Understanding the potential of informal and lifestyle sports

Lead Research Organisation: University of Brighton
Department Name: School of Sport and Service Management

Abstract

Debate about the legacy from the London 2012 Olympics, and its failure to impact declining physical activity levels and increasing obesity amongst youth, has refocused decades of public debate about the value of sport to address a range of social problems. However, an underexplored aspect of sport provision and policy is the value of informal and lifestyle sport [LS] such as skateboarding, parkour and surfing, particularly in promoting active lifestyles. Whereas participation in traditional competitive sport is steadily declining, informal and LS have seen increasing popularity amongst a broadening range of consumers, and across different national contexts. Recognising the central role that informal sport and leisure plays in the community and the economy, this seminar series will provide a timely opportunity to examine the impact, and potential social and political benefit, generated by informal and non-institutionalised sport in general (from practices like yoga, to dance and street-sports) and LS in particular. The seminars will be underpinned by theoretical insights about the emergence, significance and cultural politics of LS cultures. Recognising the multitude of experiences, practices and communities that constitute the informal sporting landscape, the seminars will bring together research from a range of disciplinary backgrounds, theoretical perspectives, and fields of study.

The six seminars will provide a context for lively debate of current research, and future challenges, bringing together academics, policy makers, practitioners, creating dialogue between often disparate academic disciplines and user communities. They will assess the most current and relevant research in these fields, and integrate with end-users perspectives. They will develop new networks and approaches to issues, and provide a platform for a new generation of researchers to challenge current research agendas. The 6 seminars will explore the following themes: 1 (Brighton): Mapping the policy context; 2 (Brunel, London); Institutionalisation and regulation; 3 (Brighton); Lifestyle sport in School and the PE curriculum; 4 (Bournemouth); New participants in lifestyle sports: Current trends and strategies for Change; 5 (Brighton); Bodies out of place? The racialisation of informal sporting spaces; 6 (Brighton); Assessing future directions.

To encourage and gain insights from policy makers and young researchers we have organised funding across all seminar sessions for these groups. In doing so we aim to provide a critical, yet policy relevant, forum in which the role of informal LS can be better understood. The findings will be timely and relevant to wide-ranging academic, as well as non-academic, audiences who are concerned with understanding the role informal sport can play in relation to community, culture, health and economy; and for providing inclusive and relevant opportunities for sport and leisure provision. The South East, in which most of the seminars are based, is a particular hub of activity in this area, including relevant projects such as those based on the South Downs National Park, and coastal recreation projects.

These seminars seek to engage with, and promote an inter-disciplinary academic agenda. It will contribute to a broader policy discussion about the role of informal sport, specifically in debates around health and well-being, community and citizenship, inclusion and belonging, in private and public spaces. Our dissemination plan, including a lifestyle sport festival, is designed to target a wide range of relevant audiences beyond the seminar participants. We will provide an impetus for a broader public debate about the changing value and meaning of informal sport. To this end we will produce a multi-disciplinary edited collection of papers, a themed issue of an international refereed journal, an interactive website with podcasts, and produce press releases targeting relevant media.

Planned Impact

Impact summary

This seminar series intends to put informal sport and leisure higher up various policy agendas and to discuss ways they can be utilised more effectively, particular in cross-cutting policy agendas. The seminar series therefore has relevance to a wide range of non-academic beneficiaries, and from the outset we have considered who would benefit, and how to involve and disseminate to these interested parties. We have also had conversations with end-users to help formulate the seminar proposal including Parkour UK, Performance Parkour and water-sports groups. To maximise the impact of the series we have identified key target groups and developed a short, medium and long-term impact strategy.

Broadly we have identified a) Policy makers involved with Lifestyle sport [LS] provision. Nationally this includes a wide range of Government policy-makers and officials, across a range of departments and executive non-departmental public bodies including Sport England, The Arts Council , Visit Britain. Also of relevance is The British Olympic Association. b) Those involved with the provision, regulation and teaching of LS across public and private sectors, locally and nationally.

In our pathway to impact we have identified a wide range of groups and organisations working in and across sectors who will benefit from the discussions and findings. Some examples include: physical education providers, active lifestyles initiatives, including walking and cycling schemes, Sport and Recreation Alliance, Countryside Research Network, Forestry Commission.

