Trophoblast Microvesicles, Exosomes, miRNAs, Danger Molecules and Pre-eclampsia
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Oxford
Department Name: Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia is a complication of the second half of pregnancy which affects 2.5-3.0% of women. It has the potential to kill mother or baby or both, but cannot yet be prevented. It is the commonest reason for induced preterm delivery, which can lead to fetal handicap and has long term health consequences for both mother and child. No other complication of pregnancy is so common and so dangerous for both mother and baby. The disease originates in the placenta, the supply line for the unborn child, and evolves in two stages. The first stage, without any symptoms at 2-4 months of pregnancy, involves poor development of the blood supply to the placenta, leading to placental damage. The second stage, which occurs in the second half of pregnancy, involves activation of an inflammatory response in the mother's blood stream with damage to the blood vessels, leading to the high blood pressure and protein in the urine, which characterise the disorder. The first and second stages are believed to be linked by the release of inflammatory factors (collectively known as "danger" molecules) from the surface of the damaged placenta into the maternal blood, which interact with maternal inflammatory and endothelial cells to cause the disease. These danger molecules are the focus of this programme.
We believe that pre-eclampsia is caused not by one, but by many different danger molecules working together. These may be shed from the placenta either as soluble factors or associated with tiny fragments of cells called microvesicles and exosomes. These sub-cellular vesicles are now known to be an important way that cells communicate with each other. We have previously found that there are significantly more placental vesicles in the circulation of pre-eclamptic compared to normal pregnant women and that they can affect the function of immune and endothelial cells in the laboratory. We have found that these vesicles carry over 2,500 different molecules, many of which may be dangerous to the mother. These vesicles may, in effect, be acting like "cluster bombs", carrying multiple warheads to their target cells to cause the maximum damage. Thus they may play a key role in the disease process.
The purpose of this programme is to learn more about these vesicles, how they differ between normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy and their role in the development of pre-eclampsia. As they are released into the mother's blood they provide us with easily accessible tiny biopsies of the placenta which give us a unique window on what is happening in the placenta during the development of the disease. The ultimate aim therefore is to isolate them from the maternal circulation and use them as markers to diagnose or predict pre-eclampsia. Understanding the make up of these vesicles may also help us develop potential treatments in the future.
Until recently most of these vesicles have been inaccessible because of their small size - below the limits of microscopy and other standard laboratory equipment. In this research we will use unique technology that we have developed that allows us to see the full range of circulating vesicles and distinguish those that come from the placenta from those that come from the mother's own systems. Our preliminary work, demonstrates that these previously 'invisible' particles form the major part of circulating vesicles; hence they are completely new territory for pre-eclampsia research.
We believe that pre-eclampsia is caused not by one, but by many different danger molecules working together. These may be shed from the placenta either as soluble factors or associated with tiny fragments of cells called microvesicles and exosomes. These sub-cellular vesicles are now known to be an important way that cells communicate with each other. We have previously found that there are significantly more placental vesicles in the circulation of pre-eclamptic compared to normal pregnant women and that they can affect the function of immune and endothelial cells in the laboratory. We have found that these vesicles carry over 2,500 different molecules, many of which may be dangerous to the mother. These vesicles may, in effect, be acting like "cluster bombs", carrying multiple warheads to their target cells to cause the maximum damage. Thus they may play a key role in the disease process.
The purpose of this programme is to learn more about these vesicles, how they differ between normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy and their role in the development of pre-eclampsia. As they are released into the mother's blood they provide us with easily accessible tiny biopsies of the placenta which give us a unique window on what is happening in the placenta during the development of the disease. The ultimate aim therefore is to isolate them from the maternal circulation and use them as markers to diagnose or predict pre-eclampsia. Understanding the make up of these vesicles may also help us develop potential treatments in the future.
