Concrete Impacts: A Supply Chain and Life Cycle Analysis of the US Military's Environmental Footprint
Lead Research Organisation:
Lancaster University
Department Name: Lancaster Environment Centre
Abstract
Militaries are among the most resource intensive institutions in the world, requiring vast volumes of material and energy for both domestic and foreign operations. As a result, militaries are some of the most polluting institutions as well, but very little is known about military contributions to climate change and other forms of environmental degradation, nor about their total material consumption. Furthermore, the accessibility of reliable data about military resource use and environmental damage is highly variable, and depends on military transparency, the context of military operations, and broader emissions reporting requirements between countries. Our preliminary research has shown that one novel, workable approach to examining a military's material footprint is to focus on the logistics that move raw materials move across global military and civilian supply chains. For example, by concentrating on procurement, purchase, and distribution of hydrocarbon-based fuels, we revealed that the U.S. military is a larger polluter than as many as 140 countries. However, a systematic study of the sourcing of raw materials and their circulation supply chains, including the resultant environmental damage, is entirely lacking.
This research will build on our previous work on the climate impacts of US military operations to look at other kinds of materials that have significant environmental impacts. We will source and collate secondary datasets that allow us to quantifying and visualize US military acquisition and use of three seemingly banal materials - sand, water, and concrete- that have serious environmental, social, and economic impacts when purchase and deployed in the large volumes that the US military did during the occupation of Iraq from 2003-2011. We will source this data from publicly available reports produced by the US Congressional Budget Office and individual procurement orders made by the Defense Logistics Agency, supplemented with data from Freedom of Information Act requests as needed. As the most extensive military operation of the 21st century, Iraq from 2003-2011 provides an ideal case study because procurement and supply chains are documented on digital spreadsheets and accessible for analysis, and because analysis of that data can help researchers, governments, and the public understand the consequences and impacts of foreign intervention in new and dynamic ways.
We will undertake a number of activities to make this data useful and available to a range of users, including policymakers and the US military itself. First, we will create a GIS database that collates currently disparate datasets and geographically situates the procurement, distribution and use of sand, water, and concrete. This spatial approach will allow us, and other researchers, to consider all manner of adjacent questions around the social, economic, and environmental impacts of material practices of US military during wartime. Additionally, following our previous research on US military fuel consumption, we will conduct life cycle analyses on all the materials we study, calculating not only the climate change impact of these materials in practice, but also other environmental consequences, such as local air pollution impacts. We will collate all this data and our analysis and visualizations thereof onto a public-facing data lab website, enabling anyone with a web browser to conduct high-powered quantitative analysis of the data for themselves. Further, we will produce policy-relevant literature on the environmental implications of war beyond the usual kinds of analysis in time for the next round of global climate change negotiations at COP26 in Glasgow in November 2021. We seek significant outreach to non-academic partners, such as the US and UK military, climate and environmental policymakers and civil society groups in our current network and beyond.
This research will build on our previous work on the climate impacts of US military operations to look at other kinds of materials that have significant environmental impacts. We will source and collate secondary datasets that allow us to quantifying and visualize US military acquisition and use of three seemingly banal materials - sand, water, and concrete- that have serious environmental, social, and economic impacts when purchase and deployed in the large volumes that the US military did during the occupation of Iraq from 2003-2011. We will source this data from publicly available reports produced by the US Congressional Budget Office and individual procurement orders made by the Defense Logistics Agency, supplemented with data from Freedom of Information Act requests as needed. As the most extensive military operation of the 21st century, Iraq from 2003-2011 provides an ideal case study because procurement and supply chains are documented on digital spreadsheets and accessible for analysis, and because analysis of that data can help researchers, governments, and the public understand the consequences and impacts of foreign intervention in new and dynamic ways.
We will undertake a number of activities to make this data useful and available to a range of users, including policymakers and the US military itself. First, we will create a GIS database that collates currently disparate datasets and geographically situates the procurement, distribution and use of sand, water, and concrete. This spatial approach will allow us, and other researchers, to consider all manner of adjacent questions around the social, economic, and environmental impacts of material practices of US military during wartime. Additionally, following our previous research on US military fuel consumption, we will conduct life cycle analyses on all the materials we study, calculating not only the climate change impact of these materials in practice, but also other environmental consequences, such as local air pollution impacts. We will collate all this data and our analysis and visualizations thereof onto a public-facing data lab website, enabling anyone with a web browser to conduct high-powered quantitative analysis of the data for themselves. Further, we will produce policy-relevant literature on the environmental implications of war beyond the usual kinds of analysis in time for the next round of global climate change negotiations at COP26 in Glasgow in November 2021. We seek significant outreach to non-academic partners, such as the US and UK military, climate and environmental policymakers and civil society groups in our current network and beyond.
Publications
Belcher O
(2022)
Greening national securityThe Pentagon, Climate Change, and War Neta C. Crawford MIT Press, 2022. 392 pp.
in Science (New York, N.Y.)