At the more local level we have identified, or are already working with a wide range of relevant organisations through to local Government. These include; Parkour UK., The RYA, Performance Parkour, Active Dorset County sports and physical activity partnership, Active Sussex, Active Devon, Hastings Borough Council, British Triathlon Federation,West Dorset District Council, Christchurch and East Dorset partnership, Ordnance survey, South Downs National park.

Within the Business/commercial sectors - sport and leisure offer cities and regions opportunities for wealth creation, regeneration and economic prosperity. The seminars will provide opportunities for commercial operators working in the leisure and sport industries to acquire new knowledge relating to the contribution of sport/leisure practices to the community, the multiple forms of entrepreneurialism, innovation and enterprise and partnerships which are being played out, and how to work towards offering inclusive practices for all communities of end-users. Some examples include: the great big tree climbing company Rockleigh Park water sports, Bournemouth Surf School, Paul Harbour water sports, adventure sport holidays, surf steps, Parkour Generations.

Our dissemination activities include publications in a range of formats including; academic publications ( in international journals and edited collections), trade magazines to blogs and podcasts. We will hold a lifestyle sport festival involving live performances by practitioners in parkour, dance and street-surfing, taster sessions for the public, and talks based on the research findings. We have organising similar events for previous projects (eg. Parkour community awareness event; Anti-homophobia Football festivals ) and found them to be very effective in generating interest, and cross-community dialogue.

Publications

10 25 50
 
Description The 'Social Benefits of Lifestyle Sports' Seminar Series achieved its objectives in a number of ways: engaging professionals and policy-makers; international academics; and identifying new research agendas.

The Seminar Series successfully engaged a wide variety of academics, policy-makers, sport policy professionals, community groups and practitioners throughout the series. These included PE teachers, sport development officers from local councils (particularly Brighton and Hove City Council), members of sport governing bodies (including parkour and frontball) and international academics.

Public engagement was encouraged through involvement of community groups and practitioners. The final exhibition event was held in partnership with Brighton and Hove City Council's TakePart festival. The final seminar took place in a venue adjacent to the festival. Members of the public, policy-makers and practitioners were actively involved as speakers and audience members before being involved in the various activities taking place at the TakePart festival.

The active partnership with Brighton and Hove City Council reinforced the Sports Team's openness to lifestyle and informal sports. The Council were already actively engaging in many of these sports, and the series provided the evidence to reinforce their work. It also opened them up to potential new sports (such as Frontball) and re-evaluate their view of existing activities such as running, which, as an informal sport, was not considered in this category before.

International academics came from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds, including geography, sociology, anthropology, cultural studies, media studies, sport studies and history. Those at the early stage of their careers were actively encouraged to participate as speakers, participants, and in journal submissions. A specific objective was to build capacity and the seminar series helped foster this interdisciplinary and supportive environment for future collaboration.

One of the outputs from the seminar series as a special issue in the International Journal of Sport Policy & Politics which outlined a number of policy ideas and recommendations for wider dissemination. Importantly, this highlighted the research gaps and new research agendas for the sector. It outlined that there is limited quantitative research into lifestyle sports, thus making participation rates, patterns and motivations difficult to capture.

It also outlined that despite the individualistic nature of lifestyle sport participation, accounts of participants' lived experience have noted the importance of the community and environment for participants' sense of identity, belonging, connection and affects. The papers in the special issue lead us to a more profound conclusion: the idea that lifestyle sport revels in an outsider status beyond the realm of government no longer holds true. A counter-cultural ethos is just one component of the complex and rapidly changing social formation of lifestyle sports. Future research needs to move beyond the dichotomy between alternative and mainstream which characterised earlier lifestyle sport studies.

The series also highlighted the dominance of white young men in these informal spaces. An important theme addressed by the seminar series was the experiences of minority participants in these informal sporting spaces. While participation in lifestyle sports has tended to be associated with youthful white men, over the past decade, increasing numbers of women and girls have been taking to these sports, reflected in, and driven by the buoyant and expanding 'girl-focused' consumer market. Concurrently, an ageing demographic is apparent in lifestyle sports activities, propelled by life-long participants who have aged with their sports, and older men and women who are taking up lifestyle sport increasingly in later life.
Exploitation Route Despite their potential benefits, programme funders and delivery partners need to be more critical to ensure they don't reinforce some of the less savoury aspects of action sport cultures such as forms of exclusion based on gender, age, sexuality, ability and ethic/religious backgrounds. Across many lifestyle sports, white bodies are seen to be the 'natural' occupants, seen as having the 'right to belong' which often works to exclude racialised groups. In particular, the nature-based spaces in which many lifestyle sports take place, such as beaches and hills, are overwhelmingly white spaces.

