China's Ministry of Science's research arm, Chinese Academy of Science and Technology for Development, life scientists from Beijing, Xi'an, Hangzhou and Wuhan, civil society representatives from Beijing, Xi'an, Wuhan and Chengdu, leading bioethicists, journalists, public engagement professionals from UK based institutions such as National Coordinating Centre for Public Engagement and Sense about Science. It provides capacity building on engagement skills; and identifies a roadmap for future public engagement that is pertinent to Chinese particularities.

The workshop's immediate impact is it enhances China's scientific accountability to both domestic and international audiences through 1) exploring both the failures and successes of existing public engagement avenues and 2) providing capacity building on engagement skills. Its long-term impact is that this workshop initiates the coming together of a multi-stakeholder consortium which identifies and moderates a roadmap for future public engagement that is pertinent to Chinese particularities.

This workshop has received wide international media attention, ranging from China's official newspaper, People's Daily (Overseas Edition) and the supplement publication of Nature, Nature Index
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
 
Description Consultation on academic human rights 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact I provided consultation to the UK Academies Human Rights Committee on how to engage with China and promote academic freedom. This also includes how to offer institutional support for UK academics currently working with China. Professor Richard Catlow, Foreign Secretary fo the Royal Society later thanked me for the 'timely, important and helpful' recommendations.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
 
Description Engage 2020 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact I was invited to give a plenary talk at Engage 2019, the UK's largest annual conference for public engagement professionals, organised by the National Coordinating Centre for Public Engagement. The talk was titled 'Imagining new futures for engagement, knowledge and society.' While most of the participants were UK engagement and public communication professionals, delegations from Thailand, Japan and other countries were also present.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://www.publicengagement.ac.uk/nccpe-projects-and-services/engage-conference/engage-2019
 
Description Engaging with international science popularisation community on communicating life sciences 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact I was invited to give a talk title 'Decolonolising science communication' at the World Conference on Scientific Literacy in Beijing on 17th Oct 2019. The audience was mainly science popularisation professionals and the talk examined findings from my fieldwork in China as well as my ongoing work with the International Genetically Engineered Machine competition. The presentation elucidated the reasons on why conventional institution-based communication outreach was no longer sufficient and urged that public engagement should be embedded in science education early on.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description Engaging with the World Association of Chinese Bioengineers 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact I was invited to present the talk, 'The co-production of bioethics:the role of bioengineers in shaping our biological future'at The 9th WACBE World Congress on Bioengineering in Taipei. Based on finding from this ESRC project, I reviewed different outcomes of high profile cases where Chinese life scientists were the centre of global controversy. This demonstrated to bioengineers at this congress regardless of system failure in science communication and ethical governance, there were still many existing professional avenues and code of practice that can help prevent or minimise public misunderstanding of science.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
 
Description German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Third sector organisations
Results and Impact I delivered a one-hour seminar to DAAD, the world's largest academic funder, on how to identify and supervise research fundings in relation to China. This includes research funding as well as exchange and scholarship at multiple levels, what types of fundings are mostly needed, how to make collaboration productive and accountable.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
 
Description Invited ICG Talk 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact I was invited to give a talk on the 'Problematising the Frankenstein Framing for Science' at the Annual Meeting of International Conference on Genomics (ICG). This is one of the largest annual scientific meetings in this field.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Nature Interview 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact For a second year in a roll, this ESRC project has contributed to Nature's annual review, Nature Index on China. I was interviewed at multiple stage in the second half of 2018 by Nature journalist Smriti Mallapaty on how the landscape of China's ethical governance has evolved in the past 20 years and the global implications of the (post-hoc) pragmatic governing approach my study identified.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/china-engineering-a-biomedical-revolution
 
