The origins, outcomes and impact of persisting phonological impairment
Lead Research Organisation:
University of the West of England
Department Name: Research Business and Innovation
Abstract
Children with speech difficulties form the largest group of those referred to children?s speech and language therapy departments. Though some children grow out of their difficulties, others have persistent problems that can affect their educational progress and social development.
Previous research into children?s speech impairments has been unable to agree on the percentage of the population who are affected by this. In addition, a number of factors such as intelligence and family factors have been found to be associated with speech impairment though there is no conclusive agreement on which factors are most important. Similarly, the degree to which educational and social development is affected is in dispute.
Some speech impairments are associated with anatomical or neurological impairments such as cleft palate or cerebral palsy, but for a large number of children, there is no identifiable cause. Research has suggested many possibilities and it is also thought that different subgroups may exist.
Some of the research on speech impairments is now outdated and uses definitions of speech impairment that are no longer accepted. With the more recent studies, there has been a tendency to use small samples of children, in some instances just one or two cases. There is therefore an urgent need for population-based research.
The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) is a large scale study of children?s development which has collected information on children?s speech development at ages 2, 5 and 8. This provides a unique opportunity to investigate some of the questions surrounding speech impairment. The proposed study will identify the percentage of children aged 5 and 8 years who have speech impairments, what factors predict persistent problems and what factors are associated with a good prognosis . It will identify outcomes for children with speech impairments and investigate the existence of any subgroups.
The researcher team have considerable expertise in the field of children?s speech impairment as well as being familiar with the data collected in the ALSPAC study.
Findings from this study will support the early identification of children at risk of persisting speech impairments and help to identify interventions which may prevent long term negative outcomes. In addition, a clear understanding of the numbers affected by these difficulty together with information on the factors which are associated with it, will enable services to be planned more effectively and resources targeted where they are most needed.
Previous research into children?s speech impairments has been unable to agree on the percentage of the population who are affected by this. In addition, a number of factors such as intelligence and family factors have been found to be associated with speech impairment though there is no conclusive agreement on which factors are most important. Similarly, the degree to which educational and social development is affected is in dispute.
Some speech impairments are associated with anatomical or neurological impairments such as cleft palate or cerebral palsy, but for a large number of children, there is no identifiable cause. Research has suggested many possibilities and it is also thought that different subgroups may exist.
Some of the research on speech impairments is now outdated and uses definitions of speech impairment that are no longer accepted. With the more recent studies, there has been a tendency to use small samples of children, in some instances just one or two cases. There is therefore an urgent need for population-based research.
The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) is a large scale study of children?s development which has collected information on children?s speech development at ages 2, 5 and 8. This provides a unique opportunity to investigate some of the questions surrounding speech impairment. The proposed study will identify the percentage of children aged 5 and 8 years who have speech impairments, what factors predict persistent problems and what factors are associated with a good prognosis . It will identify outcomes for children with speech impairments and investigate the existence of any subgroups.
The researcher team have considerable expertise in the field of children?s speech impairment as well as being familiar with the data collected in the ALSPAC study.
Findings from this study will support the early identification of children at risk of persisting speech impairments and help to identify interventions which may prevent long term negative outcomes. In addition, a clear understanding of the numbers affected by these difficulty together with information on the factors which are associated with it, will enable services to be planned more effectively and resources targeted where they are most needed.
Technical Summary
Children with speech impairments (SI) form the largest group of children referred to speech and language therapy. However, our knowledge of the origins, nature and outcomes of SI lacks coherence; services and therapists therefore have limited knowledge upon which to base decisions.
Research literature reports varying prevalence rates for SI. This arises because of the differing definitions used and the various ages at which prevalence has been investigated. Many factors have been identified in younger children that could be used to predict SI but these are based on studies that are either dated or use small samples. There is also ongoing debate about the educational outcomes and social impact for children with SI. The presence of possible subgroups has been proposed but not validated in large-scale studies.
The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children is a population-based study that has collected wide-ranging data about the children?s cognitive, social, emotional and physical development. The study has also sampled speech data from the children at the ages of 2, 5 and 8 years. The study therefore provides a unique opportunity to investigate the nature of SI in children.