Lifestyle sport provision may be structured in ways that provide more equitable movement experiences that encourage social inclusion. Drawing on pedagogic styles that are non-hierarchal, non-competitive and challenge the established hierarchy of 'teacher as expert'. The positioning power of pedagogies for young peoples' (dis)engagement with physical activity and physical education can particularly engage children with little interest in competitive sport, and this still remains largely uncharted.

The research has pertinence for many other emerging sports and activities that like parkour, dance and interactive video-games, sit on the boundaries between sport, arts and play, or activities that are evolving into sport-fitness hybrids. Clearly, traditional sports can no longer assume they have young peoples' ear. The decision to include surfing, skateboarding and sport climbing in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics clearly demonstrates that even the Olympic Movement is having to respond to new consumer interests to remain relevant to younger generations through the co-optation of youth-oriented action sports into the Olympic programme. In these contexts, traditional sport must compete for attention against an ever-increasing range of leisure activities and trends in the digital world, and in 'real' time and space. Nor does a one-size fits-all approach work in an increasingly fragmented cultural context.

Locating sport within broader social, cultural, political, legal and economic contexts requires us to think across boundaries and to adopt more agile approaches to policy analysis. There is still much to be learned about lifestyle and informal sport by appreciating the ways in which they interact with different policy domains, networks and communities. Trends like the Pokémon Go phenomena that came and then rapidly disappeared have important lessons for understanding how people engage with their world in physically active ways, where they engage, and why. As a local authority sport development officer suggested at one of our seminars, the game challenged him to think anew about social benefits and the policy response as it opened up the use of urban space and parks in ways he had never seen, with participants walking vast distances daily.
Sectors Communities and Social Services/Policy,Creative Economy,Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Education,Environment,Healthcare,Leisure Activities, including Sports, Recreation and Tourism,Government, Democracy and Justice,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections,Retail

 
Description Public engagement was encouraged through involvement of community groups and practitioners. The final exhibition event was held in partnership with Brighton and Hove City Council's TakePart festival. The final seminar took place in a venue adjacent to the festival. Members of the public, policy-makers and practitioners were actively involved as speakers and audience members before being involved in the various activities taking place at the TakePart festival. The active partnership with Brighton and Hove City Council reinforced the Sports Team's openness to lifestyle and informal sports. The Council were already actively engaging in many of these sports, and the series provided the evidence to reinforce their work. It also opened them up to potential new sports (such as Frontball) and re-evaluate their view of existing activities such as running, which, as an informal sport, was not considered in this category before. The project led to Dr Belinda Wheaton (previous PI) being invited to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Executive Board to present evidence for sport inclusion and lifestyle sports and their role in the Olympics. This was the first time an academic had been invited to present to the Executive Board. In 2016, this led to an IOC grant entitled Youth Perceptions of the Olympics Games: Attitudes Towards Action Sports at the YOG and Olympic Games US$20, 000. There was also a stakeholder symposium in September 2016 called ''Agenda 2020 & Action Sport in the Olympic Games: Stakeholder Symposium' held at Waikato University, New Zealand. This was co-funded by the IOC to specifically address IOC's Agenda 2020 to look at ways of increasing sports' participation and engaging new sports to keep the Olympics relevant to a new generation of sports participants. Broader impact derives from evidence underpinning the IOC's future strategy after the Tokyo 2020 Games.
First Year Of Impact 2016
Sector Leisure Activities, including Sports, Recreation and Tourism
Impact Types Societal

 
Description Advanced Olympic Research Grant Programme
Amount € 20,000 (EUR)
Organisation International Olympic committee 
Sector Charity/Non Profit
Country Switzerland
Start 07/2015 
End 07/2016
 
