Domestic violence perpetrator programmes: How do they respond to neurodiversity?

Lead Research Organisation: Durham University
Department Name: Sociology

Abstract

The violence against women sector looks set to achieve a widely called for Perpetrator Strategy within the imminent Domestic Abuse Act in the UK. This will make it a statutory duty to fund perpetrator programmes to tackle men's domestic violence towards women in the longer-term. The need for such cross governmental assurances in statutory provision could not be more pressing given COVID-19 has illustrated and exacerbated how pervasive domestic abuse is globally. It is even more important given recent events surrounding the kidnap and murder of Sarah Everard in Clapham which has mounted public pressure on the UK Government to tackle men's violence against women. Domestic violence perpetrator programmes do exist, but these have not been responsive to the needs of austistc men and/or men with ADHD. This fellowship will contribute significantly by closing a gap in knowledge, policy and practice in this regard. By working alongside relevant organisations such as Respect - that accredits voluntary sector perpetrator programmes in the UK - and HMPPS - responsible for accredited perpetrator programmes in the criminal justice sector - this fellowship will help enrich understanding amongst organisations and policy makers to identify and support neuro-atypical perpetrators of domestic abuse by developing effective interventions.
As well as disseminating my PhD research across policy makers and practitioners, the fellowship will extend and generate new impact through collaborations with national and international experts within two established, world-leading research centres. I will join Durham's Centre for Research into Violence and Abuse (CRiVA) as a full member and will collaborate with internationally leading domestic abuse experts there such as Dr Stephen Burrell (men and masculinities); Prof Catherine Donovan (LBGT intimate relationships); Dr Geetanjali Gangoli (minoritised ethnic communities); and Prof Nicole Westmarland, award winner for the largest ever evaluation of European perpetrator programmes - Project Mirabal. I will also join Monash University's Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre (GFV) (Victoria, Australia), for one month as a visiting scholar. I will collaborate with leading domestic abuse experts such as Dr Kate Fitz-Gibbon (law reform, intimate partner violence and perpetrator interventions) and visit key Centre sector partners relevant to my research. I will present my research as part of the CRiVA and GFV Centres' Seminar Series and engage with all the Centre activities which are in strong alignment with my own work. This fellowship will extend the impact of my research and that of CriVA and GFV by introducing a new focus on male perpetrators who are autistic and/or who have ADHD.
Through this fellowship I will generate new knowledge by carrying out (10) interviews with experts working with autistic/ADHD male perpetartors and by mapping available neurodiverse services in the UK and Australia. There is a growing awareness amongst regulatory bodies in the UK (HMIP, 2020) and within Australia's National Research agenda (Fitzgibbon et al, 2020a;b) that service provision and sentencing decisions are being hampered by inadequate and insufficient assessments, expertise, and interventions. This fellowship will therefore be pivotal in paving the way towards thinking about, learning from, and developing international responses that tackle the violence of neuro-diverse male perpetrators of abuse.
The Postodoctoral Fellowship will make a substantive contribution to domestic abuse prevention nationally and internationally. It will also make a pivotal difference to my developing future academic career: by carving my place as an international expert in the field of neurodiverse perpetartors of domestic abuse; through opportunities to develop my training needs and funding bids; and by building upon my research skills and expertise through collaborations with world leading experts in two thriving research centres.
 
Description Findings on current practices:
There was a broad consensus amongst practitioners that understanding the experiences of neurodivergent men was important when working with perpetrators, but they were clear that domestic abuse and the drivers of violence should not be medicalised as autism and/or ADHD. Practitioners were concerned
that ADHD in particular could be mislabelled as and/ or mask childhood trauma and neglect.
Practitioners relayed that autistic/ADHD men face many challenges. Firstly, screening and diagnosis are often not available which sometimes led
programme practitioners with limited, if any, training on neurodiversity to mistakenly view neurodivergent men as 'belligerent and disruptive' or disengaged.
Secondly, sensory sensitivities, programme structure, and comprehension of programme content presented challenges. However, practitioners also recognised that these men had individual strengths to support their own engagement, and that of neurotypical men in groupwork. A tailored and flexible approach to programme delivery was viewed as important.
Practitioners suggested a range of reasonable adjustments to programme delivery and content that are simple to implement and at little cost. However,
practitioners' views also highlight that meaningful engagement requires programme providers to go beyond what are considered reasonable adjustments
to address the many 'wounds and intersectionalties' neurodivergent men present with. This includes, for example, being able to disentangle abusive
controlling behaviours from control that provided predictability, while being trauma informed.
Neurodivergence trained and highly-trained neurodivergent programme practitioners are of central importance to the quality and effectiveness of this complex work, but the dearth of skills in this area poses a significant challenge for future practice.