The aims of the research are to establish prevalence figures for SI in 5 and 8 year olds, to identify predictive factors and outcomes, to describe the profile of the children with SI in terms of language, cognitive and motor skills and to investigate the existence and nature of subgroups of speech problems.
Children will be categorised as either case or control children using algorithms for the identification of SI and the measure of Percentage of Consonants Correct. Following descriptive analysis of putative variables, data for case and control children will be compared using a series of logistic regressions to identify predictive factors, outcomes and co-morbidity. Prevalence figures at each age would be calculated using 95% confidence intervals and the existence of subgroups based on surface phonological patterns will be investigated.
The research team are familiar with the ALSPAC data set and have successfully collaborated on a variety of projects regarding children with speech and language impairments.
The importance of children?s speech and language development to their future educational and social success has attracted increasing attention in government policy. However, the amount of speech and language therapy available is also of concern. Access to improved research data about the nature and outcome of SI is crucial to effective targeting of therapy resources.
Research literature reports varying prevalence rates for SI. This arises because of the differing definitions used and the various ages at which prevalence has been investigated. Many factors have been identified in younger children that could be used to predict SI but these are based on studies that are either dated or use small samples. There is also ongoing debate about the educational outcomes and social impact for children with SI. The presence of possible subgroups has been proposed but not validated in large-scale studies.
The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children is a population-based study that has collected wide-ranging data about the children?s cognitive, social, emotional and physical development. The study has also sampled speech data from the children at the ages of 2, 5 and 8 years. The study therefore provides a unique opportunity to investigate the nature of SI in children.
The aims of the research are to establish prevalence figures for SI in 5 and 8 year olds, to identify predictive factors and outcomes, to describe the profile of the children with SI in terms of language, cognitive and motor skills and to investigate the existence and nature of subgroups of speech problems.
Children will be categorised as either case or control children using algorithms for the identification of SI and the measure of Percentage of Consonants Correct. Following descriptive analysis of putative variables, data for case and control children will be compared using a series of logistic regressions to identify predictive factors, outcomes and co-morbidity. Prevalence figures at each age would be calculated using 95% confidence intervals and the existence of subgroups based on surface phonological patterns will be investigated.
The research team are familiar with the ALSPAC data set and have successfully collaborated on a variety of projects regarding children with speech and language impairments.
The importance of children?s speech and language development to their future educational and social success has attracted increasing attention in government policy. However, the amount of speech and language therapy available is also of concern. Access to improved research data about the nature and outcome of SI is crucial to effective targeting of therapy resources.
Organisations
- University of the West of England, United Kingdom (Collaboration, Lead Research Organisation)
- Ulster University (Collaboration)
- Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists (RCSLT) (Collaboration)
- University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Collaboration)
- Newcastle University, United Kingdom (Collaboration)
- University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom (Collaboration)
- University of East Anglia, United Kingdom (Collaboration)
- University of Leeds, United Kingdom (Collaboration)
- Charles Sturt University (Collaboration)
- Cardiff University, United Kingdom (Collaboration)
- Association for All Speech Impaired Children (Collaboration)
- Bristol Community Health (Collaboration)
- University of Wisconsin Madison, United States (Collaboration)
- University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Collaboration)
Publications


McLeod S
(2013)
International aspirations for speech-language pathologists' practice with multilingual children with speech sound disorders: development of a position paper.
in Journal of communication disorders

Roulstone S
(2009)
The natural history of speech impairment of 8-year-old children in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: Error rates at 2 and 5 years
in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology

Shriberg LD
(2019)
Introduction: Motor Speech Disorders in Idiopathic Speech Delay and in Complex Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Introduction.
in Clinical linguistics & phonetics

Shriberg LD
(2019)
A frequent acoustic sign of speech motor delay (SMD).
in Clinical linguistics & phonetics

St Pourcain B
(2014)
Common variation near ROBO2 is associated with expressive vocabulary in infancy.
in Nature communications

Sullivan SA
(2016)
A longitudinal investigation of childhood communication ability and adolescent psychotic experiences in a community sample.
in Schizophrenia research


Wren Y
(2013)
Speech characteristics of 8-year-old children: findings from a prospective population study.