Until recently most of these vesicles have been inaccessible because of their small size - below the limits of microscopy and other standard laboratory equipment. In this research we will use unique technology that we have developed that allows us to see the full range of circulating vesicles and distinguish those that come from the placenta from those that come from the mother's own systems. Our preliminary work, demonstrates that these previously 'invisible' particles form the major part of circulating vesicles; hence they are completely new territory for pre-eclampsia research.
Technical Summary
We will use placental perfusion to examine, (by proteomics and miRNA arrays), which danger molecules and miRNAs, shed from the placenta's syncytiotrophoblast surface, are soluble, and which are part of syncytiotrophoblast vesicles (STBM). As STBM comprise both smaller exosomes (STBex) and larger microvesicles (STBmic), with different possible biological functions, we will fractionate them (e.g. by nanofiltration) to determine their phenotypes and the differences between normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. To interpret our findings, the BeWo trophoblast cell line will be used to model the pre-eclamptic damage by exposing syncytialised BeWo to oxidative and inflammatory stress and inducers of apoptosis and necrosis. We will measure changes in soluble molecules released, proportions of STBex and STBmic and the molecules they carry, in response to each treatment to mimic the changes in pre-eclampsia. STBex and STBmic will be phenotyped using fluorescence Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (fl-NTA - a technique we have pioneered) together with 6 colour flow cytometry. The further development of fl-NTA is a key part of this programme. We will then examine how STBex and STBmic and the miRNAs they carry are taken up by (using imaging flow cytometry, RT-PCR) and affect leucocyte and endothelial functions (cytokine/chemokine production and endothelial cell proliferation/permeability). Based on the danger molecules and miRNAs identified above, we will investigate their effect on syncytialised BeWo and placental explants to determine whether this triggers a vicious cycle of activation which could amplify the underlying problem. Our findings will be used to achieve our final aim, to characterize STBM from peripheral blood of normal pregnant and pre-eclamptic women, in samples from the Oxford Pregnancy Biobank, taken before and during active disease, to determine their use as diagnostic or predictive biomarkers.
Planned Impact
Who will benefit from this research?
The main beneficiaries from this research apart from other researchers (detailed elsewhere) will be 1) the women who suffer from pre-eclampsia, their unborn children and their families 2) the NHS in terms of cost savings through better prediction and management of pre-eclampsia 3) commercial companies through the exploitation of any biomarkers discovered and the development and sales of new instrumentation for the measurement of microvesicles and exosomes.
How will they benefit?
1) Patients: The women, children and families will benefit by the development of predictive tests which enable clinicians to identify who is at risk so that antenatal care is focused on them. This will help to avoid unnecessary admissions to hospital which can be very disruptive to family life. The research will also help us develop new treatments which can ameliorate the maternal problems to buy time for the fetus so that it does not need to be delivered too early, with all the inherent risks of prematurity, especially fetal handicap. There is growing evidence that inflammatory stress in pregnancy can cause epigenetic changes in both mother and child which lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease in later life. Early treatment of these disorders by drugs or lifestyle changes could prevent the development of these problems and lead to significant improvements in quality of life.
2) NHS: These measures would have a major impact on the NHS in terms of cost savings in that they would 1) provide better prediction and management of pre-eclampsia allowing antenatal care to be focused on those who most need it and reduce the amount of unnecessary precautionary admissions of pregnant women to hospital 2) significantly reduce the incidence of pre-term delivery and fetal handicap with its lifelong associated costs 3) reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease in mother and child in later life and 4) reduce the enormously expensive litigation costs often associated with these cases.
3) Industry: Commercial companies may benefit through the exploitation of any new biomarkers for pre-eclampsia. The applicants have considerable experience with working with industry. They have established an excellent working relationship with Nanosight Ltd over the last three years for the development of Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) technology. This collaboration has put the UK at the forefront of the development of technology to rapidly measure and phenotype microvesicles and exosomes in biological fluids and there is huge potential in terms of instrument sales world wide. The applicants also have links with four companies (Beckman Coulter, Alere, Cyathus and Critical Diagnostics) for the evaluation of biomarkers for pre-eclampsia, one of which has led to a patent application. These companies would be natural partners for future biomarker development.