Description Brighton and Hove City Council 
Organisation Brighton & Hove City Council
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Public 
PI Contribution Informal discussions about the importance of informal and lifestyle sports within the city Input into the Joint Strategic Needs Assessment for support for refugees
Collaborator Contribution Collaboration with the final lifestyle sports festival at the culmination of this project. The Healthy Lifestyles Manager and the research team have co-designed the final festival - to run as part of the annual B&HCC TAKEPART Festival.
Impact TAKEPART Festival Joint Strategic Needs Assessment
Start Year 2015
 
Description Seminar 1 - Mapping the Policy Context 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact In this first 2-day seminar we will explore the existing evidence base, and map key issues in the policy debates about the social value of Informal and Lifestyle Sports [LS]. These aspects will then be explored further in subsequent 1-day seminars. Questions we will address include: what are the different policy contexts in which LS are emerging (including in sport, the arts, physical activity, education, urban planning and health) and how can work across agencies be fostered? How can LS be adopted for promoting more inclusive physical activity amongst target groups such as girls and minority ethnic groups?
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
URL http://www.informalandlifestylesports.org.uk/?page_id=75
 
Description Seminar 2 - Institutionalisation and Regulation 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The second ESRC seminar on exploring the social benefits of informal and lifestyle sport will focus on issues of institutionalisation, regulation and risk. Youth-focused informal physical activities have been associated with high risk and irresponsibility leading to attempts to regulate, contain and institutionalise these activities. This seminar will examine these issues in different informal and lifestyle sports contexts to develop understandings about how to effectively develop and promote informal and lifestyle sport opportunities whilst retaining the strong alternative ethos and values that characterise such physical activities.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015
URL http://www.informalandlifestylesports.org.uk/?page_id=77
 
Description Seminar 3 - Informal Sport in School and the PE Curriculum 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact The PE curriculum introduced into secondary schools in England in 2009 marked a shift in emphasis from activities (such as team games) towards core skills (such as balance and flight) encouraging some schools to adopt a greater range of activities. Some schools have incorporated non-traditional LS such as skateboarding, Ultimate Frisbee, street surfing, and parkour. Research about the impact of these initiatives, or about which pupils benefit, and why, remains anecdotal. Proponents argue activities like parkour provide managed risk-taking for children in urban environments but critics claim there are legitimate health and safety fears (Beaumont. & Whitlam 2010). We will examine the ways schools have expanded their provision of non-traditional LS sports (both in and out of curriculum time), and the perceived benefits. How do children develop physical literacy in these activities? Are benefits transferable to other contexts? (e.g. education, work, community). How have schools and policy makers established parameters of acceptable and safe practice? Why do these sports attract different children to those attracted to traditional competitive games? What is the role of dance in these debates?
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
URL http://www.informalandlifestylesports.org.uk/?page_id=88
 
Description Seminar 6 - Key Findings and Lifestyle Sports Festival 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact This final workshop is to draw together Key Findings and to develop future plans. Participants will be selected based on the key findings from Seminars 1-5.

The Lifestyle Sports Festival will disseminate findings and involve performances by practitioners and 'taster' sessions (e.g. in parkour, dance, street-surfing). It will be part of the annual TAKEPART Festival run by Brighton and HoveCity Council for ten years. This festival will constitute part of the ten year anniversary of the TAKPART event. This is aimed at engaging members of the public in physical activity and will have a significant focus on lifestyle and informal sports as a result of this funding.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
 
Description Seminars 4 and 5 - Minority Participants in Informal Sporting Spaces 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact In this seminar we will consider the experiences of these "less visible" participants and consumer groups, including girls and women, and older participants. We will examine: the political potential of this so-called 'female athletic revolution' (Comer, 2010), and how to promote greater equity and strategies for change amongst young and older women; the forms of exclusion and barriers to inclusion (in relation to sexuality/gender/ race/age/disability) that operate in these informal sporting spaces; the role of the media and action sport industries in promoting greater equity and/or reproducing sexist and neo-colonial discourses; the ability of lifestyle sport based NGOs to tackle gender issues and empower vulnerable and marginalised groups.
The second day of the seminar we will consider the complex factors contributing to make minority ethnic groups feel 'out of place' in white-dominated countryside spaces and how to develop more inclusive policy practices. We aim to understand identity, belonging and exclusion in LS contexts, and the capacity for LS to reinforce or challenge this racial status quo.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
URL http://www.informalandlifestylesports.org.uk/?page_id=90