in Journal of communication disorders
Description | Bercow report |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Gave evidence to a government review |
Impact | understanding of the prevalence of speech impairment, its impact and actions to help |
URL | http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130401151715/http://www.education.gov.uk/publications/st... |
Description | JSLHR papers chosen for ASHA self study programmes for practising SLTs |
Geographic Reach | North America |
Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
Guideline Title | Developmental Speech Difficulties |
Description | RCSLT Clinical Resources on child speech disorder |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Citation in clinical guidelines |
URL | https://www.rcslt.org/clinical_resources/developmental_speech/prevalence |
Guideline Title | RCSLT Introduction to developmental speech difficulties - vulnerability and risk issues |
Description | RCSLT Introduction to developmental speech difficulties - vulnerability and risk issues |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Citation in clinical guidelines |
URL | https://www.rcslt.org/clinical_resources/developmental_speech/introduction |
Guideline Title | All Wales Speech Pathway |
Description | Use of risk factors for persistent speech disorder in care pathway for speech sound disorders in Wales |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Citation in clinical guidelines |
Impact | The guidelines use the findings from the publications on risk factors for speech sound disorder to determine which children should prioritised for early intervention for speech sound disorder. Simultaneously it enables them to identify those children who are unlikely to need additional intervention and whose speech should resolve spontaneously |
Description | NIHR Post Doc Fellowship |
Amount | £340,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | PDF-2012-05-195 |
Organisation | National Institute for Health Research |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 10/2012 |
End | 09/2017 |
Description | Programme Grant |
Amount | £1,200,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | National Institute for Health Research |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 04/2011 |
End | 04/2015 |
Description | Research Seminars Competition |
Amount | £24,786 (GBP) |
Organisation | Economic and Social Research Council |
Department | ESRC Seminar Series |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2015 |
End | 03/2017 |
Description | Small grant scheme/North Bristol NHS Trust |
Amount | £17,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | National Institute for Health Research |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2011 |
End | 12/2011 |
Description | ALSPAC |
Organisation | University of Bristol |
Department | School of Social and Community Medicine |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I have used ALSPAC data for analysis of speech |
Collaborator Contribution | ALSPAC provide the dataset |
Impact | Four papers have been published so far with more in preparation |
Start Year | 2007 |
Description | ALSPAC 24/25 |
Organisation | Newcastle University |
Department | School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I am leading on a bid for submission to the ESRC using data from a large scale population study, ALSPAC. |
Collaborator Contribution | The collaborators are co-applicants and are contributing to sections of the bid development and will be involved in delivering the research if we are successful. |
Impact | The outcome of this collaboration will be a submission to ESRC. The partnership is multidisciplinary: Speech and language therapy, statisticians, health economist. |
Start Year | 2015 |
Description | ALSPAC 24/25 |
Organisation | University of Bristol |
Department | School of Chemistry |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I am leading on a bid for submission to the ESRC using data from a large scale population study, ALSPAC. |
Collaborator Contribution | The collaborators are co-applicants and are contributing to sections of the bid development and will be involved in delivering the research if we are successful. |
Impact | The outcome of this collaboration will be a submission to ESRC. The partnership is multidisciplinary: Speech and language therapy, statisticians, health economist. |
Start Year | 2015 |
Description | ALSPAC 24/25 |
Organisation | University of Sheffield |
Department | Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I am leading on a bid for submission to the ESRC using data from a large scale population study, ALSPAC. |
Collaborator Contribution | The collaborators are co-applicants and are contributing to sections of the bid development and will be involved in delivering the research if we are successful. |
Impact | The outcome of this collaboration will be a submission to ESRC. The partnership is multidisciplinary: Speech and language therapy, statisticians, health economist. |
Start Year | 2015 |
Description | ALSPAC 24/25 |
Organisation | University of the West of England |
Department | Bristol Business School |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I am leading on a bid for submission to the ESRC using data from a large scale population study, ALSPAC. |
Collaborator Contribution | The collaborators are co-applicants and are contributing to sections of the bid development and will be involved in delivering the research if we are successful. |
Impact | The outcome of this collaboration will be a submission to ESRC. The partnership is multidisciplinary: Speech and language therapy, statisticians, health economist. |
Start Year | 2015 |
Description | ALSPAC MRC with Jan McAllister |
Organisation | University of East Anglia |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I am a co-applicant on a grant application to the MRC led by Dr Jan McAllister |
Collaborator Contribution | Dr McAllister led the application to the MRC |
Impact | Grant submission to MRC |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | Born in Bradford |