Description Pilot run of the public engagement of science lectures in leading Chinese universities 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact A key deliverable of this ESRC project, the pilot 7 lectures of the EMR are arguably the first attempt to develop an educational resource on public engagement training that speaks to Chinese particularities. It aims to fill the gap of public engagement training in Chinese science curriculum. After its launch in September 2017, the Educational Module Resource (EMR) on public engagement of science developed by this project was brought to science postgraduates at top Chinese research institutes. Tsinghua University, Beijing Institute of Technology, the Beijing University of Chemical Technology, and a number of research institutions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have adopted sections of the EMR into their existing autumn modules. For example, sections of the EMR were integrated into Yantai University compulsory module, Dialectics of Nature, which was taken by more than 500 postgraduate students across science and engineering majors. A typical class size for other university range is 200. The decision to incorporate EMR into their existing modules for young practitioners, as explained by a module convenor Prof. Zhengfeng Li at Tsinghua University, was to give students 'a more comprehensives understanding of innovation'. Students' feedback confirmed that content of the EMR helped them to be more sensitive about how to approach and communicate 'unknown unknowns' in emerging science. In addition, sections of the EMR were also adopted by research centres at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. We were encouraged by the fact that in repeated sessions, senior research staff (assistant, associate and full professors) also took part in our training due to the very positive feedback from previous sessions, and practitioners considered various socio-ethical issues put forward by the EMR as conceptually interesting and the designed group discussion exercises as practical. It should also be noted that at the project's concluding conference in Feburary 2018, the Deputy Secretary General of China's Medical Association highly praised the EMR as 'an excellent experiment' and that 'the Chinese Medical Association looks forward to joining force in the promotion of this area in China.'
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL https://www.kent.ac.uk/gsa/whats-new/index.html?view=185
 
Description Project website 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact The project's website (www.kent.ac.uk/gsa) helps to update research progress, tracking the changes of research partnership, disiminate findings as well as outputs from public events associated with this study.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015,2016,2017,2018
URL http://www.kent.ac.uk/gsa
 
Description Public Lecture at Max Planck Institute 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact I gave the public lecture '"Can We Trust Science from China?" Observations around the Ascent of a New Power Player' at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Institute's Colloquium, Berlin. more than 70 people attended, one of the most well attended public lecture that the institute has held in recent years.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
URL https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/event/can-we-trust-science-china-observations-around-ascent-new-powe...
 
Description Staff Lecture at China's Ministry of Science and Technology 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact I gave a staff lecture on 'The Cosmopolitanization of Science and the Construction of a "Chinese" voice?' on 15 Oct 2018 at the Ministry of Science and Technology, China. Three of the Ministry's research Directors attended. The lecture was very well received and led to internal reconsideration of the Ministry's strategy on public engagement, which for a long time has been supressed by the Ministry due to potential political sensitivity.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://www.kent.ac.uk/gsa/whats-new/index.html?view=238
 
Description UK-China Dialogue-Governing Trust in the Biosciences: Institutional and Cultural Change 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact This is a two day conference at the British Academy which brought together leading policy makers, scientists, practitioners, NGO staff and social scientists from both China and the UK to discuss how to build and sustain public trust in new applications of biotechnologies. For example, speakers include: Baroness Onora O'Neill (philosopher), Prof. Dame Ottoline Leyser (scientist), Prof. Christl Donnelly (CBE, scientist), Prof. Nikolas Rose (sociologist), Tracey Brown (OBE, civil society), Deputy Secretary General of Chinese Medical Association (medical doctor/official), former Director General of Basic Research at the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (scientist/official), staff from Wuhan Natur (civil society), Prof Honglin Li and Dr. Alexandra Freeman (academic/media) and other staff from Chinese Academy of Sciences and minitries. Participants from both China and the UK found the discussion stimulating and it is a valuable learning experience. The event ended with enthusiasm from both Chinese and British participants to collaborate on carrying the line of reserach developed by this project forward.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
 
Description WIRED Interview 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact I was interviewed by the WIRED magazine regarding Chinese government's reaction to Jiankui He's CRISPR baby case and its implications for science governance in both China and globally.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://www.wired.co.uk/article/second-crispr-baby
 
Description Weekendavisen Interview 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact I was interviewed by the Danish newspaper Weekendavisen on the state of China's scientific credibility and its governance. The interview helped to clarify to the public the strength and weakness of China's oversight on scientific accountability and how it might effect scientific development transnationally.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://www.weekendavisen.dk/2019-7/ideer/det-vilde-oesten