The main beneficiaries from this research apart from other researchers (detailed elsewhere) will be 1) the women who suffer from pre-eclampsia, their unborn children and their families 2) the NHS in terms of cost savings through better prediction and management of pre-eclampsia 3) commercial companies through the exploitation of any biomarkers discovered and the development and sales of new instrumentation for the measurement of microvesicles and exosomes.
How will they benefit?
1) Patients: The women, children and families will benefit by the development of predictive tests which enable clinicians to identify who is at risk so that antenatal care is focused on them. This will help to avoid unnecessary admissions to hospital which can be very disruptive to family life. The research will also help us develop new treatments which can ameliorate the maternal problems to buy time for the fetus so that it does not need to be delivered too early, with all the inherent risks of prematurity, especially fetal handicap. There is growing evidence that inflammatory stress in pregnancy can cause epigenetic changes in both mother and child which lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease in later life. Early treatment of these disorders by drugs or lifestyle changes could prevent the development of these problems and lead to significant improvements in quality of life.
2) NHS: These measures would have a major impact on the NHS in terms of cost savings in that they would 1) provide better prediction and management of pre-eclampsia allowing antenatal care to be focused on those who most need it and reduce the amount of unnecessary precautionary admissions of pregnant women to hospital 2) significantly reduce the incidence of pre-term delivery and fetal handicap with its lifelong associated costs 3) reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease in mother and child in later life and 4) reduce the enormously expensive litigation costs often associated with these cases.
3) Industry: Commercial companies may benefit through the exploitation of any new biomarkers for pre-eclampsia. The applicants have considerable experience with working with industry. They have established an excellent working relationship with Nanosight Ltd over the last three years for the development of Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) technology. This collaboration has put the UK at the forefront of the development of technology to rapidly measure and phenotype microvesicles and exosomes in biological fluids and there is huge potential in terms of instrument sales world wide. The applicants also have links with four companies (Beckman Coulter, Alere, Cyathus and Critical Diagnostics) for the evaluation of biomarkers for pre-eclampsia, one of which has led to a patent application. These companies would be natural partners for future biomarker development.
Organisations
- University of Oxford (Lead Research Organisation)
- Lund University (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD (Collaboration)
- University of Twente (Collaboration)
- Academic Medical Center (Collaboration)
- Free University of Amsterdam (Collaboration)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Collaboration)
- Curie Institute Paris (Institut Curie) (Collaboration)
- University of Washington (Collaboration)
- Aix-Marseille University (Collaboration)
Publications
Agostinis C
(2016)
Complement component C1q as potential diagnostic but not predictive marker of preeclampsia.
in American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)
Aikawa E
(2013)
International Society for Extracellular Vesicles: Second Annual Meeting, 17-20 April 2013, Boston, MA (ISEV 2013).
in Journal of extracellular vesicles
Awoyemi T
(2021)
Syncytiotrophoblast Extracellular Vesicles From Late-Onset Preeclampsia Placentae Suppress Pro-Inflammatory Immune Response in THP-1 Macrophages.
in Frontiers in immunology
Burton GJ
(2014)
Optimising sample collection for placental research.
in Placenta
Carnell-Morris P
(2017)
Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Using Fluorescence Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis.
in Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)
Cerdeira AS
(2018)
Angiogenic factors: potential to change clinical practice in pre-eclampsia?
in BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
Clausen B
(2014)
Systemically administered anti-TNF therapy ameliorates functional outcomes after focal cerebral ischemia
in Journal of Neuroinflammation
Description | Advised on ise of PlGF based therapies for the prediction of preeclampsia - our data was used as part of the submission |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
Description | Characterisation of Trophoblast Extracellular Vesicles in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus |
Amount | £400,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Janssen Diagnostics |
Sector | Private |
Country | United States |
Start | 01/2017 |
End | 12/2019 |
Description | ERASMUS |
Amount | € 1,320 (EUR) |
Funding ID | 28972-IC-1-2007-1-NL-ERASMUS-EUCX-1 |
Organisation | European Commission |
Sector | Public |
Country | European Union (EU) |
Start | 01/2012 |
Description | Placental Biomarkers for Assessment of Preeclampsia |
Amount | £250,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG |
Department | Roche Diagnostics |
Sector | Private |
Country | Global |
Start | 02/2014 |
End | 02/2017 |
Title | Exocounter |
Description | We have begun a collaboration with Sysmex-JVC to us etheir exocounter to quantify extracellular vesicles - we are the first to use this tool in the UK |
Type Of Material | Technology assay or reagent |
Year Produced | 2019 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | We will attempt to devlop this tool as a diagnotic assessment of circulating placental extracellular vesicles |
Description | Characterisation of exosomes for use in gene therapy, molecular diagnostics and basic neuroscience research |
Organisation | University of Oxford |
Department | Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We have developed standard protocols for Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis of exosomes and microvesicles as well as techniques for the characterisation of exosomes expressing green fluorescent proteins. |
Collaborator Contribution | Provision of unlabelled and green fluorescent protein expressing exosomes for Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. |
Impact | Publication of the methodology in Nature Protocols (in press). |
Start Year | 2011 |
Description | EURAMET |
Organisation | Academic Medical Center |
Country | Netherlands |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | The European Association of National Metrology Institutes is supporting a Joint Research Programme entitled "Metrological characterisation of micro-vesicles from body fluids as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers". The aim of this programme is to develop reliable, comparable and quantitative methods for analysis of microvesicles in biological fluids. Professor Sargent and Dr Gardiner are Stakeholders in this programme and their contribution is to analyse standard vesicle preparations (which are circulated to all members of the programme) using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis to compare with other technologies used by other groups. |
Collaborator Contribution | The research of this JRP is divided into 4 Work Packages (WP). In WP1, methods will be developed for the standardized collection and handling of human body fluids for isolation of MV, which will be used as input for the other WP's. Methods, available in metrological institutes, will be explored to measure the size of single MV, and the size distribution of total MV populations (WP2), chemical composition, morphology and concentration (WP3). Synthetic and biological reference materials will be tested as standards for MV measurements (WP4). Selected reference materials will be analysed by all JRP-Partners and data will be compared between them. The results of this JRP will enable JRP-Partners to perform traceable calibrations of MV measurements. |
Impact | It is too early in the programme for any measureable outcomes. |
Start Year | 2012 |
Description | EURAMET |
Organisation | Aix-Marseille University |
Country | France |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | The European Association of National Metrology Institutes is supporting a Joint Research Programme entitled "Metrological characterisation of micro-vesicles from body fluids as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers". The aim of this programme is to develop reliable, comparable and quantitative methods for analysis of microvesicles in biological fluids. Professor Sargent and Dr Gardiner are Stakeholders in this programme and their contribution is to analyse standard vesicle preparations (which are circulated to all members of the programme) using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis to compare with other technologies used by other groups. |
Collaborator Contribution | The research of this JRP is divided into 4 Work Packages (WP). In WP1, methods will be developed for the standardized collection and handling of human body fluids for isolation of MV, which will be used as input for the other WP's. Methods, available in metrological institutes, will be explored to measure the size of single MV, and the size distribution of total MV populations (WP2), chemical composition, morphology and concentration (WP3). Synthetic and biological reference materials will be tested as standards for MV measurements (WP4). Selected reference materials will be analysed by all JRP-Partners and data will be compared between them. The results of this JRP will enable JRP-Partners to perform traceable calibrations of MV measurements. |
Impact | It is too early in the programme for any measureable outcomes. |
Start Year | 2012 |
Description | EURAMET |
Organisation | Curie Institute Paris (Institut Curie) |
Department | Immunity and Cancer INSERM (U932) |
Country | France |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | The European Association of National Metrology Institutes is supporting a Joint Research Programme entitled "Metrological characterisation of micro-vesicles from body fluids as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers". The aim of this programme is to develop reliable, comparable and quantitative methods for analysis of microvesicles in biological fluids. Professor Sargent and Dr Gardiner are Stakeholders in this programme and their contribution is to analyse standard vesicle preparations (which are circulated to all members of the programme) using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis to compare with other technologies used by other groups. |
Collaborator Contribution | The research of this JRP is divided into 4 Work Packages (WP). In WP1, methods will be developed for the standardized collection and handling of human body fluids for isolation of MV, which will be used as input for the other WP's. Methods, available in metrological institutes, will be explored to measure the size of single MV, and the size distribution of total MV populations (WP2), chemical composition, morphology and concentration (WP3). Synthetic and biological reference materials will be tested as standards for MV measurements (WP4). Selected reference materials will be analysed by all JRP-Partners and data will be compared between them. The results of this JRP will enable JRP-Partners to perform traceable calibrations of MV measurements. |
Impact | It is too early in the programme for any measureable outcomes. |
Start Year | 2012 |
Description | EURAMET |
Organisation | Free University of Amsterdam |
Department | Department of Gynaecologic Oncology |
Country | Netherlands |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | The European Association of National Metrology Institutes is supporting a Joint Research Programme entitled "Metrological characterisation of micro-vesicles from body fluids as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers". The aim of this programme is to develop reliable, comparable and quantitative methods for analysis of microvesicles in biological fluids. Professor Sargent and Dr Gardiner are Stakeholders in this programme and their contribution is to analyse standard vesicle preparations (which are circulated to all members of the programme) using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis to compare with other technologies used by other groups. |
Collaborator Contribution | The research of this JRP is divided into 4 Work Packages (WP). In WP1, methods will be developed for the standardized collection and handling of human body fluids for isolation of MV, which will be used as input for the other WP's. Methods, available in metrological institutes, will be explored to measure the size of single MV, and the size distribution of total MV populations (WP2), chemical composition, morphology and concentration (WP3). Synthetic and biological reference materials will be tested as standards for MV measurements (WP4). Selected reference materials will be analysed by all JRP-Partners and data will be compared between them. The results of this JRP will enable JRP-Partners to perform traceable calibrations of MV measurements. |
Impact | It is too early in the programme for any measureable outcomes. |
Start Year | 2012 |
Description | EURAMET |
Organisation | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
Department | UNC School of Medicine |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | The European Association of National Metrology Institutes is supporting a Joint Research Programme entitled "Metrological characterisation of micro-vesicles from body fluids as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers". The aim of this programme is to develop reliable, comparable and quantitative methods for analysis of microvesicles in biological fluids. Professor Sargent and Dr Gardiner are Stakeholders in this programme and their contribution is to analyse standard vesicle preparations (which are circulated to all members of the programme) using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis to compare with other technologies used by other groups. |
Collaborator Contribution | The research of this JRP is divided into 4 Work Packages (WP). In WP1, methods will be developed for the standardized collection and handling of human body fluids for isolation of MV, which will be used as input for the other WP's. Methods, available in metrological institutes, will be explored to measure the size of single MV, and the size distribution of total MV populations (WP2), chemical composition, morphology and concentration (WP3). Synthetic and biological reference materials will be tested as standards for MV measurements (WP4). Selected reference materials will be analysed by all JRP-Partners and data will be compared between them. The results of this JRP will enable JRP-Partners to perform traceable calibrations of MV measurements. |
Impact | It is too early in the programme for any measureable outcomes. |
Start Year | 2012 |
Description | EURAMET |
Organisation | University of Twente |
Department | Faculty of Science and Technology |