Organisation | University of Leeds |
Department | Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | My role has been to advise the leaders of this population cohort study on measures to use in collecting data on children's developing speech and language |
Collaborator Contribution | My partners are currently planning a bid for funding to analyse the data which will be collected. I will collaborate with them on this and will be costed into the study. |
Impact | Multidisciplinary - psychology and speech & language therapy |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | Cleft Collective |
Organisation | University of Bristol |
Department | School of Oral & Dental Sciences |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Specialist input on collection and analysis of speech and language data in this birth cohort study |
Collaborator Contribution | Access to families of children born with cleft lip and palate; support in plans for data collection and analysis |
Impact | NIHR post doc fellowship award for member of the research team |
Start Year | 2012 |
Description | Cross validation of the Speech Disorders Classification System |
Organisation | University of Wisconsin-Madison |
Department | Waisman Center |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Access to ALSPAC data and transcripts |
Collaborator Contribution | Access to other data sources and analysis |
Impact | Paper submitted to Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics published |
Start Year | 2013 |
Description | NIHR PDG application |
Organisation | Association for All Speech Impaired Children |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
PI Contribution | I have led an application to NIHR PDG scheme |
Collaborator Contribution | All partners have contributed to the bid and will contribute to the proposed work packages if funded |
Impact | Submission of grant to NIHR PDG scheme This is a multidisciplinary activity with psychology, statistics, health economics and PPI and clinical groups represented |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | NIHR PDG application |
Organisation | Bristol Community Health |
Department | Community Childrens Health Partnership |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Hospitals |
PI Contribution | I have led an application to NIHR PDG scheme |
Collaborator Contribution | All partners have contributed to the bid and will contribute to the proposed work packages if funded |
Impact | Submission of grant to NIHR PDG scheme This is a multidisciplinary activity with psychology, statistics, health economics and PPI and clinical groups represented |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | NIHR PDG application |
Organisation | Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists (RCSLT) |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
PI Contribution | I have led an application to NIHR PDG scheme |
Collaborator Contribution | All partners have contributed to the bid and will contribute to the proposed work packages if funded |
Impact | Submission of grant to NIHR PDG scheme This is a multidisciplinary activity with psychology, statistics, health economics and PPI and clinical groups represented |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | NIHR PDG application |
Organisation | University of Newcastle |
Country | Australia |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I have led an application to NIHR PDG scheme |
Collaborator Contribution | All partners have contributed to the bid and will contribute to the proposed work packages if funded |
Impact | Submission of grant to NIHR PDG scheme This is a multidisciplinary activity with psychology, statistics, health economics and PPI and clinical groups represented |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | NIHR PDG application |
Organisation | University of Strathclyde |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I have led an application to NIHR PDG scheme |
Collaborator Contribution | All partners have contributed to the bid and will contribute to the proposed work packages if funded |
Impact | Submission of grant to NIHR PDG scheme This is a multidisciplinary activity with psychology, statistics, health economics and PPI and clinical groups represented |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | SuSSD |
Organisation | Ulster University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I am working with Dr Jill Titterington and Natalie Hegarty on validation of a new tool for SLTs to use in determining which approach to intervention to use with children with speech sound disorder. My contribution is a knowledge and experience of bidding for external research funding and expertise in the area of speech sound disorder. |
Collaborator Contribution | My partners are developing the software and lead writers for the bid. |
Impact | None yet |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | Subtyping in speech sound disorders |
Organisation | Charles Sturt University (CSU) |
Department | Faculty of Education |
Country | Australia |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I contribute access to the data and its current analyses, collaborators contribute statistical advice and analyses and international perspectives on the issue |
Collaborator Contribution | advising on statistical analyses Providing an international perspective on current views re subtyping |
Impact | One paper has been published. One small grant application for further development work in the area has arisen from the collaboration. The collaboration is multidisciplinary between speech and language therapy and statistics. |
Start Year | 2010 |
Description | Subtyping in speech sound disorders |
Organisation | University of the West of England |
Department | Department of Engineering Design and Mathematics |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I contribute access to the data and its current analyses, collaborators contribute statistical advice and analyses and international perspectives on the issue |