Rajaeifar MA
(2022)
Decarbonize the military - mandate emissions reporting.
in Nature
Weir D.
(2021)
How the world's militaries hide their huge carbon emissions
Description | Recent events have exposed the public to the stark realties of war's environmental impacts. Images of bombed out Ukrainian apartment blocks, tanks and mortars ripping up Europe's most fertile breadbasket, and fears of a nuclear meltdowns in Zaporizhzhia (CITE). This is by no means a new phenomenon, historically, US chemical defoliants including Agent Orange (Truong and Dinh, 2021) and Saddam Hussain's burning of Kuwaiti oil fields during the first Iraq war (Husain 1994) reiterate the relationship between armed conflicts and environmental degradation. Now more than ever, we need to focus our attention on the pressing issues of conflict emissions- that is, accounting for emissions during war. Recent work around the accounting for military emissions and advocating that governments adhere to their obligations to transparent and accurate reporting of military emissions to the UNFCCC. This is particularly timely given the events in Ukraine, of course, but also its importance to new draft legislation concerning the 27 legal principles on the Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts (PERAC) were passed by the UN General Assembly on 7 December which speaks little of greenhouse gas emissions. More independent research is needed on conflict emissions with findings making their way into international climate agreements and accounted for in the UN legal principals of PERAC. |
Exploitation Route | Already we have been working with new colleagues in Germany to develop and design our open-source data lab with scholars who are new calculating the war in Ukraine's impact on the climate and the carbon footprint of conflict emissions by both the Ukrainian and Russian Armed forces. |
Sectors | Aerospace, Defence and Marine,Construction,Energy,Environment,Government, Democracy and Justice,Security and Diplomacy,Transport |
URL | https://www.concreteimpacts.org/recent-press |
Description | Please see these outlets: https://www.concreteimpacts.org/recent-press |
First Year Of Impact | 2022 |
Sector | Aerospace, Defence and Marine,Environment,Security and Diplomacy |
Impact Types | Policy & public services |
Description | Life Cycle Analysis of Concrete Structures |
Organisation | Institut Wohnen und Umwelt |
Country | Germany |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | We shared knowledge sharing on our research and experiences with accessing data |
Collaborator Contribution | They shared their experiences on Life cycle analysis and acquisition of data |
Impact | We are yet to have any outputs from the collaboration |
Start Year | 2021 |
Description | Military Emissions Gap |
Organisation | Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
PI Contribution | We contributed to the content of the 'Emissions gap' website (www.mimitaryemissions.org) to highlight the magnitude of emissions from war and military interventions, as well as the gaps in carbon emission reporting. |
Collaborator Contribution | Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) led the organisation of a panel discussion at COP26. CEOBS also led in designing of the 'Emissions gap' website |
Impact | (i) COP26 Virtual panel discussion on military carbon emissions (ii) Design and launch of the militaryemissions.org website |
Start Year | 2021 |
Description | Nature comment submission |
Organisation | Newcastle University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We participated in a manuscript publication |
Collaborator Contribution | Helped in prep of manuscript |
Impact | Submission to Nature |
Start Year | 2021 |
Description | A talk on Conflict, Climate and Food: Managing these Complex Risks at Davos |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Conflict, climate and food insecurity hit at the very foundations of life as we know it. The war in Ukraine is a horrifying example with estimates from the FAO that the crisis will push 12 million people into hunger globally. Experts warn that the world is facing an unprecedented global food crisis. Threats to global food security are also massively amplified by climate change, including shifts in the Arctic. What is often overlooked is the intersection between these risks as well as the significant hidden carbon emissions related to war and military operations. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://arcticbasecamp.org/events/davos-2022/ |
Description | Concrete Impacts website |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | We designed a website for the project. At least four people have reached out to express interest in the research. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.concreteimpacts.org/about |
Description | Interview with the Royal Society of Chemistry's 'Chemistry World' Magazine |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | This was an interview with the Royal Society of Chemistry's 'Chemistry World' Magazine as a follow on to the comment titled "Decarbonize the military - mandate emissions reporting" published in Nature. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/worlds-militaries-urged-to-account-for-their-outsized-carbon-foo... |
Description | Launch of 'Military Emissions Gap' website and COP26 Virtual Panel discussion |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | This was a virtual panel discussion on the military emissions gap. About 5 media houses or journalists approached members of the research team for interview after the event. The Guardian captured the event in their report: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/11/worlds-militaries-avoiding-scrutiny-over-emissions |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://militaryemissions.org/ |
Description | Military Emissions Gap Annual Update, 2022 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | COP27 virtual panel discussion on what militaries are reporting and the gaps. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://militaryemissions.org/ |
Description | Research that works- engagement with early career researchers |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | This was a confab for staff and early career researchers at the Lancaster Environment Centre. The objective was to discuss the challenges of doing useful research that contribute to policy, and development. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |