JPI Urban Europe Integrated Data Visualisation and Decision Making Solutions to Forecast and Manage Complex Urban Challenges

Lead Research Organisation: University of Oxford
Department Name: Oxford Internet Institute

Abstract

Urban decision makers are nowadays faced with both unprecedented challenges as well as new opportunities as the environment around them grows ever more complex. Out of the readily available "sea of information", unfortunately, some sources potentially important to decision-making have so far remained largely untapped. The UrbanData2Decide project therefore aims to extract and process information from two rich sources, namely public social media and open data libraries. This information, combined with advice from expert panels, will support local governments towards a holistic, sustainable and well-founded decision-making process which takes into account the views and perspectives of all relevant stakeholders.

Planned Impact

The project targets both topics of the call and its impact will contribute to the mentioned objectives on various levels. To realise this potential a set of well-thought-out steps will be taken in the course of the project. Since the participants in the project are based in different regions they will be able to bring ideas and knowledge from their individual experiences and lessons learned. Extensive stakeholder studies and information exchange will help create new networks with existing actors and stimulate cross-learning and sharing of best practices at the local (cities), national and European level.

Within the project, a multi-dimensional model for urban governance decision support will be constructed, combining social and open data and expert knowledge. In developing a real-time monitoring and decision making solution, the project will improve the governance of urban complexity in various scenarios and on different time scales, reaching from immediate impact in the case of event-based scenarios (e.g. emergency and conflict management), long-term impact in the case of continuous challenges (e.g. integration policies) to future impact as it allows users to monitor trends and developments and to forecast risks. In this way, the project will at the same time contribute to the adaptability and resilience of cities and urban areas, allowing them to conduct foresight measures by identifying and adapting proactively to emerging challenges.

From a user's and stakeholder's perspective, the value of the project can be summarized by the following:

Urban policy makers will have: Access to new and enriched sources of information; Real-time monitoring capabilities of urban complexities; access to novel forecasting and predictive capabilities; Cross-sectorial and trans-national knowledge transfer; Democratic support; Increase in transparency and accountability; Access to citizen views.
External experts and advisors will have: Greater inclusion/influence in decision making process; Transparency and accountability between them and policy makers; Continued involvement and participation; Access to tools for forecasting exercises.
The scientific community will: Generate insights in social and open media potentials for urban governance; Strengthen research at the crossroads of social media studies and urban complexities; Increase awareness of open data potential and promote more data openness.
Citizens will benefit from: Active voice and inherent role in new forms of governance; Fact-based decisions; Strengthening of democratic character; Increased involvement of younger generation in urban policy issues.

The project and the realisation of the impacts as outlined above will benefit from its broad and diverse project consortium that unites some of Europe's leading institutions in their respective fields. Through their involvement in various other projects all of the partners have gained extensive experience in interdisciplinary research. This will be especially valuable since the objectives of the project cover an interdisciplinary scope and address both topics of the call.
 
Description There were two organisations which were part of the UK arm of this grant, the ODI and the OII. Each one will report separately here.

The ODI developed a set of crowding indicator visualisations to show the occupancy of trains on London Underground's Victoria line. In building these prototypes we explored how raw engineering data could be used to support decision making in different contexts. We created a carriage occupancy indicator, to show passengers and staff where the least busy areas of the train were, and a heat map to show the occupancy levels at different points along the Victoria line. The design process involved workshops and interviews with London Underground staff, in order to identify user needs. The visualisations were then written in Ruby, using Sinatra as the application framework. All the code is open source, available on GitHub. The demonstration site is online at http://goingunderground.herokuapp.com/.

We used our learnings during the London Underground project to create a visualisation toolkit. We have improved and packaged this into a released product called Bothan, which is free for anyone to use. The Bothan tool and demonstration instance is available at: http://bothan.io/. We also delivered a report into how data infrastructure can help solve local problems (https://theodi.org/case-studies/building-urban-data-infrastructure-to-solve-local-problems. This draws out nine recommendations to inform how decision makers approach the design and implementation of local data infrastructures.

The OII conducted a variety of research activities which produced several novel results. We conducted a study of open data usage patterns in the UK, and thus developed ways in which both local and national governments could efficiently optimise their open data efforts by deciding which datasets to release (a draft of the results can be found in an open access format here: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2613853). We also worked with the local council in Oxford to identify policy areas and needs which could be improved by greater access to data. One of these areas was on the development of alcohol policy with greater information about the spatial availability of alcohol. We conducted a pilot study examining the extent to which OpenStreetMap data could be used to provide accurate estimates of alcohol availability (this has now been published here: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10708-017-9778-7). Another of these areas was on the estimation of rental housing levels through council tax data (so far an internal report on the subject has been sent to Oxford council, and further steps will be taken in the coming months).

Finally, the OII organised a conference panel on the use of big data in public policy making. This resulted in a journal special issue (see here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/poi3.130/full) which synthesised a variety of pieces of research on novel approaches to the use of data in public policy making.
Exploitation Route From the ODI's point of view we recommend carrying out further user testing and development of the visualisations, to determine how effective such a tool can be at changing passenger behaviour and improving crowding along platforms and carriages. To test the concept further it would be necessary to expand the amount of data available. During the project we had data for a single train, but this would need to be expanded to each train on the Victoria line. It would also require refining the visualisations and making them available to passengers, either through on-platform displays for via an app they can access individually. We also recommend exploring how easily such tools can be created in other cities, or if other applications can be found for this type of engineering data.

From the OII point of view, we aim to spread our knowledge of using open, social and big data in local public policy making to other local councils, to help them improve their day to day decision making and long term planning. We are actively involved in a variety of other grants in this area which are aiming to achieve this.
Sectors Environment,Healthcare,Government, Democracy and Justice,Transport

 
Description The findings in this grant have formed part of a wider stream of work we have been undertaking with Oxford City & County councils (which has also been supported by other grant funding). We have been working with them on improving their capacity in big data and data science. We will continue to work actively with them in this area. For example, we are currently trying to set up a partnership project working on adult social care or in children's social services. I am also actively involved in a pr
First Year Of Impact 2016
Sector Communities and Social Services/Policy
Impact Types Policy & public services

 
Description Google
Amount £42,892 (GBP)
Organisation Google 
Sector Private
Country United States
Start 06/2017 
End 05/2018
 
Description LRF Programme
Amount £195,176 (GBP)
Organisation Lloyd's Register Foundation 
Sector Charity/Non Profit
Country United Kingdom
Start 01/2017 
End 12/2019
 
Description Solving Urban Challenges with Data - CRD
Amount £225,680 (GBP)
Funding ID NE/N00728X/1 
Organisation Natural Environment Research Council 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 09/2015 
End 08/2017
 
Description Data Science for Local Government - Workshop 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The creative use of large scale data sources (such as social media, mobile phone data and existing administrative records) offers great potential to local government in terms of understanding and forecasting of urban problems, allocation of scarce resources, innovative policy solutions and efficiency savings. Such methods, which are now often referred to under the heading of "data science", are already widely deployed within the business sector (to tackle issues such as fraud detection or market segmentation). However their adoption within government remains limited. Barriers in terms of technology, skills and access to data exist; there is also a lack of appreciation of exactly what can be done with this type of data, with a need to exchange ideas, proofs of concept, and best practices.

This day long workshop aims to help stimulate the introduction of data science into local government, through a series of talks from local government practitioners, academics and industry leaders working in the area of data science.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
URL http://smartcities.oii.ox.ac.uk/workshop-data-science-for-local-government/