Collaborator Contribution | advising on statistical analyses Providing an international perspective on current views re subtyping |
Impact | One paper has been published. One small grant application for further development work in the area has arisen from the collaboration. The collaboration is multidisciplinary between speech and language therapy and statistics. |
Start Year | 2010 |
Description | The role of language in children's social and educational outcomes |
Organisation | Newcastle University |
Department | School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | lead applicant on a successful bid to the department for children Schools and Families (now DfE) |
Collaborator Contribution | Further analysis of ALSPAC data to uderstand risk and resilience in the broader contact of language developent and the role it plays in a child's educational success. |
Impact | Interim report to the DfE Final report to the DfE |
Start Year | 2009 |
Description | Vision and speech development in young children |
Organisation | Cardiff University |
Department | School of Optometry and Vision Sciences |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I have been advising a clinical researcher who is applying for a fellowship. I will be a collaborator on her subsequent bid. |
Collaborator Contribution | The partner will submit an application for funding to pursue a joint bid on the topic of vision and speech development |
Impact | No outputs yet. Multidisciplinary |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | All Wales Speech Pathway |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Meeting with the leaders of the All Wales Speech Pathway followed by a presentation five months later to the members. Outcome = use of findings from MRC funded study on risk factors for persistent speech disorder in their prioritisation document and care pathway |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019,2020 |
Description | Child Speech Disorders Research Network |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | This expert panel discussed issues relating to professional practice and research relating to children with speech sound disorder. Feedback and actions took place after the event with the professional body, the RCSLT, and with professional practitioners. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://www.nbt.nhs.uk/bristol-speech-language-therapy-research-unit/bsltru-research/child-speech-di... |
Description | March NBT SLT Enlightning talks |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | I spoke at the local NHS trust's series, 'Enlightning talks'. approximately 50 people attended, most of whom were clinical speech and language therapists. The aim of my talk was to speak about my research and its potential clinical applications. In response to this talk, one member in the audience explained that she would be changing her advice to parents in light of my findings, specifically with regards to the finding that when strangers can't understand children at age 3, there are at higher risk of persistent speech disorder. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | North East Speech CEN |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Opportunity to challenge existing care pathways regarding prioritisation of children with speech sound disorder for intervention |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Northern Ireland Speech CEN |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | This one day long clinical excellence network meeting provided the opportunity to talk with clinicians about the findings of my work on risk factors for persistent speech disorder and to challenge some existing care pathways regarding who to prioritise for intervention. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Persistent speech sound disorder |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presented to a group of speech language pathologists at the American Speech & hearing Conference, a paper and led a workshop on predicting outcomes speech pathologist discussed how this affects prioritisation of cases |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2009,2010,2012 |
Description | Portsmouth University - Who's talking? Using Birth Cohort data to understand the risk factors for persistent speech disorder. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
Results and Impact | 25 attendees from the University of Portsmouth and local clinical services attended to hear about risk factors for persistent speech disorder. This led to a new collaboration with one of the teaching staff. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Scotland Speech CEN |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Opportunity to present research findings to clinicians and to challenge care pathways regarding prioritisation of children for speech and language therapy intervention |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | The Child Speech Disorder Research Network (September 2017) Developing guidelines to support good practice in children's speech disorders. Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists Conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | This poster showcased the work which had gone into developing the guidelines for analysis of children's speech samples |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://www.nbt.nhs.uk/bristol-speech-language-therapy-research-unit/bsltru-research/child-speech-di... |
Description | Wren, Y., Roulstone, S. (September 2017) Predicting persistent speech disorder in the early years: Findings from a population study. Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists Conference, Glasgow |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | This paper reported on risk factors for persistent speech disorder at age 8 and how these can be used to prioritise children at risk of persistent problems in the earlier years. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://www.nbt.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/BSLTRU_origins_PSD_Download.pdf |