Future practice and research considerations:

There is a dearth of service provision in Australia and England for this cohort and what exists is patchy. Government and commissioners have a key role to play in ensuring additional resources are made available and commissioned to facilitate domestic abuse service providers and specialist services to be responsive and to enhance
collaborative practice. Further, the research identified few examples of work undertaken specifically with domestic abuse victim-survivors of neurodivergent men. There
was, however, a consensus among practitioners on the need to explore how to manage expectations around aspects of behaviour that was related to neurodivergence, and what could and could not be changed. Who should do this work and how it should be done safely was a key concern.
There is still much research to be done academically and practically in this under-researched area in respect of perpetrators and victim-survivors, including to consider the role of children, and the need to enhance current policy and practice responses.

This research has since been included in the Home Office Standards for Domestic Abuse Perpetrator Interventions.
Exploitation Route This research and findings will be of use to practitioners working with men who perpetrate intimate partner abuse and are neurodivergent. It will also be of use to commissioners in respect of funding, and policy makers when considering the various needs of people who attend domestic abuse interventions. As stated above, the Home Office included this research in standards for such interventions. Anecdotally, practitioners have told me that they are already reviewing their practice/interventions based on the findings.
Sectors Communities and Social Services/Policy,Government, Democracy and Justice

URL https://collections.durham.ac.uk/files/r2hx11xf281#.ZBH4SHanxPY
 
Description The research has been included in Home Office policy on Standards for Domestic Abuse Perpetrator Interventions (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/standards-for-domestic-abuse-perpetrator-interventions/standards-for-domestic-abuse-perpetrator-interventions-accessible). The piece of work was commissioned by the Home Office to develop evidence-based standards for interventions with perpetrators of domestic abuse. Organisations who wish to develop and deliver such interventions will be required to meet these 7 Standards. The research is cited in 'Standard 5: Interventions should be delivered equitably with respect to protected characteristics that intersect and overlap'. The data on work with neurodivergent perpetrators is sparce, but one ongoing study suggests that undiagnosed ADHD/Autism may be interpreted as belligerence and lack of engagement by practitioners (Renehan & Fitz-Gibbon, 2022). Reasonable adjustments to learning styles can mitigate this, as can co-facilitation with neurodivergence trained and highly skilled practitioners. Capacity assessment procedures should be undertaken where capacity is in question for victim-survivors or perpetrators. Since the publication of the research, I have been approached by voluntary and criminal justice sectors to speak to staff and advise on intervention adjustments. It is hoped that evidence of impact will be collected via case studies in due course.
First Year Of Impact 2023
Sector Communities and Social Services/Policy,Government, Democracy and Justice
Impact Types Policy & public services

 
Description Standards for domestic abuse perpetrator interventions
Geographic Reach National 
Policy Influence Type Citation in other policy documents
URL https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/standards-for-domestic-abuse-perpetrator-interventions/st...
 
Description Dissemination of findings during half day online event 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact 100 professionals involved in the delivery, commissioning and research of domestic abuse perpetrator programmes attended a half day event to hear about the project findings and participated in a workshop to explore the implications for funding and practice. An international research and practitioner network has been established as result of the research and event.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
URL https://www.respect.uk.net/articles/responding-to-neurodiversity-how-we-can-make-perpetrator-program...
 
Description Video interview on neurodivergent domestic abuse perpetrators with Working with Perpetartors European Network. 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Interview undertaken with the Working with Perpetrator European Network to discuss my PhD and subsequent preliminary postdoctoral study preliminary findings on neurodivergent domestic abuse perpetrators. The interview was intended for a practitioner and general public audience and hosted on the interviewer youtube website.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
URL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tytKBaAO8YY