Country | Netherlands |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | The European Association of National Metrology Institutes is supporting a Joint Research Programme entitled "Metrological characterisation of micro-vesicles from body fluids as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers". The aim of this programme is to develop reliable, comparable and quantitative methods for analysis of microvesicles in biological fluids. Professor Sargent and Dr Gardiner are Stakeholders in this programme and their contribution is to analyse standard vesicle preparations (which are circulated to all members of the programme) using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis to compare with other technologies used by other groups. |
Collaborator Contribution | The research of this JRP is divided into 4 Work Packages (WP). In WP1, methods will be developed for the standardized collection and handling of human body fluids for isolation of MV, which will be used as input for the other WP's. Methods, available in metrological institutes, will be explored to measure the size of single MV, and the size distribution of total MV populations (WP2), chemical composition, morphology and concentration (WP3). Synthetic and biological reference materials will be tested as standards for MV measurements (WP4). Selected reference materials will be analysed by all JRP-Partners and data will be compared between them. The results of this JRP will enable JRP-Partners to perform traceable calibrations of MV measurements. |
Impact | It is too early in the programme for any measureable outcomes. |
Start Year | 2012 |
Description | New Methods of Extracellular Vesicle Detection |
Organisation | University of Washington |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Chemistry department and us working to develop methods to measure circulating extracellular vesicles |
Collaborator Contribution | Our partnetrs have devised a chemical which can reveribly bind to vesicles which is non toxic and permits them to be counted. We have supplied extracellular vesicles for them to optimise the technique. We will attempt to use this in human plasma samples. |
Impact | Still in inception - multi-disciplinary - obstetrics, chemistry |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | Standardisation of methodologies for microvesicle and exosome measurement |
Organisation | Academic Medical Center |
Country | Netherlands |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We have exchanged man made and biological vesicles in order to compare different methodologies for microvesicle and exosome measurement. A manuscript based on this work will be submitted for publication later this year |
Collaborator Contribution | Exchange of man made and biological vesicles in order to compare different methodologies for microvesicle and exosome measurement. |
Impact | This collaboration has paved the way for the European Metrology Research Programme which is detailed elsewhere. |
Start Year | 2010 |
Description | The role of microvesicles and exosomes in the systemic response to brain injury |
Organisation | University of Oxford |
Department | Department of Pharmacology |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We have used Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis to the study the role of microvesicles and exosomes and the pharmacological control of the systemic response to brain injury in a mouse model. |
Collaborator Contribution | Establishment of the mouse model of brain injury and provision of plasma for Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis of microvesicles and exosomes. |
Impact | The first publication is in preparation. |
Start Year | 2011 |
Description | The role of placenta vesicles and free fetal haemoglobin in pre-eclampsia |
Organisation | Lund University |
Department | Faculty of Medicine |
Country | Sweden |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Measurement of microvesicles and exosomes in perfusates from placentas treated with fetal haemoglobin |
Collaborator Contribution | Provision of perfusates from placentas treated with fetal haemoglobin |
Impact | The first publication is under review by Placenta |
Start Year | 2011 |
Company Name | Nanosight |
Description | The NanoSight Pro, developed by Malvern Panalytical, is a nanoparticle analyzer which uses laser modules and fluorescence signals to provide high-resolution size and concentration data for nano- and biomaterials. The NS Xplorer software enables intelligent and automated measurements, eliminating human error and improving efficiency. |
Year Established | 2002 |
Impact | In 2011 NanoSight won Technology World's 2011 Business Innovation Award and was recognised by Deloitte as the UK's Fastest Growing Biotech Company . In 2012 NanoSight wins Queen's Award for Enterprise for International Trade, having achieved their 450th instrument sale with more than 400 third party papers citing NanoSight technology. Much of this success has come directly from our collaboration with them in which we use their technology to measure microvesicles and exosomes in biological fluids. 2011 NanoSight wins Technology World's 2011 Business Innovation Award NanoSight Recognised by Deloitte as the UK's Fastest Growing Biotech Company in their 2011 Technology Fast 50 Rankings 2013 On the basis of the above success, Nanosight Ltd was sold to Malvern Instruments for £15 million. |
Website | http://www.nanosight.com |
Description | Oxford Science Fair |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | The Oxford Science Fair is an annual event designed to increase awareness of research activity - there are approximately 50 "stalls" which are competitively awareded. We presented on extracellular vesicles using animation, posters and origami |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |